@article{HerzogPietrzykShahetal.2010,
  author    = {Herzog, Hans and Pietrzyk, Uwe and Shah, N. Jon and Ziemons, Karl},
  title     = {The current state, challenges and perspectives of MR-PET},
  series = {Neuroimage},
  volume    = {49},
  journal   = {Neuroimage},
  number    = {3},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {Amsterdam},
  issn      = {1053-8119},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.10.036},
  pages     = {2072 -- 2082},
  year      = {2010},
  abstract  = {Following the success of PET/CT during the last decade and the recent increasing proliferation of SPECT/CT, another hybrid imaging instrument has been gaining more and more interest: MR-PET. First combined, simultaneous PET and MR studies carried out in small animals demonstrated the feasibility of the new approach. Concurrently, some prototypes of an MR-PET scanner for simultaneous human brain studies have been built, their performance is being tested and preliminary applications have already been shown. Through this pioneering work, it has become clear that advances in the detector design are necessary for further optimization. Recently, the different issues related to the present state and future prospects of MR-PET were presented and discussed during an international 2-day workshop at the Forschungszentrum J{\"u}lich, Germany, held after, and in conjunction with, the 2008 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference in Dresden, Germany on October 27-28, 2008. The topics ranged from small animal MR-PET imaging to human MR-BrainPET imaging, new detector developments, challenges/opportunities for ultra-high field MR-PET imaging and considerations of possible future research and clinical applications. This report presents a critical summary of the contributions made to the workshop.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{ParlLarueStreunetal.2011,
  author    = {Parl, C. and Larue, H. and Streun, M. and Ziemons, Karl},
  title     = {Double-side-readout technique for SiPM-matrices},
  series = {2010 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium Conference Record (NSS/MIC)},
  journal   = {2010 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium Conference Record (NSS/MIC)},
  publisher = {IEEE},
  address   = {New York},
  issn      = {1095-7863},
  pages     = {1486 -- 1487},
  year      = {2011},
  abstract  = {In our case the double-side-method is used to minimize the complexity of a matrix-readout. Here the number of channels is reduced to 2√N̅. It is also possible to benefit from the method in a single pixel readout system. One signal can be used to measure position and energy of the event, the other one can be applied to a fast trigger-circuit at the same time. In a next step we will investigate timing behavior and electrical crosstalk of the circuit.},
  language  = {en}
}
@inproceedings{StreunAlKaddoumParletal.2012,
  author    = {Streun, M. and Al-Kaddoum, R. and Parl, C. and Pietrzyk, U. and Ziemons, Karl and Waasen, S. van},
  title     = {Simulation studies of optical photons in monolithic block scintillators},
  series = {2011 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium Conference Record (NSS/MIC)},
  booktitle = {2011 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium Conference Record (NSS/MIC)},
  publisher = {IEEE},
  address   = {New York},
  isbn      = {978-1-4673-0120-6 (electronic ISBN)},
  doi       = {10.1109/NSSMIC.2011.6154621},
  pages     = {1380 -- 1382},
  year      = {2012},
  abstract  = {The interest in PET detectors with monolithic block scintillators is growing. In order to obtain high spatial resolutions dedicated positioning algorithms are required. But even an ideal algorithm can only deliver information which is provided by the detector. In this simulation study we investigated the light distribution on one surface of cuboid LSO scintillators of different size. Scintillators with a large aspect ratio (small footprint and large height) showed significant position information only for a minimum interaction depth of the gamma particle. The results allow a quantitative estimate for a useful aspect ratio.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{RongenZiemonsSchieketal.2006,
  author    = {Rongen, Heinz and Ziemons, Karl and Schiek, Michael and Tass, Alexander},
  title     = {Vorrichtung zur Messung biomedizinischer Daten eines Probanden und Verfahren zur Simulation des Probanden mit in Echtzeit verarbeiteten Daten},
  pages     = {1 -- 12},
  year      = {2006},
  abstract  = {Die Erfindung betrifft eine Vorrichtung zur Messung biomedizinischer Daten eines Probanden, mit einem Messsystem zur Erhebung der Daten sowie einer ersten Hardware-Komponente zur Aufzeichnung der Daten. In einer Verbindungsleitung zur {\"U}bertragung der Daten vom Messsystem zur ersten Hardware-Komponente zur Aufzeichnung der Daten ist erfindungsgem{\"a}ss ein Mittel zur galvanischen Auftrennung der Daten angeordnet. Auf diese Weise ist wenigstens die Duplizierung der Daten f{\"u}r Datenverarbeitungszwecke gew{\"a}hrleistet. Die auf diese Weise verarbeiteten Daten werden f{\"u}r ein Verfahren zur Echtzeit-Stimulation eines Probanden genutzt.},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{KhodaverdiChatziioannouWeberetal.2005,
  author    = {Khodaverdi, M. and Chatziioannou, A. F. and Weber, S. and Ziemons, Karl and Halling, H. and Pietrzyk, U.},
  title     = {Investigation of different MicroCT scanner configurations by GEANT4 simulations},
