@article{PeloniCeriottiDachwald2016,
  author    = {Peloni, Alessandro and Ceriotti, Matteo and Dachwald, Bernd},
  title     = {Solar-sail trajectory design for a multiple near-earth-asteroid rendezvous mission},
  series = {Journal of Guidance, Control, and Dynamics},
  volume    = {39},
  journal   = {Journal of Guidance, Control, and Dynamics},
  number    = {12},
  publisher = {AIAA},
  address   = {Reston, Va.},
  issn      = {0731-5090},
  doi       = {10.2514/1.G000470},
  pages     = {2712 -- 2724},
  year      = {2016},
  abstract  = {The scientific interest for near-Earth asteroids as well as the interest in potentially hazardous asteroids from the perspective of planetary defense led the space community to focus on near-Earth asteroid mission studies. A multiple near-Earth asteroid rendezvous mission with close-up observations of several objects can help to improve the characterization of these asteroids. This work explores the design of a solar-sail spacecraft for such a mission, focusing on the search of possible sequences of encounters and the trajectory optimization. This is done in two sequential steps: a sequence search by means of a simplified trajectory model and a set of heuristic rules based on astrodynamics, and a subsequent optimization phase. A shape-based approach for solar sailing has been developed and is used for the first phase. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is demonstrated through a fully optimized multiple near-Earth asteroid rendezvous mission. The results show that it is possible to visit five near-Earth asteroids within 10 years with near-term solar-sail technology.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{ButenwegMarinkovicKubalskietal.2016,
  author    = {Butenweg, Christoph and Marinkovic, Marko and Kubalski, Thomas and Klinkel, Sven},
  title     = {Masonry infilled reinforced concrete frames under horizontal loading},
  series = {Mauerwerk},
  volume    = {20},
  journal   = {Mauerwerk},
  number    = {4},
  publisher = {Ernst \& Sohn},
  address   = {Berlin},
  issn      = {1437-1022},
  doi       = {10.1002/dama.201600703},
  pages     = {305 -- 312},
  year      = {2016},
  abstract  = {The behaviour of infilled reinforced concrete frames under horizontal load has been widely investigated, both experimentally and numerically. Since experimental tests represent large investments, numerical simulations offer an efficient approach for a more comprehensive analysis. When RC frames with masonry infill walls are subjected to horizontal loading, their behaviour is highly non-linear after a certain limit, which makes their analysis quite difficult. The non-linear behaviour results from the complex inelastic material properties of the concrete, infill wall and conditions at the wall-frame interface. In order to investigate this non-linear behaviour in detail, a finite element model using a micro modelling approach is developed, which is able to predict the complex non-linear behaviour resulting from the different materials and their interaction. Concrete and bricks are represented by a non-linear material model, while each reinforcement bar is represented as an individual part installed in the concrete part and behaving elasto-plastically. Each brick is modelled individually and connected taking into account the non-linearity of a brick mortar interface. The same approach is followed using two finite element software packages and the results are compared with the experimental results. The numerical models show a good agreement with the experiments in predicting the overall behaviour, but also very good matching for strength capacity and drift. The results emphasize the quality and the valuable contribution of the numerical models for use in parametric studies, which are needed for the derivation of design recommendations for infilled frame structures.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{HarishWriggersJungketal.2016,
  author    = {Harish, Ajay B. and Wriggers, Peter and Jungk, Juliane and Hojdis, Nils and Recker, Carla},
  title     = {Mesoscale Constitutive Modeling of Non-Crystallizing Filled Elastomers},
  series = {Computational Mechanics},
  volume    = {57},
  journal   = {Computational Mechanics},
  publisher = {Springer},
  address   = {Berlin},
  issn      = {1432-0924},
  doi       = {10.1007/s00466-015-1251-1},
  pages     = {653 -- 677},
  year      = {2016},
  abstract  = {Elastomers are exceptional materials owing to their ability to undergo large deformations before failure. However, due to their very low stiffness, they are not always suitable for industrial applications. Addition of filler particles provides reinforcing effects and thus enhances the material properties that render them more versatile for applications like tyres etc. However, deformation behavior of filled polymers is accompanied by several nonlinear effects like Mullins and Payne effect. To this day, the physical and chemical changes resulting in such nonlinear effect remain an active area of research. In this work, we develop a heterogeneous (or multiphase) constitutive model at the mesoscale explicitly considering filler particle aggregates, elastomeric matrix and their mechanical interaction through an approximate interface layer. The developed constitutive model is used to demonstrate cluster breakage, also, as one of the possible sources for Mullins effect observed in non-crystallizing filled elastomers.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{SchwabHojdisLacayoetal.2016,
  author    = {Schwab, Lukas and Hojdis, Nils and Lacayo, Jorge and Wilhelm, Manfred},
  title     = {Fourier-Transform Rheology of Unvulcanized, Carbon Black Filled Styrene Butadiene Rubber},
  series = {Macromolecular Materials and Engineering},
  volume    = {301},
  journal   = {Macromolecular Materials and Engineering},
  number    = {4},
  publisher = {Wiley-VCH},
  address   = {Weinheim},
  issn      = {1439-2054},
  doi       = {10.1002/mame.201500356},
  pages     = {457 -- 468},
  year      = {2016},
  abstract  = {Rubber materials filled with reinforcing fillers display nonlinear rheological behavior at small strain amplitudes below γ0 < 0.1. Nevertheless, rheological data are analyzed mostly in terms of linear parameters, such as shear moduli (G′, G″), which loose their physical meaning in the nonlinear regime. In this work styrene butadiene rubber filled with carbon black (CB) under large amplitude oscillatory shear (LAOS) is analyzed in terms of the nonlinear parameter I3/1. Three different CB grades are used and the filler load is varied between 0 and 70 phr. It is found that I3/1(φ) is most sensitive to changes of the total accessible filler surface area at low strain amplitudes (γ0 = 0.32). The addition of up to 70 phr CB leads to an increase of I3/1(φ) by a factor of more than ten. The influence of the measurement temperature on I3/1 is pronounced for CB levels above the percolation threshold.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{SvaneborgKarimiVarzanehHojdisetal.2016,
  author    = {Svaneborg, Carsten and Karimi-Varzaneh, Hossein Ali and Hojdis, Nils and Fleck, Franz and Everaers, Ralf},
  title     = {Multiscale approach to equilibrating model polymer melts},
  series = {Physical Review E},
  volume    = {94},
  journal   = {Physical Review E},
  number    = {032502},
  publisher = {AIP Publishing},
  address   = {Melville, NY},
  issn      = {2470-0053},
  doi       = {10.1103/PhysRevE.94.032502},
  year      = {2016},
  abstract  = {We present an effective and simple multiscale method for equilibrating Kremer Grest model polymer melts of varying stiffness. In our approach, we progressively equilibrate the melt structure above the tube scale, inside the tube and finally at the monomeric scale. We make use of models designed to be computationally effective at each scale. Density fluctuations in the melt structure above the tube scale are minimized through a Monte Carlo simulated annealing of a lattice polymer model. Subsequently the melt structure below the tube scale is equilibrated via the Rouse dynamics of a force-capped Kremer-Grest model that allows chains to partially interpenetrate. Finally the Kremer-Grest force field is introduced to freeze the topological state and enforce correct monomer packing. We generate 15 melts of 500 chains of 10.000 beads for varying chain stiffness as well as a number of melts with 1.000 chains of 15.000 monomers. To validate the equilibration process we study the time evolution of bulk, collective, and single-chain observables at the monomeric, mesoscopic, and macroscopic length scales. Extension of the present method to longer, branched, or polydisperse chains, and/or larger system sizes is straightforward.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{WeberArentMuenchetal.2016,
  author    = {Weber, Tobias and Arent, Jan-Christoph and M{\"u}nch, Lukas and Duhovic, Miro and Balvers, Johannes M.},
  title     = {A fast method for the generation of boundary conditions for thermal autoclave simulation},
  series = {Composites Part A},
  volume    = {88},
  journal   = {Composites Part A},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {Amsterdam},
  issn      = {1359-835X},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.compositesa.2016.05.036},
  pages     = {216 -- 225},
  year      = {2016},
  abstract  = {Manufacturing process simulation enables the evaluation and improvement of autoclave mold concepts early in the design phase. To achieve a high part quality at low cycle times, the thermal behavior of the autoclave mold can be investigated by means of simulations. Most challenging for such a simulation is the generation of necessary boundary conditions. Heat-up and temperature distribution in an autoclave mold are governed by flow phenomena, tooling material and shape, position within the autoclave, and the chosen autoclave cycle. This paper identifies and summarizes the most important factors influencing mold heat-up and how they can be introduced into a thermal simulation. Thermal measurements are used to quantify the impact of the various parameters. Finally, the gained knowledge is applied to develop a semi-empirical approach for boundary condition estimation that enables a simple and fast thermal simulation of the autoclave curing process with reasonably high accuracy for tooling optimization.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{AimenovaDigelEshibaev2016,
  author    = {Aimenova, Zh. E. and Digel, Ilya and Eshibaev, А. А.},
  title     = {Dynamics of accumulation of lagochirzin in Lagochilus setulosus phytomass during the growing season and also features of its cultivation in the conditions of a typical sierozem},
