@article{Gaigall2021,
  author    = {Gaigall, Daniel},
  title     = {Test for Changes in the Modeled Solvency Capital Requirement of an Internal Risk Model},
  series = {ASTIN Bulletin},
  volume    = {51},
  journal   = {ASTIN Bulletin},
  number    = {3},
  publisher = {Cambridge Univ. Press},
  address   = {Cambridge},
  issn      = {1783-1350},
  doi       = {10.1017/asb.2021.20},
  pages     = {813 -- 837},
  year      = {2021},
  abstract  = {In the context of the Solvency II directive, the operation of an internal risk model is a possible way for risk assessment and for the determination of the solvency capital requirement of an insurance company in the European Union. A Monte Carlo procedure is customary to generate a model output. To be compliant with the directive, validation of the internal risk model is conducted on the basis of the model output. For this purpose, we suggest a new test for checking whether there is a significant change in the modeled solvency capital requirement. Asymptotic properties of the test statistic are investigated and a bootstrap approximation is justified. A simulation study investigates the performance of the test in the finite sample case and confirms the theoretical results. The internal risk model and the application of the test is illustrated in a simplified example. The method has more general usage for inference of a broad class of law-invariant and coherent risk measures on the basis of a paired sample.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{Gaigall2020,
  author    = {Gaigall, Daniel},
  title     = {Hoeffding-Blum-Kiefer-Rosenblatt independence test statistic on partly not identically distributed data},
  series = {Communications in Statistics - Theory and Methods},
  volume    = {51},
  journal   = {Communications in Statistics - Theory and Methods},
  number    = {12},
  publisher = {Taylor \& Francis},
  address   = {London},
  issn      = {1532-415X},
  doi       = {10.1080/03610926.2020.1805767},
  pages     = {4006 -- 4028},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {The established Hoeffding-Blum-Kiefer-Rosenblatt independence test statistic is investigated for partly not identically distributed data. Surprisingly, it turns out that the statistic has the well-known distribution-free limiting null distribution of the classical criterion under standard regularity conditions. An application is testing goodness-of-fit for the regression function in a non parametric random effects meta-regression model, where the consistency is obtained as well. Simulations investigate size and power of the approach for small and moderate sample sizes. A real data example based on clinical trials illustrates how the test can be used in applications.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{MorandiButenwegBreisetal.2022,
  author    = {Morandi, Paolo and Butenweg, Christoph and Breis, Khaled and Beyer, Katrin and Magenes, Guido},
  title     = {Latest findings on the behaviour factor q for the seismic design of URM buildings},
  series = {Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering},
  volume    = {20},
  journal   = {Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering},
  number    = {11},
  editor    = {Ansal, Atilla},
  publisher = {Springer Nature},
  address   = {Cham},
  issn      = {1573-1456},
  doi       = {10.1007/s10518-022-01419-7},
  pages     = {5797 -- 5848},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {Recent earthquakes as the 2012 Emilia earthquake sequence showed that recently built unreinforced masonry (URM) buildings behaved much better than expected and sustained, despite the maximum PGA values ranged between 0.20-0.30 g, either minor damage or structural damage that is deemed repairable. Especially low-rise residential and commercial masonry buildings with a code-conforming seismic design and detailing behaved in general very well without substantial damages. The low damage grades of modern masonry buildings that was observed during this earthquake series highlighted again that codified design procedures based on linear analysis can be rather conservative. Although advances in simulation tools make nonlinear calculation methods more readily accessible to designers, linear analyses will still be the standard design method for years to come. The present paper aims to improve the linear seismic design method by providing a proper definition of the q-factor of URM buildings. These q-factors are derived for low-rise URM buildings with rigid diaphragms which represent recent construction practise in low to moderate seismic areas of Italy and Germany. The behaviour factor components for deformation and energy dissipation capacity and for overstrength due to the redistribution of forces are derived by means of pushover analyses. Furthermore, considerations on the behaviour factor component due to other sources of overstrength in masonry buildings are presented. As a result of the investigations, rationally based values of the behaviour factor q to be used in linear analyses in the range of 2.0-3.0 are proposed.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{ŠakićMarinkovićButenwegetal.2023,
  author    = {Šakić, Bogdan and Marinković, Marko and Butenweg, Christoph and Klinkel, Sven},
  title     = {Influence of slab deflection on the out-of-plane capacity of unreinforced masonry partition walls},
  series = {Engineering Structures},
  volume    = {276},
  journal   = {Engineering Structures},
  editor    = {Yang, J.},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {Amsterdam},
  issn      = {0141-0296},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.engstruct.2022.115342},
  year      = {2023},
  abstract  = {Severe damage of non-structural elements is noticed in previous earthquakes, causing high economic losses and posing a life threat for the people. Masonry partition walls are one of the most commonly used non-structural elements. Therefore, their behaviour under earthquake loading in out-of-plane (OOP) direction is investigated by several researches in the past years. However, none of the existing experimental campaigns or analytical approaches consider the influence of prior slab deflection on OOP response of partition walls. Moreover, none of the existing construction techniques for the connection of partition walls with surrounding reinforced concrete (RC) is investigated for the combined slab deflection and OOP loading. However, the inevitable time-dependent behaviour of RC slabs leads to high values of final slab deflections which can further influence boundary conditions of partition walls. Therefore, a comprehensive study on the influence of slab deflection on the OOP capacity of masonry partitions is conducted. In the first step, experimental tests are carried out. Results of experimental tests are further used for the calibration of the numerical model employed for a parametric study. Based on the results, behaviour under combined loading for different construction techniques is explained. The results show that slab deflection leads either to severe damage or to a high reduction of OOP capacity. Existing practical solutions do not account for these effects. In this contribution, recommendations to overcome the problems of combined slab deflection and OOP loading on masonry partition walls are given. Possible interaction of in-plane (IP) loading, with the combined slab deflection and OOP loading on partition walls, is not investigated in this study.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{WeldenJablonskiWegeetal.2021,