  series = {IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science},
  volume    = {52},
  journal   = {IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science},
  number    = {1},
  isbn      = {0018-9499},
  pages     = {188 -- 192},
  year      = {2005},
  abstract  = {This study has been performed to design the combination of the new ClearPET (ClearPET is a trademark of the Crystal Clear Collaboration), a small animal positron emission tomography (PET) system, with a micro-computed tomography (microCT) scanner. The properties of different microCT systems have been determined by simulations based on GEANT4. We will demonstrate the influence of the detector material and the X-ray spectrum on the obtained contrast. Four different detector materials (selenium, cadmium zinc telluride, cesium iodide and gadolinium oxysulfide) and two X-ray spectra (a molybdenum and a tungsten source) have been considered. The spectra have also been modified by aluminum filters of varying thickness. The contrast between different tissue types (water, air, brain, bone and fat) has been simulated by using a suitable phantom. The results indicate the possibility to improve the image contrast in microCT by an optimized combination of the X-ray source and detector material.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{StreunBrandenburgLarueetal.2006,
  author    = {Streun, M. and Brandenburg, G. and Larue, H. and Parl, C. and Ziemons, Karl},
  title     = {The data acquisition system of ClearPET neuro - a small animal PET scanner},
  series = {IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science},
  volume    = {53},
  journal   = {IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science},
  number    = {3},
  isbn      = {0018-9499},
  pages     = {700 -- 703},
  year      = {2006},
  abstract  = {The Crystal Clear Collaboration has developed a modular system for a small animal PET scanner (ClearPET). The modularity allows the assembly of scanners of different sizes and characteristics in order to satisfy the specific needs of the individual member institutions. The system performs depth of interaction detection by using a phoswich arrangement combining LSO and LuYAP scintillators which are coupled to Multichannel Photomultipliers (PMTs). For each PMT a free running 40 MHz ADC digitizes the signal and the complete scintillation pulse is sampled by an FPGA and sent with 20 MB/s to a PC for preprocessing. The pulse provides information about the gamma energy and the scintillator material which identifies the interaction layer. Furthermore, the exact pulse starting time is obtained from the sampled data. This is important as no hardware coincidence detection is implemented. All single events are recorded and coincidences are identified by software. The system in J{\"u}lich (ClearPET Neuro) is equipped with 10240 crystals on 80 PMTs. The paper will present an overview of the data acquisition system.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{KhodaverdiWeberStreunetal.2006,
  author    = {Khodaverdi, M. and Weber, S. and Streun, M. and Parl, C. and Ziemons, Karl},
  title     = {High resolution imaging with ClearPET™ Neuro - first animal images},
  series = {2005 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium Conference Record, Vol. 3},
  journal   = {2005 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium Conference Record, Vol. 3},
  isbn      = {1082-3654},
  pages     = {1641 -- 1644},
  year      = {2006},
  abstract  = {The ClearPET™ Neuro is the first full ring scanner within the Crystal Clear Collaboration (CCC). It consists of 80 detector modules allocated to 20 cassettes. LSO and LuYAP:Ce crystals in phoswich configuration in combination with position sensitive photomultiplier tubes are used to achieve high sensitivity and realize the acquisition of the depth of interaction (DOI) information. The complete system has been tested concerning the mechanical and electronical stability and interplay. Moreover, suitable corrections have been implemented into the reconstruction procedure to ensure high image quality. We present first results which show the successful operation of the ClearPET™ Neuro for artefact free and high resolution small animal imaging. Based on these results during the past few months the ClearPET™ Neuro System has been modified in order to optimize the performance.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{StreunBrandenburgKhodaverdietal.2006,
  author    = {Streun, M. and Brandenburg, G. and Khodaverdi, M. and Larue, H. and Parl, C. and Ziemons, Karl},
  title     = {Timemark correction for the ClearPET™ scanners},
  series = {2005 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium Conference Record, Vol. 4},
  journal   = {2005 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium Conference Record, Vol. 4},
  isbn      = {1082-3654},
  pages     = {2057 -- 2060},
  year      = {2006},
  abstract  = {The small animal PET scanners developed by the Crystal Clear Collaboration (ClearPETtrade) detect coincidences by analyzing timemarks which are attached to each event. The scanners are able to save complete single list mode data which allows analysis and modification of the timemarks after data acquisition. The timemarks are obtained from the digitally sampled detector pulses by calculating the baseline crossing of the rising edge of the pulse which is approximated as a straight line. But the limited sampling frequency causes a systematic error in the determination of the timemark. This error depends on the phase of the sampling clock at the time of the event. A statistical method that corrects these errors will be presented},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{ZiemonsHerzogFeinendegen1990,