  series = {KazNU Bulletin. Biology series},
  volume    = {69},
  journal   = {KazNU Bulletin. Biology series},
  number    = {4},
  publisher = {Al-Farabi Kazakh National University},
  address   = {Almaty},
  issn      = {1563-0218},
  pages     = {4 -- 11},
  year      = {2016},
  abstract  = {L.setulosus is offered for creation of biopreparation «Setulin», possesing he- mostatic action, the basic reactant of biopreparation is diterpen - lagochirzin. Results under the maintenance and dynamics of diterpen lagochirzin accumula- tion in various parts of L.setulosus are presented: in roots, stalks, leaves, flowers and calyx lobes during the growing season, and also results on conditions of cultivation L.setulosus in the conditions of a typical sierozem are resulted. From the obtained data is visible, that the given species of a plant is endemic. It is established, that dynamics of accumulation of lagochirzin in phytomass accrues from the beginning to the middle of the growing season. The chemical analysis of L.setulosus on a localization of lagochirzin in various organs of a plant, has shown, that the greatest quantity of lagochirzin collects in calyx lobes of the plants. Also it is established, that L.setulosus can be cultivated in the conditions of the typical sierozem, a mineral food is necessary for the given species of plants of Lagochilus genus, except nitric fertilizers. Comparative studying of wild-growing and cultural forms of L.setulosus has shown, that in the cultivated phytomass of plants the maintenance of lagochirzin on 17-20 \% higher than in the wild-growing species.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{TuraliyevaYeshibaevSaparbekovaetal.2016,
  author    = {Turaliyeva, M. and Yeshibaev, A. and Saparbekova, A. and Akynova, L. and Abildayeva, R. and Sadenova, M. and Sartayeva, K. and Schieffer, Andre and Digel, Ilya},
  title     = {Species composition and injuriousness of stranger xylophilous fauna affecting indigenous urban dendroflora of Central Asia},
  series = {Asian journal of microbiology, biotechnology \& environmental sciences : AJMBES},
  volume    = {18},
  journal   = {Asian journal of microbiology, biotechnology \& environmental sciences : AJMBES},
  number    = {2},
  publisher = {EM International},
  issn      = {0972-3005},
  pages     = {359 -- 366},
  year      = {2016},
  abstract  = {At the present time, one of the most serious environmental problems of Central Asia and South Kazakhstan is the ongoing large-scale deterioration of principal urban tree populations. Several major centers of massive spread of invasive plant pests have been found in urban dendroflora of this region. The degree of damage of seven most wide-spread aboriginal tree species was found to range from 21.4±1.1 to 85.4±1.8\%. In particular, the integrity of the native communities of sycamore (Platanus spp.), willow (Salix spp.), poplar (Populus spp.) and elm (Ulmus spp.) is highly endangered. Our taxonomic analysis of the most dangerous tree pests of the region has revealed them as neobiontic xylophilous insects such as Cossus cossus L. (Order: Lepidoptera L.) Monochamus urussovi Fisch., Monochamus sutor L., Acanthocinus aedelis L. and {\~N}etonia aureate L. (Order: Coleoptera L.). We relate the origin of this threatening trend with the import of industrial wood in the mid 90’s of the last century that was associated with high degree of the constructional work in the region. Because of the absence of efficient natural predators of the pest species, the application of microbiological methods of the pest control and limitation is suggested.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{ScheerWilson2016,
  author    = {Scheer, Nico and Wilson, Ian D.},
  title     = {A comparison between genetically humanized and chimeric liver humanized mouse models for studies in drug metabolism and toxicity},
  series = {Drug Discovery Today},
  volume    = {21},
  journal   = {Drug Discovery Today},
  number    = {2},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {Amsterdam},
  issn      = {1359-6446},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.drudis.2015.09.002},
  pages     = {250 -- 263},
  year      = {2016},
  abstract  = {Mice that have been genetically humanized for proteins involved in drug metabolism and toxicity and mice engrafted with human hepatocytes are emerging and promising in vivo models for an improved prediction of the pharmacokinetic, drug-drug interaction and safety characteristics of compounds in humans. The specific advantages and disadvantages of these models should be carefully considered when using them for studies in drug discovery and development. Here, an overview on the corresponding genetically humanized and chimeric liver humanized mouse models described to date is provided and illustrated with examples of their utility in drug metabolism and toxicity studies. We compare the strength and weaknesses of the two different approaches, give guidance for the selection of the appropriate model for various applications and discuss future trends and perspectives.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{DallasSalphatiGomezZepedaetal.2016,
  author    = {Dallas, Shannon and Salphati, Laurent and Gomez-Zepeda, David and Wanek, Thomas and Chen, Liangfu and Chu, Xiaoyan and Kunta, Jeevan and Mezler, Mario and Menet, Marie-Claude and Chasseigneaux, Stephanie and Decl{\`e}ves, Xavier and Langer, Oliver and Pierre, Esaie and DiLoreto, Karen and Hoft, Carolin and Laplanche, Loic and Pang, Jodie and Pereira, Tony and Andonian, Clara and Simic, Damir and Rode, Anja and Yabut, Jocelyn and Zhang, Xiaolin and Scheer, Nico},
  title     = {Generation and Characterization of a Breast Cancer Resistance Protein Humanized Mouse Model},
  series = {Molecular Pharmacology},
  volume    = {89},
  journal   = {Molecular Pharmacology},
  number    = {5},
  publisher = {ASPET},
  address   = {Bethesda, Md.},
  issn      = {1521-0111},
  doi       = {10.1124/mol.115.102079},
  pages     = {492 -- 504},
  year      = {2016},
  abstract  = {Breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) is expressed in various tissues, such as the gut, liver, kidney and blood brain barrier (BBB), where it mediates the unidirectional transport of substrates to the apical/luminal side of polarized cells. Thereby BCRP acts as an efflux pump, mediating the elimination or restricting the entry of endogenous compounds or xenobiotics into tissues and it plays important roles in drug disposition, efficacy and safety. Bcrp knockout mice (Bcrp-/-) have been used widely to study the role of this transporter in limiting intestinal absorption and brain penetration of substrate compounds. Here we describe the first generation and characterization of a mouse line humanized for BCRP (hBCRP), in which the mouse coding sequence from the start to stop codon was replaced with the corresponding human genomic region, such that the human transporter is expressed under control of the murine Bcrp promoter. We demonstrate robust human and loss of mouse BCRP/Bcrp mRNA and protein expression in the hBCRP mice and the absence of major compensatory changes in the expression of other genes involved in drug metabolism and disposition. Pharmacokinetic and brain distribution studies with several BCRP probe substrates confirmed the functional activity of the human transporter in these mice. Furthermore, we provide practical examples for the use of hBCRP mice to study drug-drug interactions (DDIs). The hBCRP mouse is a promising model to study the in vivo role of human BCRP in limiting absorption and BBB penetration of substrate compounds and to investigate clinically relevant DDIs involving BCRP.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{ZhangHeimbachScheeretal.2016,
  author    = {Zhang, Jin and Heimbach, Tycho and Scheer, Nico and Barve, Avantika and Li, Wenkui and Lin, Wen and He, Handan},
  title     = {Clinical Exposure Boost Predictions by Integrating Cytochrome P450 3A4-Humanized Mouse Studies With PBPK Modeling},
  series = {Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences},
  volume    = {Volume 105},
  journal   = {Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences},
  number    = {Issue 4},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {Amsterdam},
  issn      = {0022-3549},
  doi       = {doi.org/10.1016/j.xphs.2016.01.021},
  pages     = {1398 -- 1404},
  year      = {2016},
  abstract  = {NVS123 is a poorly water-soluble protease 56 inhibitor in clinical development. Data from in vitro hepatocyte studies suggested that NVS123 is mainly metabolized by CYP3A4. As a consequence of limited solubility, NVS123 therapeutic plasma exposures could not be achieved even with high doses and optimized formulations. One approach to overcome NVS123 developability issues was to increase plasma exposure by coadministrating it with an inhibitor of CYP3A4 such as ritonavir. A clinical boost effect was predicted by using physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling. However, initial boost predictions lacked sufficient confidence because a key parameter, fraction of drug metabolized by CYP3A4 (ƒₘCYP3A4), could not be estimated with accuracy on account of disconnects between in vitro and in vivo preclinical data. To accurately estimate ƒₘCYP3A4 in human, an in vivo boost effect study was conducted using CYP3A4-humanized mouse model which showed a 33- to 56-fold exposure boost effect. Using a top-down approach, human ƒₘCYP3A4 for NVS123 was estimated to be very high and included in the human PBPK modeling to support subsequent clinical study design. The combined use of the in vivo boost study in CYP3A4-humanized mouse model mice along with PBPK modeling accurately predicted the clinical outcome and identified a significant NVS123 exposure boost (∼42-fold increase) with ritonavir.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{Bernecker2016,
  author    = {Bernecker, Andreas},
  title     = {Divided we reform? Evidence from US welfare policies},
  series = {Journal of Public Economics},
  volume    = {142},
  journal   = {Journal of Public Economics},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {Amsterdam},
  issn      = {0047-2727},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.jpubeco.2016.08.003},
  pages     = {24 -- 38},
  year      = {2016},
  abstract  = {Divided government is often thought of as causing legislative deadlock. I investigate the link between divided government and economic reforms using a novel data set on welfare reforms in US states between 1978 and 2010. Panel data regressions show that, under divided government, a US state is around 25\% more likely to adopt a welfare reform than under unified government. Several robustness checks confirm this counter-intuitive finding. Case study evidence suggests an explanation based on policy competition between governor, senate, and house.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{BeckerDelfmannDietrichetal.2016,
