@incollection{SamuelssonScheerWilsonetal.2017,
  author    = {Samuelsson, K. and Scheer, Nico and Wilson, I. and Wolf, C.R. and Henderson, C.J.},
  title     = {Genetically Humanized Animal Models},
  series = {Comprehensive Medicinal Chemistry III. 3rd Edition},
  booktitle = {Comprehensive Medicinal Chemistry III. 3rd Edition},
  editor    = {Chackalamannil, Samuel},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {Saint Louis},
  isbn      = {978-0-12-803201-5},
  doi       = {10.1016/B978-0-12-409547-2.12376-5},
  pages     = {130 -- 149},
  year      = {2017},
  abstract  = {Genetically humanized mice for proteins involved in drug metabolism and toxicity and mice engrafted with human hepatocytes are emerging as promising in vivo models for improved prediction of the pharmacokinetic, drug-drug interaction, and safety characteristics of compounds in humans. This is an overview on the genetically humanized and chimeric liver-humanized mouse models, which are illustrated with examples of their utility in drug metabolism and toxicity studies. The models are compared to give guidance for selection of the most appropriate model by highlighting advantages and disadvantages to be carefully considered when used for studies in drug discovery and development.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{WilsonDickieSchreiteretal.2018,
  author    = {Wilson, C. E. and Dickie, A. P. and Schreiter, K. and Wehr, R. and Wilson, E. M. and Bial, J. and Scheer, Nico and Wilson, I. D. and Riley, R. J.},
  title     = {The pharmacokinetics and metabolism of diclofenac in chimeric humanized and murinized FRG mice},
  series = {Archives of Toxicology},
  volume    = {92},
  journal   = {Archives of Toxicology},
  number    = {6},
  publisher = {Springer},
  issn      = {1432-0738},
  doi       = {10.1007/s00204-018-2212-1},
  pages     = {1953 -- 1967},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {The pharmacokinetics of diclofenac were investigated following single oral doses of 10 mg/kg to chimeric liver humanized and murinized FRG and C57BL/6 mice. In addition, the metabolism and excretion were investigated in chimeric liver humanized and murinized FRG mice. Diclofenac reached maximum blood concentrations of 2.43 ± 0.9 µg/mL (n = 3) at 0.25 h post-dose with an AUCinf of 3.67 µg h/mL and an effective half-life of 0.86 h (n = 2). In the murinized animals, maximum blood concentrations were determined as 3.86 ± 2.31 µg/mL at 0.25 h post-dose with an AUCinf of 4.94 ± 2.93 µg h/mL and a half-life of 0.52 ± 0.03 h (n = 3). In C57BL/6J mice, mean peak blood concentrations of 2.31 ± 0.53 µg/mL were seen 0.25 h post-dose with a mean AUCinf of 2.10 ± 0.49 µg h/mL and a half-life of 0.51 ± 0.49 h (n = 3). Analysis of blood indicated only trace quantities of drug-related material in chimeric humanized and murinized FRG mice. Metabolic profiling of urine, bile and faecal extracts revealed a complex pattern of metabolites for both humanized and murinized animals with, in addition to unchanged parent drug, a variety of hydroxylated and conjugated metabolites detected. The profiles in humanized mice were different to those of both murinized and wild-type animals, e.g., a higher proportion of the dose was detected in the form of acyl glucuronide metabolites and much reduced amounts as taurine conjugates. Comparison of the metabolic profiles obtained from the present study with previously published data from C57BL/6J mice and humans revealed a greater, though not complete, match between chimeric humanized mice and humans, such that the liver humanized FRG model may represent a model for assessing the biotransformation of such compounds in humans.},
  language  = {en}
}