  author    = {Ziemons, Karl and Herzog, H. and Feinendegen, L. E.},
  title     = {Iterative image reconstruction with weighted pixel contribution to projection element},
  series = {European Journal of Nuclear Medicine},
  volume    = {16},
  journal   = {European Journal of Nuclear Medicine},
  number    = {7},
  isbn      = {1619-7089},
  pages     = {403 -- 403},
  year      = {1990},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{Ziemons1991,
  author    = {Ziemons, Karl},
  title     = {Comparison of forward hadrons produced in muon interactions on nuclear targets and deuterium},
  series = {Zeitschrift f{\"u}r Physik C Particles and Fields},
  volume    = {52},
  journal   = {Zeitschrift f{\"u}r Physik C Particles and Fields},
  number    = {1},
  isbn      = {1431-5858},
  pages     = {1 -- 11},
  year      = {1991},
  abstract  = {Differential multiplicities of forward produced hadrons in deep inelastic muon scattering on nuclear targets have been compared with those from deuterium. The ratios are observed to increase towards unity as the virtual photon energy increases with no significant dependence on the other muon kinematic variables. The hadron transverse momentum distribution is observed to be broadened in nuclear targets. The dependence on the remaining hadron variables is investigated and the results are discussed in the framework of intranuclear interaction models and in the context of the EMC effect.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{Ziemons1992,
  author    = {Ziemons, Karl},
  title     = {Muoproduction of J/ψ and the gluon distribution of the nucleon},
  series = {Zeitschrift f{\"u}r Physik C Particles and Fields},
  volume    = {56},
  journal   = {Zeitschrift f{\"u}r Physik C Particles and Fields},
  number    = {1},
  isbn      = {1431-5858},
  pages     = {21 -- 28},
  year      = {1992},
  abstract  = {Measurements are presented of the inclusive distributions of the J/Ψ meson produced by muons of energy 200 GeV from an ammonia target. The gluon distribution of the nucleon has been derived from the data in the range 0.04<x<0.36 using a technique based on the colour singlet model. An arbitrary normalisation factor is required to obtain a reasonable integral of the gluon distribution. Some comments are made on the use of J/Ψ productionby virtual photons to extract the gluon distribution at HERA.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{ZiemonsHerzogBosettietal.1992,
  author    = {Ziemons, Karl and Herzog, H. and Bosetti, P. and Feinendegen, L. E.},
  title     = {Iterative image reconstruction with weighted pixel contribution to projection elements},
  series = {European Journal of Nuclear Medicine},
  volume    = {19},
  journal   = {European Journal of Nuclear Medicine},
  number    = {8},
  isbn      = {1619-7089},
  pages     = {588 -- 588},
  year      = {1992},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{Ziemons1993,
  author    = {Ziemons, Karl},
  title     = {A measurement of the ratio of the nucleon structure function in copper and deuterium},
  series = {Zeitschrift f{\"u}r Physik C Particles and Fields},
  volume    = {57},
  journal   = {Zeitschrift f{\"u}r Physik C Particles and Fields},
  number    = {2},
  isbn      = {1431-5858},
  pages     = {211 -- 218},
  year      = {1993},
  abstract  = {Results are presented on the ratios of the nucleon structure function in copper to deuterium from two separate experiments. The data confirm that the nucleon structure function,F 2, is different for bound nucleons than for the quasi-free ones in the deuteron. The redistribution in the fraction of the nucleon's momentum carried by quarks is investigated and it is found that the data are compatible with no integral loss of quark momenta due to nuclear effects.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{ZiemonsKleinesErkenetal.1997,
  author    = {Ziemons, Karl and Kleines, H. and Erken, I. and Knoben, J. and Zwoll, K.},
  title     = {IME-DV Projekt: M-FIRBe, Multi-Modality Functional Imaging for Brain Research},
  series = {Bildverarbeitung f{\"u}r die Medizin : Algorithmen - Systeme - Anwendungen},
  journal   = {Bildverarbeitung f{\"u}r die Medizin : Algorithmen - Systeme - Anwendungen},
  editor    = {Lehmann, Thomas},
  publisher = {Verl. der. Augustinus-Buchh.},
  address   = {Aachen},
  isbn      = {3-86073-519-5},
  pages     = {363 -- 366},
  year      = {1997},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{KleinesErkiZiemonsetal.1997,
  author    = {Kleines, H. and Erki, I. and Ziemons, Karl and Zwoll, K.},
  title     = {ATM- und Multimedia Pilotsystem im Rahmen des Projektes M-FIBRe Aufbau und Erfahrungen},
  series = {Bildverarbeitung f{\"u}r die Medizin : Algorithmen - Systeme - Anwendungen},
  journal   = {Bildverarbeitung f{\"u}r die Medizin : Algorithmen - Systeme - Anwendungen},
  editor    = {Lehmann, Thomas},
  publisher = {Verl. der. Augustinus-Buchh.},
  address   = {Aachen},
  isbn      = {3-86073-519-5},
  pages     = {241 -- 248},
  year      = {1997},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{ErkiKleinesZiemonsetal.1997,
  author    = {Erki, I. and Kleines, H. and Ziemons, Karl and Zwoll, K.},
  title     = {Interaktives System zur Darstellung funktionaler Bilddaten},