  author    = {Becker, J{\"o}rg and Delfmann, Patrick and Dietrich, Hanns-Alexander and Steinhorst, Matthias and Eggert, Mathias},
  title     = {Business Process Compliance Checking — Applying and Evaluating a Generic Pattern Matching Approach for Conceptual Models in the Financial Sector},
  series = {Information Systems Frontiers},
  volume    = {18},
  journal   = {Information Systems Frontiers},
  number    = {2},
  publisher = {Springer},
  address   = {Berlin},
  issn      = {1572-9419},
  doi       = {10.1007/s10796-014-9529-y},
  pages     = {359 -- 405},
  year      = {2016},
  abstract  = {Given the strong increase in regulatory requirements for business processes the management of business process compliance becomes a more and more regarded field in IS research. Several methods have been developed to support compliance checking of conceptual models. However, their focus on distinct modeling languages and mostly linear (i.e., predecessor-successor related) compliance rules may hinder widespread adoption and application in practice. Furthermore, hardly any of them has been evaluated in a real-world setting. We address this issue by applying a generic pattern matching approach for conceptual models to business process compliance checking in the financial sector. It consists of a model query language, a search algorithm and a corresponding modelling tool prototype. It is (1) applicable for all graph-based conceptual modeling languages and (2) for different kinds of compliance rules. Furthermore, based on an applicability check, we (3) evaluate the approach in a financial industry project setting against its relevance for decision support of audit and compliance management tasks.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{BialonskiCaronSchloenetal.2016,
  author    = {Bialonski, Stephan and Caron, David A. and Schloen, Julia and Feudel, Ulrike and Kantz, Holger and Moorthi, Stefanie D.},
  title     = {Phytoplankton dynamics in the Southern California Bight indicate a complex mixture of transport and biology},
  series = {Journal of Plankton Research},
  volume    = {38},
  journal   = {Journal of Plankton Research},
  number    = {4},
  publisher = {Oxford University Press},
  address   = {Oxford},
  issn      = {1464-3774},
  doi       = {10.1093/plankt/fbv122},
  pages     = {1077 -- 1091},
  year      = {2016},
  abstract  = {The stimulation and dominance of potentially harmful phytoplankton taxa at a given locale and time are determined by local environmental conditions as well as by transport to or from neighboring regions. The present study investigated the occurrence of common harmful algal bloom (HAB) taxa within the Southern California Bight, using cross-correlation functions to determine potential dependencies between HAB taxa and environmental factors, and potential links to algal transport via local hydrography and currents. A simulation study, in which Lagrangian particles were released, was used to assess travel times due to advection by prevailing ocean currents in the bight. Our results indicate that transport of some taxa may be an important mechanism for the expansion of their distributions into other regions, which was supported by mean travel times derived from our simulation study and other literature on ocean currents in the Southern California Bight. In other cases, however, phytoplankton dynamics were rather linked to local environmental conditions, including coastal upwelling events. Overall, our study shows that complex current patterns in the Southern California Bight may contribute significantly to the formation and expansion of HABs in addition to local environmental factors determining the spatiotemporal dynamics of phytoplankton blooms.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{NgamgaBialonskiMarwanetal.2016,
  author    = {Ngamga, Eulalie Joelle and Bialonski, Stephan and Marwan, Norbert and Kurths, J{\"u}rgen and Geier, Christian and Lehnertz, Klaus},
  title     = {Evaluation of selected recurrence measures in discriminating pre-ictal and inter-ictal periods from epileptic EEG data},
  series = {Physics Letters A},
  volume    = {380},
  journal   = {Physics Letters A},
  number    = {16},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {Amsterdam},
  issn      = {0375-9601},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.physleta.2016.02.024},
  pages     = {1419 -- 1425},
  year      = {2016},
  abstract  = {We investigate the suitability of selected measures of complexity based on recurrence quantification analysis and recurrence networks for an identification of pre-seizure states in multi-day, multi-channel, invasive electroencephalographic recordings from five epilepsy patients. We employ several statistical techniques to avoid spurious findings due to various influencing factors and due to multiple comparisons and observe precursory structures in three patients. Our findings indicate a high congruence among measures in identifying seizure precursors and emphasize the current notion of seizure generation in large-scale epileptic networks. A final judgment of the suitability for field studies, however, requires evaluation on a larger database.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{InfantinoPaulssenMostaccietal.2016,
  author    = {Infantino, Angelo and Paulßen, Elisabeth and Mostacci, Domiziano and Schaffer, Paul and Trinczek, Michael and Hoehr, Cornelia},
  title     = {Assessment of the production of medical isotopes using the Monte Carlo code FLUKA: Simulations against experimental measurements},
  series = {Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms},
  volume    = {366},
  journal   = {Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {Amsterdam},
  issn      = {1872-9584},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.nimb.2015.10.067},
  pages     = {117 -- 123},
  year      = {2016},
  abstract  = {The Monte Carlo code FLUKA is used to simulate the production of a number of positron emitting radionuclides, ¹⁸F, ¹³N, ⁹⁴Tc, ⁴⁴Sc, ⁶⁸Ga, ⁸⁶Y, ⁸⁹Zr, ⁵²Mn, ⁶¹Cu and ⁵⁵Co, on a small medical cyclotron with a proton beam energy of 13 MeV. Experimental data collected at the TR13 cyclotron at TRIUMF agree within a factor of 0.6 ± 0.4 with the directly simulated data, except for the production of ⁵⁵Co, where the simulation underestimates the experiment by a factor of 3.4 ± 0.4. The experimental data also agree within a factor of 0.8 ± 0.6 with the convolution of simulated proton fluence and cross sections from literature. Overall, this confirms the applicability of FLUKA to simulate radionuclide production at 13 MeV proton beam energy.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{PaulssenLengkeekLeetal.2016,
  author    = {Paulßen, Elisabeth and Lengkeek, Nigel A. and Le, Van So and Pellegrini, Paul A. and Greguric, Ivan and Weiner, Ron},
  title     = {The role of additives in moderating the influence of Fe(III) and Cu(II) on the radiochemical yield of [⁶⁸Ga(DOTATATE)]},
  series = {Applied Radiation and Isotopes},
  volume    = {107},
  journal   = {Applied Radiation and Isotopes},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {Amsterdam},
  issn      = {1872-9800},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.apradiso.2015.09.008},
  pages     = {13 -- 16},
  year      = {2016},
  abstract  = {[⁶⁸Ga(DOTATATE)] has demonstrated its clinical usefulness. Both Fe³⁺ and Cu²⁺, potential contaminants in Gallium-68 generator eluent, substantially reduce the radiochemical (RC) yield of [⁶⁸Ga(DOTATATE)] if the metal/ligand ratio of 1:1 is exceeded. A variety of compounds were examined for their potential ability to reduce this effect. Most had no effect on RC yield. However, addition of phosphate diminished the influence of Fe³⁺ by likely forming an insoluble iron salt. Addition of ascorbic acid reduced Cu²⁺ and Fe³⁺ to Cu⁺ and Fe²⁺ respectively, both of which have limited impact on RC yields. At low ligand amounts (5 nmol DOTATATE), the addition of 30 nmol phosphate (0.19 mM) increased the tolerance of Fe3⁺ from 4 nmol to 10 nmol (0.06 mM), while the addition of ascorbic acid allowed high RC yields (>95\%) in the presence of 40 nmol Fe³⁺ (0.25 mM) and 100 nmol Cu²⁺ (0.63 mM). The effect of ascorbic acid was highly pH-dependant, and gave optimal results at pH 3.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{SchifferFerrein2016,
  author    = {Schiffer, Stefan and Ferrein, Alexander},
  title     = {Decision-Theoretic Planning with Fuzzy Notions in GOLOG},
  series = {International Journal of Uncertainty, Fuzziness and Knowledge-Based Systems},
  volume    = {24},
  journal   = {International Journal of Uncertainty, Fuzziness and Knowledge-Based Systems},
  number    = {Issue Suppl. 2},
  publisher = {World Scientific},
  address   = {Singapur},
  issn      = {1793-6411},
  doi       = {10.1142/S0218488516400134},
  pages     = {123 -- 143},
  year      = {2016},
  abstract  = {In this paper we present an extension of the action language Golog that allows for using fuzzy notions in non-deterministic argument choices and the reward function in decision-theoretic planning. Often, in decision-theoretic planning, it is cumbersome to specify the set of values to pick from in the non-deterministic-choice-of-argument statement. Also, even for domain experts, it is not always easy to specify a reward function. Instead of providing a finite domain for values in the non-deterministic-choice-of-argument statement in Golog, we now allow for stating the argument domain by simply providing a formula over linguistic terms and fuzzy uents. In Golog's forward-search DT planning algorithm, these formulas are evaluated in order to find the agent's optimal policy. We illustrate this in the Diner Domain where the agent needs to calculate the optimal serving order.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{FerreinSteinbauer2016,
  author    = {Ferrein, Alexander and Steinbauer, Gerald},
  title     = {Looking back on 20 Years of RoboCup},
  series = {KI - K{\"u}nstliche Intelligenz},
  volume    = {30},
  journal   = {KI - K{\"u}nstliche Intelligenz},
  number    = {3-4},
  publisher = {Springer},
  address   = {Berlin},
  issn      = {1610-1987},
  doi       = {10.1007/s13218-016-0443-y},
  pages     = {321 -- 323},
  year      = {2016},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{SteinbauerFerrein2016,
  author    = {Steinbauer, Gerald and Ferrein, Alexander},
  title     = {20 Years of RoboCup},
  series = {KI - K{\"u}nstliche Intelligenz},
  volume    = {30},
  journal   = {KI - K{\"u}nstliche Intelligenz},
  number    = {3-4},
  publisher = {Springer},
  address   = {Berlin},
  issn      = {1610-1987},
  doi       = {10.1007/s13218-016-0442-z},
  pages     = {221 -- 224},
  year      = {2016},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{FerreinSteinbauer2016,
  author    = {Ferrein, Alexander and Steinbauer, Gerald},
  title     = {The Interplay of Aldebaran and RoboCup},
  series = {KI - K{\"u}nstliche Intelligenz},
  volume    = {30},
  journal   = {KI - K{\"u}nstliche Intelligenz},
  number    = {3-4},
  publisher = {Springer},
  address   = {Berlin},
  issn      = {1610-1987},
  doi       = {10.1007/s13218-016-0440-1},
  pages     = {325 -- 326},
  year      = {2016},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{SchoppDollGraeseretal.2016,
  author    = {Schopp, Christoph and Doll, Timo and Gr{\"a}ser, Ulrich and Harzheim, Thomas and Heuermann, Holger and Kling, Rainer and Marso, Michael},
  title     = {Capacitively Coupled High-Pressure Lamp Using Coaxial Line Networks},
  series = {IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques},
  volume    = {64},
  journal   = {IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques},
  number    = {10},
  publisher = {IEEE},
  address   = {New York, NY},
  issn      = {0018-9480},
  doi       = {10.1109/TMTT.2016.2600326},
  pages     = {3363 -- 3368},
  year      = {2016},
  abstract  = {This paper describes the development of a capacitively coupled high-pressure lamp with input power between 20 and 43 W at 2.45 GHz, using a coaxial line network. Compared with other electrodeless lamp systems, no cavity has to be used and a reduction in the input power is achieved. Therefore, this lamp is an alternative to the halogen incandescent lamp for domestic lighting. To serve the demands of domestic lighting, the filling of the lamp is optimized over all other resulting requirements, such as high efficacy at low induced powers and fast startups. A workflow to develop RF-driven plasma applications is presented, which makes use of the hot S-parameter technique. Descriptions of the fitting process inside a circuit and FEM simulator are given. Results of the combined ignition and operation network from simulations and measurements are compared. An initial prototype is built and measurements of the lamp's lighting properties are presented along with an investigation of the efficacy optimizations using large signal amplitude modulation. With this lamp, an efficacy of 135 lmW -1 is achieved.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{WulfhorstDuweMerseburgetal.2016,
  author    = {Wulfhorst, Helene and Duwe, Anna-Maria and Merseburg, Johannes and Tippk{\"o}tter, Nils},
  title     = {Compositional analysis of pretreated (beech) wood using differential scanning calorimetry and multivariate data analysis},
  series = {Tetrahedron},
  volume    = {72},
  journal   = {Tetrahedron},
  number    = {46},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {Amsterdam},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.tet.2016.04.029},
  pages     = {7329 -- 7334},
  year      = {2016},
  abstract  = {The composition of plant biomass varies depending on the feedstock and pre-treatment conditions and influences its processing in biorefineries. In order to ensure optimal process conditions, the quantitative proportion of the main polymeric components of the pre-treated biomass has to be determined. Current standard procedures for biomass compositional analysis are complex, the measurements are afflicted with errors and therefore often not comparable. Hence, new powerful analytical methods are urgently required to characterize biomass. In this contribution, Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) was applied in combination with multivariate data analysis (MVA) to detect the cellulose content of the plant biomass pretreated by Liquid Hot Water (LHW) and Organosolv processes under various conditions. Unlike conventional techniques, the developed analytic method enables the accurate quantification of monosaccharide content of the plant biomass without any previous sample preparation. It is easy to handle and avoids errors in sample preparation.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{AlKaidyKuthanHeringetal.2016,
  author    = {Al-Kaidy, Huschyar and Kuthan, Kai and Hering, Thomas and Tippk{\"o}tter, Nils},
  title     = {Aqueous droplets used as enzymatic microreactors and their electromagnetic actuation},
  series = {Journal of Visualized Experiments},
  journal   = {Journal of Visualized Experiments},
  number    = {Issue 126},
  issn      = {1940-087X},
  doi       = {10.3791/54643},
  year      = {2016},
  abstract  = {For the successful implementation of microfluidic reaction systems, such as PCR and electrophoresis, the movement of small liquid volumes is essential. In conventional lab-on-a-chip-platforms, solvents and samples are passed through defined microfluidic channels with complex flow control installations. The droplet actuation platform presented here is a promising alternative. With it, it is possible to move a liquid drop (microreactor) on a planar surface of a reaction platform (lab-in-a-drop). The actuation of microreactors on the hydrophobic surface of the platform is based on the use of magnetic forces acting on the outer shell of the liquid drops which is made of a thin layer of superhydrophobic magnetite particles. The hydrophobic surface of the platform is needed to avoid any contact between the liquid core and the surface to allow a smooth movement of the microreactor. On the platform, one or more microreactors with volumes of 10 µL can be positioned and moved simultaneously. The platform itself consists of a 3 x 3 matrix of electrical double coils which accommodate either neodymium or iron cores. The magnetic field gradients are automatically controlled. By variation of the magnetic field gradients, the microreactors' magnetic hydrophobic shell can be manipulated automatically to move the microreactor or open the shell reversibly. Reactions of substrates and corresponding enzymes can be initiated by merging the microreactors or bringing them into contact with surface immobilized catalysts.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{AlKaidyTippkoetter2016,
  author    = {Al-Kaidy, Huschyar and Tippk{\"o}tter, Nils},
  title     = {Superparamagnetic hydrophobic particles as shell material for digital microfluidic droplets and proof-of-principle reaction assessments with immobilized laccase},
  series = {Engineering in Life Sciences},
  volume    = {16},
  journal   = {Engineering in Life Sciences},
  number    = {3},
  publisher = {Wiley-VCH},
  address   = {Weinheim},
  doi       = {10.1002/elsc.201400124},
  pages     = {222 -- 230},
  year      = {2016},
  abstract  = {In the field of biotechnology and molecular biology, the use of small liquid volumes has significant advantages. In particular, screening and optimization runs with acceptable amounts of expensive and hardly available catalysts, reagents, or biomolecules are feasible with microfluidic technologies. The presented new microfluidic system is based on the inclusion of small liquid volumes by a protective shell of magnetizable microparticles. Hereby, discrete aqueous microreactor drops with volumes of 1-30 μL can be formed on a simple planar surface. A digital movement and manipulation of the microreactor is performed by overlapping magnetic forces. The magnetic forces are generated by an electrical coil matrix positioned below a glass plate. With the new platform technology, several discrete reaction compartments can be moved simultaneously on one surface. Due to the magnetic fields, the reactors can even be merged to initiate reactions by mixing or positioned above surface-immobilized catalysts and then opened by magnetic force. Comparative synthesis routes of the magnetizable shell particles and superhydrophobic glass slides including their performance and stability with the reaction platform are described. The influence of diffusive mass transport during the catalyzed reaction is discussed by evaluation finite element model of the microreactor. Furthermore, a first model dye reaction of the enzyme laccase has been established.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{RothTippkoetter2016,
  author    = {Roth, Jasmine and Tippk{\"o}tter, Nils},
  title     = {Evaluation of lignocellulosic material for butanol production using enzymatic hydrolysate medium},
  series = {Cellulose Chemistry and Technology},
  volume    = {50},
  journal   = {Cellulose Chemistry and Technology},
  number    = {3-4},
  publisher = {Editura Academiei Romane},
  address   = {Bukarest},
  pages     = {405 -- 410},
  year      = {2016},
  abstract  = {Butanol is a promising gasoline additive and platform chemical that can be readily produced via acetone-butanolethanol (ABE) fermentation from pretreated lignocellulosic materials. This article examines lignocellulosic material from beech wood for ABE fermentation, using Clostridium acetobutylicum. First, the utilization of both C₅₋ (xylose) and C₆₋ (glucose) sugars as sole carbon source was investigated in static cultivation, using serum bottles and synthetic medium. The utilization of pentose sugar resulted in a solvent yield of 0.231 g·g_sugar⁻¹, compared to 0.262 g·g_sugar⁻¹ using hexose. Then, the Organosolv pretreated crude cellulose fibers (CF) were enzymatically decomposed, and the resulting hydrolysate medium was analyzed for inhibiting compounds (furans, organic acids, phenolics) and treated with ionexchangers for detoxification. Batch fermentation in a bioreactor using CF hydrolysate medium resulted in a total solvent yield of 0.20 gABE·g_sugar⁻¹.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{RoeschKratzHeringetal.2016,
  author    = {R{\"o}sch, C. and Kratz, F. and Hering, T. and Trautmann, S. and Umanskaya, N. and Tippk{\"o}tter, Nils and M{\"u}ller-Renno, C.M. and Ulber, R. and Hannig, M. and Ziegler, C.},
  title     = {Albumin-lysozyme interactions: cooperative adsorption on titanium and enzymatic activity},
  series = {Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces},
  volume    = {149},
  journal   = {Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces},
  number    = {1},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {Amsterdam},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.colsurfb.2016.09.048},
  pages     = {115 -- 121},
  year      = {2016},