  series = {Bildverarbeitung f{\"u}r die Medizin : Algorithmen - Systeme - Anwendungen},
  journal   = {Bildverarbeitung f{\"u}r die Medizin : Algorithmen - Systeme - Anwendungen},
  editor    = {Lehmann, Thomas},
  publisher = {Verl. der. Augustinus-Buchh.},
  address   = {Aachen},
  isbn      = {3-86073-519-5},
  pages     = {249 -- 254},
  year      = {1997},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{GriessmeierSonnenbergWeckesseretal.1996,
  author    = {Grießmeier, M. and Sonnenberg, F. and Weckesser, M. and Ziemons, Karl and Langen, K.-J. and M{\"u}ller-G{\"a}rtner, H. W.},
  title     = {Improvement of SPECT quantification in small brain structures by using experiment based recovery-coefficient corrections},
  series = {European Journal of Nuclear Medicine},
  volume    = {23},
  journal   = {European Journal of Nuclear Medicine},
  number    = {9},
  issn      = {1619-7089},
  pages     = {1238 -- 1238},
  year      = {1996},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{KleinesZiemonsZwoll1998,
  author    = {Kleines, H. and Ziemons, Karl and Zwoll, K.},
  title     = {Experiences with ATM in a multivendor pilot system at Forschungszentrum J{\"u}lich},
  series = {IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science},
  volume    = {45},
  journal   = {IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science},
  number    = {4},
  issn      = {0018-9499},
  pages     = {1867 -- 1871},
  year      = {1998},
  abstract  = {The ATM technology for high speed serial transmission provides a new quality of communication by introducing novel features in a LAN environment, especially support of real time communication, of both LAN and WAN communication and of multimedia streams. In order to evaluate ATM for future DAQ systems and remote control systems as well as for a high speed picture archiving and communications system for medical images, Forschungszentrum Julich has build up a pilot system for the evaluation of ATM and standard low cost multimedia systems. It is a heterogeneous multivendor system containing a variety of switches and desktop solutions, employing different protocol options of ATM. The tests conducted in the pilot system revealed major difficulties regarding stability, interoperability and performance. The paper presents motivations, layout and results of the pilot system. Discussion of results concentrates on performance issues relevant for realistic applications, e.g., connection to a RAID system via NFS over ATM},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{TaylorSchmitzZiemonsetal.2000,
  author    = {Taylor, J. G. and Schmitz, N. and Ziemons, Karl and Grosse-Ruyken, M.-L. and Gruber, O. and M{\"u}ller-G{\"a}rtner, H.-W. and Shah, N. J.},
  title     = {The network of brain areas involved in the motion aftereffect},
  series = {Neuroimage},
  volume    = {11},
  journal   = {Neuroimage},
  number    = {4},
  isbn      = {1053-8119},
  pages     = {257 -- 270},
  year      = {2000},
  abstract  = {A network of brain areas is expected to be involved in supporting the motion aftereffect. The most active components of this network were determined by means of an fMRI study of nine subjects exposed to a visual stimulus of moving bars producing the effect. Across the subjects, common areas were identified during various stages of the effect, as well as networks of areas specific to a single stage. In addition to the well-known motion-sensitive area MT the prefrontal brain areas BA44 and 47 and the cingulate gyrus, as well as posterior sites such as BA37 and BA40, were important components during the period of the motion aftereffect experience. They appear to be involved in control circuitry for selecting which of a number of processing styles is appropriate. The experimental fMRI results of the activation levels and their time courses for the various areas are explored. Correlation analysis shows that there are effectively two separate and weakly coupled networks involved in the total process. Implications of the results for awareness of the effect itself are briefly considered in the final discussion.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{FinkMarshallShahetal.2000,
  author    = {Fink, G. R. and Marshall, J. C. and Shah, N. J. and Weiss, P.H. and Halligan, P. W. and Grosse-Ruyken, M. and Ziemons, Karl and Zilles, K. and Freund, H. J.},
  title     = {Line bisection judgments implicate right parietal cortex and cerebellum as assessed by fMRI},
  series = {Neurology},
  volume    = {54},
  journal   = {Neurology},
  number    = {6},
  isbn      = {1526-632X},
  pages     = {1324 -- 1331},
  year      = {2000},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{BussmannEngelsFussetal.2000,
  author    = {Bussmann, N. and Engels, R. and Fuss, L. and Kemmerling, G. and Reinartz, R. and Langen, K.-J. and Schelten, J. and Ziemons, Karl},
  title     = {Performance measurement of a new high resolution detector system for I-131 thyroid studies},
  series = {2000 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium Conference Record, Vol. 3},
  journal   = {2000 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium Conference Record, Vol. 3},
  issn      = {1082-3654},
  pages     = {22/35 -- 22/37},
  year      = {2000},