  abstract  = {The interplay of albumin (BSA) and lysozyme (LYZ) adsorbed simultaneously on titanium was analyzed by gel electrophoresis and BCA assay. It was found that BSA and lysozyme adsorb cooperatively. Additionally, the isoelectric point of the respective protein influences the adsorption. Also, the enzymatic activity of lysozyme and amylase (AMY) in mixtures with BSA was considered with respect to a possible influence of protein-protein interaction on enzyme activity. Indeed, an increase of lysozyme activity in the presence of BSA could be observed. In contrast, BSA does not influence the activity of amylase.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{LagemaatBreukelsVosetal.2016,
  author    = {Lagemaat, Miriam W. and Breukels, Vincent and Vos, Eline K. and B., Adam and Uden, Mark J. van and Orzada, Stephan and Bitz, Andreas and Maas, Marnix C. and Scheenen, Tom W. J.},
  title     = {¹H MR spectroscopic imaging of the prostate at 7T using spectral-spatial pulses},
  series = {Magnetic Resonance in Medicine},
  volume    = {75},
  journal   = {Magnetic Resonance in Medicine},
  number    = {3},
  publisher = {International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine},
  issn      = {1522-2594},
  doi       = {10.1002/mrm.25569},
  pages     = {933 -- 945},
  year      = {2016},
  abstract  = {Purpose To assess the feasibility of prostate ¹H MR spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) using low-power spectral-spatial (SPSP) pulses at 7T, exploiting accurate spectral selection and spatial selectivity simultaneously. Methods A double spin-echo sequence was equipped with SPSP refocusing pulses with a spectral selectivity of 1 ppm. Three-dimensional prostate ¹H-MRSI at 7T was performed with the SPSP-MRSI sequence using an 8-channel transmit array coil and an endorectal receive coil in three patients with prostate cancer and in one healthy subject. No additional water or lipid suppression pulses were used. Results Prostate ¹H-MRSI could be obtained well within specific absorption rate (SAR) limits in a clinically feasible time (10 min). Next to the common citrate signals, the prostate spectra exhibited high spermine signals concealing creatine and sometimes also choline. Residual lipid signals were observed at the edges of the prostate because of limitations in spectral and spatial selectivity. Conclusion It is possible to perform prostate ¹H-MRSI at 7T with a SPSP-MRSI sequence while using separate transmit and receive coils. This low-SAR MRSI concept provides the opportunity to increase spatial resolution of MRSI within reasonable scan times.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{SchmidtForkmannSinkeetal.2016,
  author    = {Schmidt, K. and Forkmann, K. and Sinke, C. and Gratz, M. and Bitz, Andreas and Bingel, U.},
  title     = {The differential effect of trigeminal vs. peripheral pain stimulation on visual processing and memory encoding is influenced by pain-related fear},
  series = {NeuroImage},
  volume    = {134},
  journal   = {NeuroImage},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {Amsterdam},
  issn      = {1053-8119},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.03.026},
  pages     = {386 -- 395},
  year      = {2016},
  abstract  = {Compared to peripheral pain, trigeminal pain elicits higher levels of fear, which is assumed to enhance the interruptive effects of pain on concomitant cognitive processes. In this fMRI study we examined the behavioral and neural effects of trigeminal (forehead) and peripheral (hand) pain on visual processing and memory encoding. Cerebral activity was measured in 23 healthy subjects performing a visual categorization task that was immediately followed by a surprise recognition task. During the categorization task subjects received concomitant noxious electrical stimulation on the forehead or hand. Our data show that fear ratings were significantly higher for trigeminal pain. Categorization and recognition performance did not differ between pictures that were presented with trigeminal and peripheral pain. However, object categorization in the presence of trigeminal pain was associated with stronger activity in task-relevant visual areas (lateral occipital complex, LOC), memory encoding areas (hippocampus and parahippocampus) and areas implicated in emotional processing (amygdala) compared to peripheral pain. Further, individual differences in neural activation between the trigeminal and the peripheral condition were positively related to differences in fear ratings between both conditions. Functional connectivity between amygdala and LOC was increased during trigeminal compared to peripheral painful stimulation. Fear-driven compensatory resource activation seems to be enhanced for trigeminal stimuli, presumably due to their exceptional biological relevance.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{ChenSchoembergKraffetal.2016,
  author    = {Chen, Bixia and Schoemberg, Tobias and Kraff, Oliver and Dammann, Philipp and Bitz, Andreas and Schlamann, Marc and Quick, Harald H. and Ladd, Mark E. and Sure, Ulrich and Wrede, Karsten H.},
  title     = {Cranial fixation plates in cerebral magnetic resonance imaging: a 3 and 7 Tesla in vivo image quality study},
  series = {Magnetic Resonance Materials in Physics, Biology and Medicine},
  volume    = {29},
  journal   = {Magnetic Resonance Materials in Physics, Biology and Medicine},
  number    = {3},
  publisher = {Springer},
  address   = {Berlin},
  issn      = {1352-8661},
  doi       = {10.1007/s10334-016-0548-1},
  pages     = {389 -- 398},
  year      = {2016},
  abstract  = {Objective This study assesses and quantifies impairment of postoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at 7 Tesla (T) after implantation of titanium cranial fixation plates (CFPs) for neurosurgical bone flap fixation. Materials and methods The study group comprised five patients who were intra-individually examined with 3 and 7 T MRI preoperatively and postoperatively (within 72 h/3 months) after implantation of CFPs. Acquired sequences included T₁-weighted magnetization-prepared rapid-acquisition gradient-echo (MPRAGE), T₂-weighted turbo-spin-echo (TSE) imaging, and susceptibility-weighted imaging (SWI). Two experienced neurosurgeons and a neuroradiologist rated image quality and the presence of artifacts in consensus reading. Results Minor artifacts occurred around the CFPs in MPRAGE and T2 TSE at both field strengths, with no significant differences between 3 and 7 T. In SWI, artifacts were accentuated in the early postoperative scans at both field strengths due to intracranial air and hemorrhagic remnants. After resorption, the brain tissue directly adjacent to skull bone could still be assessed. Image quality after 3 months was equal to the preoperative examinations at 3 and 7 T. Conclusion Image quality after CFP implantation was not significantly impaired in 7 T MRI, and artifacts were comparable to those in 3 T MRI.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{OrzadaLaddBitz2016,
  author    = {Orzada, Stephan and Ladd, Mark E. and Bitz, Andreas},
  title     = {A method to approximate maximum local SAR in multichannel transmit MR systems without transmit phase information},
  series = {Magnetic Resonance in Medicine},
  volume    = {78},
  journal   = {Magnetic Resonance in Medicine},
  number    = {2},
  publisher = {International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine},
  issn      = {1522-2594},
  doi       = {10.1002/mrm.26398},
  pages     = {805 -- 811},
  year      = {2016},
  abstract  = {Purpose To calculate local specific absorption rate (SAR) correctly, both the amplitude and phase of the signal in each transmit channel have to be known. In this work, we propose a method to derive a conservative upper bound for the local SAR, with a reasonable safety margin without knowledge of the transmit phases of the channels. Methods The proposed method uses virtual observation points (VOPs). Correction factors are calculated for each set of VOPs that prevent underestimation of local SAR when the VOPs are applied with the correct amplitudes but fixed phases. Results The proposed method proved to be superior to the worst-case calculation based on the maximum eigenvalue of the VOPs. The mean overestimation for six coil setups could be reduced, whereas no underestimation of the maximum local SAR occurred. In the best investigated case, the overestimation could be reduced from a factor of 3.3 to a factor of 1.7. Conclusion The upper bound for the local SAR calculated with the proposed method allows a fast estimation of the local SAR based on power measurements in the transmit channels and facilitates SAR monitoring in systems that do not have the capability to monitor transmit phases},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{FerreinSteinbauer2016,
  author    = {Ferrein, Alexander and Steinbauer, Gerald},
  title     = {20 Years of RoboCup - A Subjective Retrospection},
  series = {KI - K{\"u}nstliche Intelligenz},
  volume    = {30},
  journal   = {KI - K{\"u}nstliche Intelligenz},
  number    = {3},
  publisher = {Springer},
  address   = {Berlin},
  issn      = {1610-1987},
  doi       = {10.1007/s13218-016-0449-5},
  pages     = {225 -- 232},
  year      = {2016},
  abstract  = {This summer, RoboCup competitions were held for the 20th time in Leipzig, Germany. It was the second time that RoboCup took place in Germany, 10 years after the 2006 RoboCup in Bremen. In this article, we give an overview on the latest developments of RoboCup and what happened in the different leagues over the last decade. With its 20th edition, RoboCup clearly is a success story and a role model for robotics competitions. From our personal view point, we acknowledge this by giving a retrospection about what makes RoboCup such a success.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{Wrede2016,
  author    = {Wrede, Oliver},
  title     = {Continuity in travel information},
  series = {Information Design Journal},
  volume    = {22},
  journal   = {Information Design Journal},
  number    = {2},
  publisher = {John Benjamins},
  address   = {Amsterdam},
  issn      = {0142-5471},
  doi       = {10.1075/idj.22.2.09wre},
  pages     = {172 -- 178},
  year      = {2016},
  abstract  = {This article discusses the contrast between the information transportation companies provide to travellers and that of their brand messaging. Companies' brand messaging often portrays the service they provide as pleasant, stress free and perfect. Customers and users of the service, on the other hand, often describe their experience of the service as a negative one. This article suggests that the brand value would be greater if transportation companies paid more attention to the users' experience when designing their information systems, particularly in worst case scenarios.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{JahnkeRousselHombachetal.2016,
  author    = {Jahnke, Siegfried and Roussel, Johanna and Hombach, Thomas and Kochs, Johannes and Fischbach, Andreas and Huber, Gregor and Scharr, Hanno},
  title     = {phenoSeeder - A robot system for automated handling and phenotyping of individual seeds},
  series = {Plant physiology},
  volume    = {172},
  journal   = {Plant physiology},
  number    = {3},
  publisher = {Oxford University Press},
  address   = {Oxford},
  issn      = {0032-0889},
  doi       = {10.1104/pp.16.01122},
  pages     = {1358 -- 1370},
  year      = {2016},
  abstract  = {The enormous diversity of seed traits is an intriguing feature and critical for the overwhelming success of higher plants. In particular, seed mass is generally regarded to be key for seedling development but is mostly approximated by using scanning methods delivering only two-dimensional data, often termed seed size. However, three-dimensional traits, such as the volume or mass of single seeds, are very rarely determined in routine measurements. Here, we introduce a device named phenoSeeder, which enables the handling and phenotyping of individual seeds of very different sizes. The system consists of a pick-and-place robot and a modular setup of sensors that can be versatilely extended. Basic biometric traits detected for individual seeds are two-dimensional data from projections, three-dimensional data from volumetric measures, and mass, from which seed density is also calculated. Each seed is tracked by an identifier and, after phenotyping, can be planted, sorted, or individually stored for further evaluation or processing (e.g. in routine seed-to-plant tracking pipelines). By investigating seeds of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), rapeseed (Brassica napus), and barley (Hordeum vulgare), we observed that, even for apparently round-shaped seeds of rapeseed, correlations between the projected area and the mass of seeds were much weaker than between volume and mass. This indicates that simple projections may not deliver good proxies for seed mass. Although throughput is limited, we expect that automated seed phenotyping on a single-seed basis can contribute valuable information for applications in a wide range of wild or crop species, including seed classification, seed sorting, and assessment of seed quality.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{NeuJanserKhatibietal.2016,
  author    = {Neu, Eugen and Janser, Frank and Khatibi, Akbar A. and Orifici, Adrian C.},
  title     = {Automated modal parameter-based anomaly detection under varying wind excitation},
  series = {Structural Health Monitoring},
  volume    = {15},
  journal   = {Structural Health Monitoring},
  number    = {6},
  publisher = {Sage},
  address   = {London},
  issn      = {1475-9217},
  doi       = {10.1177/1475921716665803},
  pages     = {1 -- 20},
  year      = {2016},
  abstract  = {Wind-induced operational variability is one of the major challenges for structural health monitoring of slender engineering structures like aircraft wings or wind turbine blades. Damage sensitive features often show an even bigger sensitivity to operational variability. In this study a composite cantilever was subjected to multiple mass configurations, velocities and angles of attack in a controlled wind tunnel environment. A small-scale impact damage was introduced to the specimen and the structural response measurements were repeated. The proposed damage detection methodology is based on automated operational modal analysis. A novel baseline preparation procedure is described that reduces the amount of user interaction to the provision of a single consistency threshold. The procedure starts with an indeterminate number of operational modal analysis identifications from a large number of datasets and returns a complete baseline matrix of natural frequencies and damping ratios that is suitable for subsequent anomaly detection. Mahalanobis distance-based anomaly detection is then applied to successfully detect the damage under varying severities of operational variability and with various degrees of knowledge about the present operational conditions. The damage detection capabilities of the proposed methodology were found to be excellent under varying velocities and angles of attack. Damage detection was less successful under joint mass and wind variability but could be significantly improved through the provision of the currently encountered operational conditions.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{FunkeBeckmannKeinzetal.2016,
  author    = {Funke, Harald and Beckmann, Nils and Keinz, Jan and Abanteriba, Sylvester},
  title     = {Comparison of Numerical Combustion Models for Hydrogen and Hydrogen-Rich Syngas Applied for Dry-Low-NOx-Micromix-Combustion},
  series = {ASME Turbo Expo 2016: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition Volume 4A: Combustion, Fuels and Emissions Seoul, South Korea, June 13-17, 2016},
  journal   = {ASME Turbo Expo 2016: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition Volume 4A: Combustion, Fuels and Emissions Seoul, South Korea, June 13-17, 2016},
  publisher = {ASME},
  address   = {New York, NY},
  isbn      = {978-0-7918-4975-0},
  doi       = {10.1115/GT2016-56430},
  pages     = {12},
  year      = {2016},
  abstract  = {The Dry-Low-NOₓ (DLN) Micromix combustion technology has been developed as low emission combustion principle for industrial gas turbines fueled with hydrogen or syngas. The combustion process is based on the phenomenon of jet-in-crossflow-mixing. Fuel is injected perpendicular into the air-cross-flow and burned in a multitude of miniaturized, diffusion-like flames. The miniaturization of the flames leads to a significant reduction of NOₓ emissions due to the very short residence time of reactants in the flame. In the Micromix research approach, CFD analyses are validated towards experimental results. The combination of numerical and experimental methods allows an efficient design and optimization of DLN Micromix combustors concerning combustion stability and low NOₓ emissions. The paper presents a comparison of several numerical combustion models for hydrogen and hydrogen-rich syngas. They differ in the complexity of the underlying reaction mechanism and the associated computational effort. For pure hydrogen combustion a one-step global reaction is applied using a hybrid Eddy-Break-up model that incorporates finite rate kinetics. The model is evaluated and compared to a detailed hydrogen combustion mechanism derived by Li et al. including 9 species and 19 reversible elementary reactions. Based on this mechanism, reduction of the computational effort is achieved by applying the Flamelet Generated Manifolds (FGM) method while the accuracy of the detailed reaction scheme is maintained. For hydrogen-rich syngas combustion (H₂-CO) numerical analyses based on a skeletal H₂/CO reaction mechanism derived by Hawkes et al. and a detailed reaction mechanism provided by Ranzi et al. are performed. The comparison between combustion models and the validation of numerical results is based on exhaust gas compositions available from experimental investigation on DLN Micromix combustors. The conducted evaluation confirms that the applied detailed combustion mechanisms are able to predict the general physics of the DLN-Micromix combustion process accurately. The Flamelet Generated Manifolds method proved to be generally suitable to reduce the computational effort while maintaining the accuracy of detailed chemistry. Especially for reaction mechanisms with a high number of species accuracy and computational effort can be balanced using the FGM model.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{AyedKustererFunkeetal.2016,
  author    = {Ayed, Anis Haj and Kusterer, Karsten and Funke, Harald and Keinz, Jan},
  title     = {CFD Based Improvement of the DLN Hydrogen Micromix Combustion Technology at Increased Energy Densities},
  series = {American Scientific Research Journal for Engineering, Technology, and Sciences (ASRJETS)},
  volume    = {26},
  journal   = {American Scientific Research Journal for Engineering, Technology, and Sciences (ASRJETS)},
  number    = {3},
  publisher = {GSSRR},
  issn      = {2313-4402},
  pages     = {290 -- 303},
  year      = {2016},
  abstract  = {Combined with the use of renewable energy sources for its production, Hydrogen represents a possible alternative gas turbine fuel within future low emission power generation. Due to the large difference in the physical properties of Hydrogen compared to other fuels such as natural gas, well established gas turbine combustion systems cannot be directly applied for Dry Low NOx (DLN) Hydrogen combustion. Thus, the development of DLN combustion technologies is an essential and challenging task for the future of Hydrogen fuelled gas turbines. The DLN Micromix combustion principle for hydrogen fuel has been developed to significantly reduce NOx-emissions. This combustion principle is based on cross-flow mixing of air and gaseous hydrogen which reacts in multiple miniaturized diffusion-type flames. The major advantages of this combustion principle are the inherent safety against flash-back and the low NOx-emissions due to a very short residence time of reactants in the flame region of the micro-flames. The Micromix Combustion technology has been already proven experimentally and numerically for pure Hydrogen fuel operation at different energy density levels. The aim of the present study is to analyze the influence of different geometry parameter variations on the flame structure and the NOx emission and to identify the most relevant design parameters, aiming to provide a physical understanding of the Micromix flame sensitivity to the burner design and identify further optimization potential of this innovative combustion technology while increasing its energy density and making it mature enough for real gas turbine application. The study reveals great optimization potential of the Micromix Combustion technology with respect to the DLN characteristics and gives insight into the impact of geometry modifications on flame structure and NOx emission. This allows to further increase the energy density of the Micromix burners and to integrate this technology in industrial gas turbines.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{FunkeKeinzKustereretal.2016,
  author    = {Funke, Harald and Keinz, Jan and Kusterer, Karsten and Ayed, Anis Haj and Kazari, Masahide and Kitajima, Junichi and Horikawa, Atsushi and Okada, Kunio},