  abstract  = {A 2-dimensional detector system for high resolution thyroid I-131 scintigraphy was developed. It has a sensitive area of 4 cm×4 cm and consists of a lead-collimator and an array of 10×10 EGO crystals combined with a position sensitive photomultiplier. The spatial resolution and the sensitivity of the detector has been measured and compared to two commercially available gamma-cameras. Furthermore first patient measurements have been carried out},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{StreunBrandenburgLarueetal.2000,
  author    = {Streun, M. and Brandenburg, G. and Larue, H. and Zimmermann, E. and Ziemons, Karl and Halling, H.},
  title     = {Pulse recording by free-running sampling},
  series = {2000 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium Conference Record, Vol. 2},
  journal   = {2000 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium Conference Record, Vol. 2},
  issn      = {1082-3654},
  pages     = {9/179 -- 9/181},
  year      = {2000},
  abstract  = {Pulses from a position-sensitive photomultiplier (PS-PMT) are recorded by free running ADCs at a sampling rate of 40 MHz. A four-channel acquisition-board has been developed which is equipped with four 12 bit-ADCs connected to one FPGA (field programmable gate array). The FPGA manages data acquisition and the transfer to the host computer. It can also work as a digital trigger, so a separate hardware-trigger can be omitted. The method of free running sampling provides a maximum of information, besides the pulse charge and amplitude also pulse shape and starting time are contained in the sampled data. These informations are crucial for many tasks such as distinguishing between different scintillator materials, determination of radiation type, pile-up recovery, coincidence detection or time-of-flight applications. The absence of an analog integrator allows coping with very high count rates. Since this method is going to be employed in positron emission tomography (PET), the position of an event is another important information. The simultaneous readout of four channels allows localization by means of center-of-gravity weighting. First results from a test setup with LSO-scintillators coupled to the PS-PMT are presented},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{Ziemons1987,
  author    = {Ziemons, Karl},
  title     = {Jet production and fragmentation properties in deep inelastic muon scattering},
  series = {Zeitschrift f{\"u}r Physik C : Particles and Fields},
  volume    = {36},
  journal   = {Zeitschrift f{\"u}r Physik C : Particles and Fields},
  number    = {4},
  isbn      = {0170-9739},
  pages     = {527 -- 543},
  year      = {1987},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{Ziemons1988,
  author    = {Ziemons, Karl},
  title     = {A measurement of the spin asymmetry of the structure function g1 in deep inelastic muon-proton scattering},
  series = {Physics Letters B},
  volume    = {206},
  journal   = {Physics Letters B},
  number    = {2},
  isbn      = {0370-2693},
  pages     = {364 -- 370},
  year      = {1988},
  abstract  = {The spin asymmetry in deep inelastic scattering of longitudinally polarised muons by longitudinally polarised protons has been measured over a large x range (0.01<x<0.7). The spin-dependent structure function g1(x) for the proton has been determined and its integral over x found to be 0.114±0.012±0.026, in disagreement with the Ellis-Jaffe sum rule. Assuming the validity of the Bjorken sum rule, this result implies a significant negative value for the integral of g1 for the neutron. These values for the integrals of g1 lead to the conclusion that the total quark spin constitutes a rather small fraction of the spin of the nucleon.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{ZiemonsBerghoffLanskeetal.1988,
  author    = {Ziemons, Karl and Berghoff, G. and Lanske, D. and Schultze, K.},
  title     = {Strangeness production in deep inelastic muon-nucleon scattering},
  series = {Verhandlungen der Deutschen Physikalischen Gesellschaft},
  volume    = {23},
  journal   = {Verhandlungen der Deutschen Physikalischen Gesellschaft},
  number    = {5},
  isbn      = {0420-0195},
  pages     = {T309 -- T309},
  year      = {1988},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{BerghoffLanskeSchultzeetal.1988,
  author    = {Berghoff, G. and Lanske, D. and Schultze, K. and Ziemons, Karl},
  title     = {Jets and QCD-effects in muon-nuclean scattering},
  series = {Verhandlungen der Deutschen Physikalischen Gesellschaft},
  volume    = {23},
  journal   = {Verhandlungen der Deutschen Physikalischen Gesellschaft},
  number    = {5},
  isbn      = {0420-0195},
  year      = {1988},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{Ziemons1989,
  author    = {Ziemons, Karl},
  title     = {An investigation of the spin structure of the proton in deep inelastic scattering of polarised muons and polarised protons},
  series = {Nuclear Physics B},
  volume    = {328},
  journal   = {Nuclear Physics B},
  number    = {1},
  isbn      = {0550-3213},
  pages     = {1 -- 35},
  year      = {1989},
  abstract  = {The spin asymmetry in deep inelastic scattering of longitudinally polarised muons by longitudinally polarised protons has been measured in the range 0.01<×<0.7. The spin dependent structure function g1(x) for the proton has been determined and, combining the data with earlier SLAC measurements, its integral over x found to be 0.126±0.010(stat.)±0.015(syst.), in disagreement with the Ellis-Jaffe sum rule. Assuming the validity of the Biorken sum rule, this result implies a significant negative value for the integral of g1 for the neutron. These integrals lead to the conclusion, in the na{\"i}ve quark parton model, that the total quark spin constitutes a rather small fraction of the spin of the nucleon. Results are also presented on the asymmetries in inclusive hadron production which are consistent with the above picture.},
  language  = {en}
}
@inproceedings{OlderogMohrBegingetal.2021,
  author    = {Olderog, M. and Mohr, P. and Beging, Stefan and Tsoumpas, C. and Ziemons, Karl},
  title     = {Simulation study on the role of tissue-scattered events in improving sensitivity for a compact time of flight compton positron emission tomograph},
  series = {2020 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference (NSS/MIC)},
  booktitle = {2020 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference (NSS/MIC)},
  publisher = {IEEE},
  address   = {New York, NY},
  isbn      = {978-1-7281-7693-2},
  doi       = {10.1109/NSS/MIC42677.2020.9507901},
  pages     = {4 Seiten},
  year      = {2021},
  abstract  = {In positron emission tomography improving time, energy and spatial detector resolutions and using Compton kinematics introduces the possibility to reconstruct a radioactivity distribution image from scatter coincidences, thereby enhancing image quality. The number of single scattered coincidences alone is in the same order of magnitude as true coincidences. In this work, a compact Compton camera module based on monolithic scintillation material is investigated as a detector ring module. The detector interactions are simulated with Monte Carlo package GATE. The scattering angle inside the tissue is derived from the energy of the scattered photon, which results in a set of possible scattering trajectories or broken line of response. The Compton kinematics collimation reduces the number of solutions. Additionally, the time of flight information helps localize the position of the annihilation. One of the questions of this investigation is related to how the energy, spatial and temporal resolutions help confine the possible annihilation volume. A comparison of currently technically feasible detector resolutions (under laboratory conditions) demonstrates the influence on this annihilation volume and shows that energy and coincidence time resolution have a significant impact. An enhancement of the latter from 400 ps to 100 ps leads to a smaller annihilation volume of around 50\%, while a change of the energy resolution in the absorber layer from 12\% to 4.5\% results in a reduction of 60\%. The inclusion of single tissue-scattered data has the potential to increase the sensitivity of a scanner by a factor of 2 to 3 times. The concept can be further optimized and extended for multiple scatter coincidences and subsequently validated by a reconstruction algorithm.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{PhilippEfthimiouPaganoetal.2022,
  author    = {Philipp, Mohr and Efthimiou, Nikos and Pagano, Fiammetta and Kratochwil, Nicolaus and Pizzichemi, Marco and Tsoumpas, Charalampos and Auffray, Etiennette and Ziemons, Karl},
  title     = {Image reconstruction analysis for positron emission tomography with heterostructured scintillators},
  series = {IEEE Transactions on Radiation and Plasma Medical Sciences},
  volume    = {7},
  journal   = {IEEE Transactions on Radiation and Plasma Medical Sciences},
  number    = {1},
  publisher = {IEEE},
  address   = {New York, NY},
  issn      = {2469-7311},
  doi       = {10.1109/TRPMS.2022.3208615},
  pages     = {41 -- 51},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {The concept of structure engineering has been proposed for exploring the next generation of radiation detectors with improved performance. A TOF-PET geometry with heterostructured scintillators with a pixel size of 3.0×3.1×15 mm3 was simulated using Monte Carlo. The heterostructures consisted of alternating layers of BGO as a dense material with high stopping power and plastic (EJ232) as a fast light emitter. The detector time resolution was calculated as a function of the deposited and shared energy in both materials on an event-by-event basis. While sensitivity was reduced to 32\% for 100 μm thick plastic layers and 52\% for 50 μm, the CTR distribution improved to 204±49 ps and 220±41 ps respectively, compared to 276 ps that we considered for bulk BGO. The complex distribution of timing resolutions was accounted for in the reconstruction. We divided the events into three groups based on their CTR and modeled them with different Gaussian TOF kernels. On a NEMA IQ phantom, the heterostructures had better contrast recovery in early iterations. On the other hand, BGO achieved a better contrast to noise ratio (CNR) after the 15th iteration due to the higher sensitivity. The developed simulation and reconstruction methods constitute new tools for evaluating different detector designs with complex time responses.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{GaribaldiBegingCaneseetal.2017,
  author    = {Garibaldi, F. and Beging, Stefan and Canese, R. and Carpinelli, G. and Clinthorne, N. and Colilli, S. and Cosentino, L. and Finocchiaro, P. and Giuliani, F. and Gricia, M. and Lucentini, M. and Majewski, S. and Monno, E. and Musico, P. and Santavenere, F. and T{\"o}dter, J. and Wegener, Hans-Peter and Ziemons, Karl},
  title     = {A novel TOF-PET MRI detector for diagnosis and follow up of the prostate cancer},
  series = {European Physical Journal Plus},
  volume    = {132},
  journal   = {European Physical Journal Plus},
  number    = {9},
  publisher = {Springer},