  title     = {Experimental and Numerical Study on Optimizing the Dry Low NOₓ Micromix Hydrogen Combustion Principle for Industrial Gas Turbine Applications},
  series = {Journal of Thermal Science and Engineering Applications},
  volume    = {9},
  journal   = {Journal of Thermal Science and Engineering Applications},
  number    = {2},
  publisher = {ASME},
  address   = {New York, NY},
  issn      = {1948-5093},
  doi       = {10.1115/1.4034849},
  pages     = {021001 -- 021001-10},
  year      = {2016},
  abstract  = {Combined with the use of renewable energy sources for its production, hydrogen represents a possible alternative gas turbine fuel for future low-emission power generation. Due to the difference in the physical properties of hydrogen compared to other fuels such as natural gas, well-established gas turbine combustion systems cannot be directly applied to dry low NOₓ (DLN) hydrogen combustion. The DLN micromix combustion of hydrogen has been under development for many years, since it has the promise to significantly reduce NOₓ emissions. This combustion principle for air-breathing engines is based on crossflow mixing of air and gaseous hydrogen. Air and hydrogen react in multiple miniaturized diffusion-type flames with an inherent safety against flashback and with low NOₓ emissions due to a very short residence time of the reactants in the flame region. The paper presents an advanced DLN micromix hydrogen application. The experimental and numerical study shows a combustor configuration with a significantly reduced number of enlarged fuel injectors with high-thermal power output at constant energy density. Larger fuel injectors reduce manufacturing costs, are more robust and less sensitive to fuel contamination and blockage in industrial environments. The experimental and numerical results confirm the successful application of high-energy injectors, while the DLN micromix characteristics of the design point, under part-load conditions, and under off-design operation are maintained. Atmospheric test rig data on NOₓ emissions, optical flame-structure, and combustor material temperatures are compared to numerical simulations and show good agreement. The impact of the applied scaling and design laws on the miniaturized micromix flamelets is particularly investigated numerically for the resulting flow field, the flame-structure, and NOₓ formation.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{BungValero2016,
  author    = {Bung, Daniel B. and Valero, Daniel},
  title     = {Optical flow estimation in aerated flows},
  series = {Journal of Hydraulic Research},
  volume    = {54},
  journal   = {Journal of Hydraulic Research},
  number    = {5},
  publisher = {Taylor \& Francis},
  address   = {London},
  doi       = {10.1080/00221686.2016.1173600},
  pages     = {575 -- 580},
  year      = {2016},
  abstract  = {Optical flow estimation is known from Computer Vision where it is used to determine obstacle movements through a sequence of images following an assumption of brightness conservation. This paper presents the first study on application of the optical flow method to aerated stepped spillway flows. For this purpose, the flow is captured with a high-speed camera and illuminated with a synchronized LED light source. The flow velocities, obtained using a basic Horn-Schunck method for estimation of the optical flow coupled with an image pyramid multi-resolution approach for image filtering, compare well with data from intrusive conductivity probe measurements. Application of the Horn-Schunck method yields densely populated flow field data sets with velocity information for every pixel. It is found that the image pyramid approach has the most significant effect on the accuracy compared to other image processing techniques. However, the final results show some dependency on the pixel intensity distribution, with better accuracy found for grey values between 100 and 150.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{BelavyAlbrachtBruggemannetal.2016,
  author    = {Belavy, Daniel L. and Albracht, Kirsten and Bruggemann, Gert-Peter and Vergroesen, Pieter-Paul A. and Dieen, Jaap H. van},
  title     = {Can exercise positively influence the intervertebral disc?},
  series = {Sports Medicine},
  volume    = {46},
  journal   = {Sports Medicine},
  number    = {4},
  publisher = {Springer},
  address   = {Berlin},
  issn      = {1179-2035},
  doi       = {10.1007/s40279-015-0444-2},
  pages     = {473 -- 485},
  year      = {2016},
  abstract  = {To better understand what kinds of sports and exercise could be beneficial for the intervertebral disc (IVD), we performed a review to synthesise the literature on IVD adaptation with loading and exercise. The state of the literature did not permit a systematic review; therefore, we performed a narrative review. The majority of the available data come from cell or whole-disc loading models and animal exercise models. However, some studies have examined the impact of specific sports on IVD degeneration in humans and acute exercise on disc size. Based on the data available in the literature, loading types that are likely beneficial to the IVD are dynamic, axial, at slow to moderate movement speeds, and of a magnitude experienced in walking and jogging. Static loading, torsional loading, flexion with compression, rapid loading, high-impact loading and explosive tasks are likely detrimental for the IVD. Reduced physical activity and disuse appear to be detrimental for the IVD. We also consider the impact of genetics and the likelihood of a 'critical period' for the effect of exercise in IVD development. The current review summarises the literature to increase awareness amongst exercise, rehabilitation and ergonomic professionals regarding IVD health and provides recommendations on future directions in research.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{KolditzAlbinAbeletal.2016,
  author    = {Kolditz, Melanie and Albin, Thivaharan and Abel, Dirk and Fasse, Alessandro and Br{\"u}ggemann, Gert-Peter and Albracht, Kirsten},
  title     = {Evaluation of foot position and orientation as manipulated variables to control external knee adduction moments in leg extension training},
  series = {Computer methods and programs in biomedicine},
  volume    = {171},
  journal   = {Computer methods and programs in biomedicine},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {Amsterdam},
  issn      = {0169-2607},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.cmpb.2016.09.005},
  pages     = {81 -- 86},
  year      = {2016},
  abstract  = {Background and Objective Effective leg extension training at a leg press requires high forces, which need to be controlled to avoid training-induced damage. In order to avoid high external knee adduction moments, which are one reason for unphysiological loadings on knee joint structures, both training movements and the whole reaction force vector need to be observed. In this study, the applicability of lateral and medial changes in foot orientation and position as possible manipulated variables to control external knee adduction moments is investigated. As secondary parameters both the medio-lateral position of the center of pressure and the frontal-plane orientation of the reaction force vector are analyzed. Methods Knee adduction moments are estimated using a dynamic model of the musculoskeletal system together with the measured reaction force vector and the motion of the subject by solving the inverse kinematic and dynamic problem. Six different foot conditions with varying positions and orientations of the foot in a static leg press are evaluated and compared to a neutral foot position. Results Both lateral and medial wedges under the foot and medial and lateral shifts of the foot can influence external knee adduction moments in the presented study with six healthy subjects. Different effects are observed with the varying conditions: the pose of the leg is changed and the direction and center of pressure of the reaction force vector is influenced. Each effect results in a different direction or center of pressure of the reaction force vector. Conclusions The results allow the conclusion that foot position and orientation can be used as manipulated variables in a control loop to actively control knee adduction moments in leg extension training.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{FerreinSchifferBooysenetal.2016,
  author    = {Ferrein, Alexander and Schiffer, Stefan and Booysen, T. and Stopforth, R.},
  title     = {Why it is harder to run RoboCup in South Africa: Experiences from German South African collaborations},
  series = {International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems},
  volume    = {13},
  journal   = {International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems},
  number    = {5},
  issn      = {1729-8806},
  doi       = {10.1177/1729881416662789},
  pages     = {1 -- 13},
  year      = {2016},
  abstract  = {Robots are widely used as a vehicle to spark interest in science and technology in learners. A number of initiatives focus on this issue, for instance, the Roberta Initiative, the FIRST Lego League, the World Robot Olympiad and RoboCup Junior. Robotic competitions are valuable not only for school learners but also for university students, as the RoboCup initiative shows. Besides technical skills, the students get some project exposure and experience what it means to finish their tasks on time. But qualifying students for future high-tech areas should not only be for students from developed countries. In this article, we present our experiences with research and education in robotics within the RoboCup initiative, in Germany and South Africa; we report on our experiences with trying to get the RoboCup initiative in South Africa going. RoboCup has a huge support base of academic institutions in Germany; this is not the case in South Africa. We present our 'north-south' collaboration initiatives in RoboCup between Germany and South Africa and discuss some of the reasons why we think it is harder to run RoboCup in South Africa.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{NiedermeyerZhouDursunetal.2016,
  author    = {Niedermeyer, Angela and Zhou, Bei and Dursun, G{\"o}zde and Temiz Artmann, Ayseg{\"u}l and Markert, Bernd},
  title     = {An examination of tissue engineered scaffolds in a bioreactor},
  series = {Proceedings in Applied Mathematics and Mechanics PAMM},
  volume    = {16},
  journal   = {Proceedings in Applied Mathematics and Mechanics PAMM},
  number    = {1},
  publisher = {Wiley-VCH},
  address   = {Weinheim},
  issn      = {1617-7061},
  doi       = {10.1002/pamm.201610038},