  address   = {Berlin},
  issn      = {2190-5444},
  doi       = {10.1140/epjp/i2017-11662-x},
  year      = {2017},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{ChoiFelderFelderetal.2020,
  author    = {Choi, Chang-Hoon and Felder, Tim and Felder, J{\"o}rg and Tellmann, Lutz and Hong, Suk-Min and Wegener, Hans-Peter and Shah, N Jon and Ziemons, Karl},
  title     = {Design, evaluation and comparison of endorectal coils for hybrid MR-PET imaging of the prostate},
  series = {Physics in Medicine \& Biology},
  volume    = {65},
  journal   = {Physics in Medicine \& Biology},
  number    = {11},
  publisher = {IOP},
  address   = {Bristol},
  issn      = {0031-9155},
  doi       = {10.1088/1361-6560/ab87f8},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {Prostate cancer is one of the most common cancers among men and its early detection is critical for its successful treatment. The use of multimodal imaging, such as MR-PET, is most advantageous as it is able to provide detailed information about the prostate. However, as the human prostate is flexible and can move into different positions under external conditions, it is important to localise the focused region-of-interest using both MRI and PET under identical circumstances. In this work, we designed five commonly used linear and quadrature radiofrequency surface coils suitable for hybrid MR-PET use in endorectal applications. Due to the endorectal design and the shielded PET insert, the outer face of the coils investigated was curved and the region to be imaged was outside the volume of the coil. The tilting angles of the coils were varied with respect to the main magnetic field direction. This was done to approximate the various positions from which the prostate could be imaged. The transmit efficiencies and safety excitation efficiencies from simulations, together with the signal-to-noise ratios from the MR images were calculated and analysed. Overall, it was found that the overlapped loops driven in quadrature were superior to the other types of coils we tested. In order to determine the effect of the different coil designs on PET, transmission scans were carried out, and it was observed that the differences between attenuation maps with and without the coils were negligible. The findings of this work can provide useful guidance for the integration of such coil designs into MR-PET hybrid systems in the future.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{ZiemonsAuffrayBarbieretal.2005,
  author    = {Ziemons, Karl and Auffray, Etiennette and Barbier, R. and Brandenburg, G. and Bruyndonckx, P.},
  title     = {The ClearPET™ project: Development of a 2nd generation high-performance small animal PET scanner},
  series = {Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment},
  volume    = {537},
  journal   = {Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment},
  number    = {1-2},
  issn      = {0168-9002},
  pages     = {307 -- 311},
  year      = {2005},
  abstract  = {Second generation high-performance PET scanners, called ClearPET™1, have been developed by working groups of the Crystal Clear Collaboration (CCC). High sensitivity and high spatial resolution for the ClearPET camera is achieved by using a phoswich arrangement combining two different types of lutetium-based scintillator materials: LSO from CTI and LuYAP:Ce from the CCC (ISTC project). In a first ClearPET prototype, phoswich arrangements of 8×8 crystals of 2×2×10 mm3 are coupled to multi-channel photomultiplier tubes (Hamamatsu R7600). A unit of four PMTs arranged in-line represents one of 20 sectors of the ring design. The opening diameter of the ring is 120 mm, the axial detector length is 110 mm.The PMT pulses are digitized by free-running ADCs and digital data processing determines the gamma energy, the phoswich layer and even the exact pulse starting time, which is subsequently used for coincidence detection. The gantry allows rotation of the detector modules around the field of view. Preliminary data shows a correct identification of the crystal layer about (98±1)\%. Typically the energy resolution is (23.3±0.5)\% for the luyap layer and (15.4±0.4)\% for the lso layer. early studies showed the timing resolution of 2 ns FWHM and 4.8 ns FWTM. the intrinsic spatial resolution ranges from 1.37 mm to 1.61 mm full-width of half-maximum (FWHM) with a mean of 1.48 mm FWHM. further improvements in image and energy resolution are expected when the system geometry is fully modeled.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{MossetDevroedeKriegueretal.2006,
  author    = {Mosset, Jean-Baptiste and Devroede, Olivier and Krieguer, Magalie and Rey, M. and Vieira, J.-M. and Jung, J. H. and Kuntner, Claudia and Streun, Matthias and Ziemons, Karl and Auffray, Etiennette and Sempere-Roldan, P. and Lecoq, Paul and Bruyndonckx, Peter and Loude, Jean-Fran{\c{c}}ois and Tavernier, Stefaan and Morel, Christian},
  title     = {Development of an optimized LSO/LuYAP phoswich detector head for the Lausanne ClearPET demonstrator},
  series = {IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science},
  volume    = {53},
  journal   = {IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science},
  number    = {1},
  isbn      = {0018-9499},
  pages     = {25 -- 29},
  year      = {2006},
  abstract  = {This paper describes the LSO/LuYAP phoswich detector head developed for the ClearPET small animal PET scanner demonstrator that is under construction in Lausanne within the Crystal Clear Collaboration. The detector head consists of a dual layer of 8×8 LSO and LuYAP crystal arrays coupled to a multi-anode photomultiplier tube (Hamamatsu R7600-M64). Equalistion of the LSO/LuYAP light collection is obtained through partial attenuation of the LSO scintillation light using a thin aluminum deposit of 20-35 nm on LSO and appropriate temperature regulation of the phoswich head between 30°C to 60°C. At 511keV, typical FWHM energy resolutions of the pixels of a phoswich head amounts to (28±2)\% for LSO and (25±2)\% for LuYAP. The LSO versus LuYAP crystal identification efficiency is better than 98\%. Six detector modules have been mounted on a rotating gantry. Axial and tangential spatial resolutions were measured up to 4 cm from the scanner axis and compared to Monte Carlo simulations using GATE. FWHM spatial resolution ranges from 1.3 mm on axis to 2.6 mm at 4 cm from the axis.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{ZiemonsAuffrayBarbieretal.2004,
  author    = {Ziemons, Karl and Auffray, Etiennette and Barbier, R. and Brandenburg, G.},
  title     = {The ClearPET TM LSO/LuYAP phoswich scanner: a high performance small animal PET system},
  series = {2003 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium Conference Record, Vol. 3},
  journal   = {2003 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium Conference Record, Vol. 3},
  issn      = {1082-3654},
  pages     = {1728 -- 1732},
  year      = {2004},
  abstract  = {A 2nd generation high performance small animal PET scanner, called ClearPET™, has been designed and a first prototype is built by working groups of the Crystal Clear Collaboration (CCC). In order to achieve high sensitivity and maintain good uniform spatial resolution over the field of view in high resolution PET systems, it is necessary to extract the depth of interaction (DOI) information and correct for spatial degradation. The design of the first ClearPET™ Demonstrator based on the use of the multi-anode photomultiplier tube (Hamamatsu R7600-M64) and a LSO/LuYAP phoswich matrix. The two crystal layers of 8*8 crystals (2*2*10 mm3) are stacked on each other and mounted without light guide as one to one on the PMT. A unit of four PMTs arranged in-line represents one of 20 sectors of the ring design. The opening diameter of the crystal ring is 137 mm, the axial detector length is 110 mm. The PMT pulses are digitized by free-running ADCs and digital data processing determines the gamma energy, the phoswich layer and even the pulse arrival time. Single gamma interactions are recorded and coincidences are found by software. The gantry allows rotation of the detector modules around the field of view. The measurements have been done using the first LSO/LuYAP detector cassettes.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{AuffrayBruyndonckxDevroedeetal.2004,
  author    = {Auffray, Etiennette and Bruyndonckx, P. and Devroede, O. and Fedorov, A. and Ziemons, Karl},
  title     = {The ClearPET project},
  series = {Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment},
  volume    = {527},
  journal   = {Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment},
  number    = {1-2},
  isbn      = {0168-9002},
  pages     = {171 -- 174},
  year      = {2004},
  abstract  = {The Crystal Clear Collaboration has designed and is building a high-resolution small animal PET scanner. The design is based on the use of the Hamamatsu R7600-M64 multi-anode photomultiplier tube and a LSO/LuYAP phoswich matrix with one to one coupling between the crystals and the photo-detector. The complete system will have 80 PM tubes in four rings with an inner diameter of 137 mm and an axial field of view of 110 mm. The PM pulses are digitized by free-running ADCs and digital data processing determines the gamma energy, the phoswich layer and even the pulse arrival time. Single gamma interactions are recorded and coincidences are found by software. The gantry allows rotation of the detector modules around the field of view. Simulations, and measurements a 2×4 module test set-up predict a spatial resolution of 1.5 mm in the centre of the field of view and a sensitivity of 5.9\% for a point source in the centre of the field of view.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{ZiemonsAchtenAuffrayetal.2004,
  author    = {Ziemons, Karl and Achten, R. and Auffray, Etiennette and M{\"u}ller-Veggian, Mattea},
  title     = {The ClearPET™ neuro scanner: a dedicated LSO/LuYAP phoswich small animal PET scanner},
  series = {2004 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium conference record : Nuclear Science Symposium, Medical Imaging Conference ; 16 - 22 October 2004, Rome, Italy ; [including the Symposium on Nuclear Power System (SNPS), 14th Room Temperature Semiconductor X- and Gamma-Ray Detectors Workshop and special focus workshops] / NPSS, Nuclear \& Plasma Sciences Society. Guest ed.: J. Anthony Seibert},
  journal   = {2004 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium conference record : Nuclear Science Symposium, Medical Imaging Conference ; 16 - 22 October 2004, Rome, Italy ; [including the Symposium on Nuclear Power System (SNPS), 14th Room Temperature Semiconductor X- and Gamma-Ray Detectors Workshop and special focus workshops] / NPSS, Nuclear \& Plasma Sciences Society. Guest ed.: J. Anthony Seibert},
  publisher = {IEEE Operations Center},
  address   = {Piscataway, NJ},
  issn      = {1082-3654},
  pages     = {2430 -- 2433},
  year      = {2004},
  language  = {en}
}