  pages     = {99 -- 100},
  year      = {2016},
  abstract  = {Replacement tissues, designed to fill in articular cartilage defects, should exhibit the same properties as the native material. The aim of this study is to foster the understanding of, firstly, the mechanical behavior of the material itself and, secondly, the influence of cultivation parameters on cell seeded implants as well as on cell migration into acellular implants. In this study, acellular cartilage replacement material is theoretically, numerically and experimentally investigated regarding its viscoelastic properties, where a phenomenological model for practical applications is developed. Furthermore, remodeling and cell migration are investigated.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{ScheidweilerTriesch2016,
  author    = {Scheidweiler, Robert and Triesch, Eberhard},
  title     = {A note on the duality between matchings and vertex covers in balanced hypergraphs},
  series = {Journal of Combinatorial Optimization},
  volume    = {32},
  journal   = {Journal of Combinatorial Optimization},
  number    = {2},
  publisher = {Springer},
  address   = {Berlin},
  issn      = {1573-2886},
  doi       = {10.1007/s10878-015-9887-5},
  pages     = {639 -- 644},
  year      = {2016},
  abstract  = {We present a new Min-Max theorem for an optimization problem closely connected to matchings and vertex covers in balanced hypergraphs. The result generalizes Kőnig's Theorem (Berge and Las Vergnas in Ann N Y Acad Sci 175:32-40, 1970; Fulkerson et al. in Math Progr Study 1:120-132, 1974) and Hall's Theorem (Conforti et al. in Combinatorica 16:325-329, 1996) for balanced hypergraphs.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{BeckenbachScheidweiler2016,
  author    = {Beckenbach, Isabel and Scheidweiler, Robert},
  title     = {Perfect ƒ-Matchings and ƒ-Factors in Hypergraphs - A Combinatorial Approach},
  series = {Discrete Mathematics},
  volume    = {240},
  journal   = {Discrete Mathematics},
  number    = {10},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {Amsterdam},
  issn      = {2192-7782},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.disc.2017.05.005},
  pages     = {2499 -- 2506},
  year      = {2016},
  abstract  = {We prove characterizations of the existence of perfect ƒ-matchings in uniform mengerian and perfect hypergraphs. Moreover, we investigate the ƒ-factor problem in balanced hypergraphs. For uniform balanced hypergraphs we prove two existence theorems with purely combinatorial arguments, whereas for non-uniform balanced hypergraphs we show that the ƒ-factor problem is NP-hard.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{KosterScheidweilerTieves2016,
  author    = {Koster, Arie and Scheidweiler, Robert and Tieves, Martin},
  title     = {A flow based pruning scheme for enumerative equitable coloring algorithms},
  series = {A flow based pruning scheme for enumerative equitable coloring algorithms},
  journal   = {A flow based pruning scheme for enumerative equitable coloring algorithms},
  doi       = {10.48550/arXiv.1607.08754},
  pages     = {1 -- 30},
  year      = {2016},
  abstract  = {An equitable graph coloring is a proper vertex coloring of a graph G where the sizes of the color classes differ by at most one. The equitable chromatic number is the smallest number k such that G admits such equitable k-coloring. We focus on enumerative algorithms for the computation of the equitable coloring number and propose a general scheme to derive pruning rules for them: We show how the extendability of a partial coloring into an equitable coloring can be modeled via network flows. Thus, we obtain pruning rules which can be checked via flow algorithms. Computational experiments show that the search tree of enumerative algorithms can be significantly reduced in size by these rules and, in most instances, such naive approach even yields a faster algorithm. Moreover, the stability, i.e., the number of solved instances within a given time limit, is greatly improved. Since the execution of flow algorithms at each node of a search tree is time consuming, we derive arithmetic pruning rules (generalized Hall-conditions) from the network model. Adding these rules to an enumerative algorithm yields an even larger runtime improvement.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{LeversStaatLaack2016,
  author    = {Levers, A. and Staat, Manfred and Laack, Walter van},
  title     = {Analysis of the long-term effect of the MBST® nuclear magnetic resonance therapy on gonarthrosis},
  series = {Orthopedic Practice},
  volume    = {47},
  journal   = {Orthopedic Practice},
  number    = {11},
  pages     = {521 -- 528},
  year      = {2016},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{RieperGebhardtStucker2016,
  author    = {Rieper, Harald and Gebhardt, Andreas and Stucker, Brent},
  title     = {Selective Laser Melting of the Eutectic Silver-Copper Alloy Ag 28 wt \% Cu},
  series = {RTejournal - Forum f{\"u}r Rapid Technologie},
  volume    = {13},
  journal   = {RTejournal - Forum f{\"u}r Rapid Technologie},
  issn      = {1614-0923},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/nbn:de:0009-2-44141},
  year      = {2016},
  abstract  = {The aim of this work was to perform a detailed investigation of the use of Selective Laser Melting (SLM) technology to process eutectic silver-copper alloy Ag 28 wt. \% Cu (also called AgCu28). The processing occurred with a Realizer SLM 50 desktop machine. The powder analysis (SEM-topography, EDX, particle distribution) was reported as well as the absorption rates for the near-infrared (NIR) spectrum. Microscope imaging showed the surface topography of the manufactured parts. Furthermore, microsections were conducted for the analysis of porosity. The Design of Experiments approach used the response surface method in order to model the statistical relationship between laser power, spot distance and pulse time.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{AlbannaConzenWeissetal.2016,
  author    = {Albanna, W. and Conzen, C. and Weiss, M. and Clusmann, H. and Fuest, M. and Mueller, M. and Brockmann, M.A. and Vilser, W. and Schmidt-Trucks{\"a}ss, A. and Hoellig, A. and Seiz, M. and Thom{\´e}, C. and Kotliar, Konstantin and Schubert, G.A.},
  title     = {Retinal Vessel Analysis (RVA) in the context of subarachnoid hemorrhage: A proof of concept study},
  series = {PLoS ONE},
  volume    = {11},
  journal   = {PLoS ONE},
  number    = {7},
  publisher = {PLOS},
  address   = {San Francisco},
  issn      = {1932-6203},
  doi       = {10.1371/journal.pone.0158781},
  pages     = {13 Seiten},
  year      = {2016},
  abstract  = {Background Timely detection of impending delayed cerebral ischemia after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is essential to improve outcome, but poses a diagnostic challenge. Retinal vessels as an embryological part of the intracranial vasculature are easily accessible for analysis and may hold the key to a new and non-invasive monitoring technique. This investigation aims to determine the feasibility of standardized retinal vessel analysis (RVA) in the context of SAH. Methods In a prospective pilot study, we performed RVA in six patients awake and cooperative with SAH in the acute phase (day 2-14) and eight patients at the time of follow-up (mean 4.6±1.7months after SAH), and included 33 age-matched healthy controls. Data was acquired using a manoeuvrable Dynamic Vessel Analyzer (Imedos Systems UG, Jena) for examination of retinal vessel dimension and neurovascular coupling. Results Image quality was satisfactory in the majority of cases (93.3\%). In the acute phase after SAH, retinal arteries were significantly dilated when compared to the control group (124.2±4.3MU vs 110.9±11.4MU, p<0.01), a difference that persisted to a lesser extent in the later stage of the disease (122.7±17.2MU, p<0.05). Testing for neurovascular coupling showed a trend towards impaired primary vasodilation and secondary vasoconstriction (p = 0.08, p = 0.09 resp.) initially and partial recovery at the time of follow-up, indicating a relative improvement in a time-dependent fashion. Conclusion RVA is technically feasible in patients with SAH and can detect fluctuations in vessel diameter and autoregulation even in less severely affected patients. Preliminary data suggests potential for RVA as a new and non-invasive tool for advanced SAH monitoring, but clinical relevance and prognostic value will have to be determined in a larger cohort.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{HeinzeMangPopescuetal.2016,
  author    = {Heinze, D. and Mang, Thomas and Popescu, C. and Weichold, O.},
  title     = {Effect of side chain length and degree of polymerization on the decomposition and crystallization behaviour of chlorinated poly(vinyl ester) oligomers},
  series = {Thermochimica Acta},
  volume    = {637},
  journal   = {Thermochimica Acta},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {Amsterdam},
  issn      = {0040-6031 (electronic)},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.tca.2016.05.015},
  pages     = {143 -- 153},
  year      = {2016},
  abstract  = {Four members of a homologous series of chlorinated poly(vinyl ester) oligomers CCl₃-(CH₂CH (OCO(CH₂)ₘCH₃))ₙ-Cl with degrees of polymerization of 10 and 20 were prepared by telomerisation using carbon tetrachloride. The number of side chain carbon atoms ranges from 2 (poly(vinyl acetate) to 18 (poly(vinyl stearate)). The effect of the n-alkyl side chain length and of the degree of polymerization on the thermal stability and crystallization behaviour of the synthesized compounds was investigated. All oligomers degrade in two major steps by first losing HCl and side chains with subsequent breakdown of the backbone. The members with short side chains, up to poly(vinyl octanoate), are amorphous and show internal plasticization, whereas those with high number of side chain carbon atoms are semi-crystalline due to side-chain crystallization. A better packing for poly(vinyl stearate) is also noticeable. The glass transition and melting temperatures as well as the onset temperature of decomposition are influenced to a larger extent by the side chain length than by the degree of polymerization. Thermal stability is improved if both the size and number of side chains increase, but only a long side chain causes a significant increase of the resistance to degradation. This results in a stabilization of PVAc so that oligomers from poly(vinyl octanoate) on are stable under atmospheric conditions. Thus, the way to design stable, chlorinated PVEs oligomers is to use a long n-alkyl side chain.},
  language  = {en}
}