  author    = {Welden, Rene and Jablonski, Melanie and Wege, Christina and Keusgen, Michael and Wagner, Patrick Hermann and Wagner, Torsten and Sch{\"o}ning, Michael Josef},
  title     = {Light-Addressable Actuator-Sensor Platform for Monitoring and Manipulation of pH Gradients in Microfluidics: A Case Study with the Enzyme Penicillinase},
  series = {Biosensors},
  volume    = {11},
  journal   = {Biosensors},
  number    = {6},
  publisher = {MDPI},
  address   = {Basel},
  issn      = {2079-6374},
  doi       = {10.3390/bios11060171},
  pages     = {Artikel 171},
  year      = {2021},
  abstract  = {The feasibility of light-addressed detection and manipulation of pH gradients inside an electrochemical microfluidic cell was studied. Local pH changes, induced by a light-addressable electrode (LAE), were detected using a light-addressable potentiometric sensor (LAPS) with different measurement modes representing an actuator-sensor system. Biosensor functionality was examined depending on locally induced pH gradients with the help of the model enzyme penicillinase, which had been immobilized in the microfluidic channel. The surface morphology of the LAE and enzyme-functionalized LAPS was studied by scanning electron microscopy. Furthermore, the penicillin sensitivity of the LAPS inside the microfluidic channel was determined with regard to the analyte's pH influence on the enzymatic reaction rate. In a final experiment, the LAE-controlled pH inhibition of the enzyme activity was monitored by the LAPS.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{SchoeningBronderWuetal.2017,
  author    = {Sch{\"o}ning, Michael Josef and Bronder, Thomas and Wu, Chunsheng and Scheja, Sabrina and Jessing, Max and Metzger-Boddien, Christoph and Keusgen, Michael and Poghossian, Arshak},
  title     = {Label-Free DNA Detection with Capacitive Field-Effect Devices—Challenges and Opportunities},
  series = {Proceedings},
  volume    = {1},
  journal   = {Proceedings},
  number    = {8},
  publisher = {MDPI},
  address   = {Basel},
  issn      = {2504-3900},
  doi       = {10.3390/proceedings1080719},
  pages     = {Artikel 719},
  year      = {2017},
  abstract  = {Field-effect EIS (electrolyte-insulator-semiconductor) sensors modified with a positively charged weak polyelectrolyte layer have been applied for the electrical detection of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) immobilization and hybridization by the intrinsic molecular charge. The EIS sensors are able to detect the existence of target DNA amplicons in PCR (polymerase chain reaction) samples and thus, can be used as tool for a quick verification of DNA amplification and the successful PCR process. Due to their miniaturized setup, compatibility with advanced micro- and nanotechnologies, and ability to detect biomolecules by their intrinsic molecular charge, those sensors can serve as possible platform for the development of label-free DNA chips. Possible application fields as well as challenges and limitations will be discussed.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{Gaigall2020,
  author    = {Gaigall, Daniel},
  title     = {Testing marginal homogeneity of a continuous bivariate distribution with possibly incomplete paired data},
  series = {Metrika},
  volume    = {2020},
  journal   = {Metrika},
  number    = {83},
  publisher = {Springer},
  issn      = {1435-926X},
  doi       = {10.1007/s00184-019-00742-5},
  pages     = {437 -- 465},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {We discuss the testing problem of homogeneity of the marginal distributions of a continuous bivariate distribution based on a paired sample with possibly missing components (missing completely at random). Applying the well-known two-sample Cr{\´a}mer-von-Mises distance to the remaining data, we determine the limiting null distribution of our test statistic in this situation. It is seen that a new resampling approach is appropriate for the approximation of the unknown null distribution. We prove that the resulting test asymptotically reaches the significance level and is consistent. Properties of the test under local alternatives are pointed out as well. Simulations investigate the quality of the approximation and the power of the new approach in the finite sample case. As an illustration we apply the test to real data sets.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{Gaigall2020,
  author    = {Gaigall, Daniel},
  title     = {Rothman-Woodroofe symmetry test statistic revisited},
  series = {Computational Statistics \& Data Analysis},
  volume    = {2020},
  journal   = {Computational Statistics \& Data Analysis},
  number    = {142},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {Amsterdam},
  issn      = {0167-9473},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.csda.2019.106837},
  pages     = {Artikel 106837},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {The Rothman-Woodroofe symmetry test statistic is revisited on the basis of independent but not necessarily identically distributed random variables. The distribution-freeness if the underlying distributions are all symmetric and continuous is obtained. The results are applied for testing symmetry in a meta-analysis random effects model. The consistency of the procedure is discussed in this situation as well. A comparison with an alternative proposal from the literature is conducted via simulations. Real data are analyzed to demonstrate how the new approach works in practice.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{BaringhausGaigall2019,
  author    = {Baringhaus, Ludwig and Gaigall, Daniel},
  title     = {On an asymptotic relative efficiency concept based on expected volumes of confidence regions},
  series = {Statistics - A Journal of Theoretical and Applied Statistic},
  volume    = {53},
  journal   = {Statistics - A Journal of Theoretical and Applied Statistic},
  number    = {6},
  publisher = {Taylor \& Francis},
  address   = {London},
  issn      = {1029-4910},
  doi       = {10.1080/02331888.2019.1683560},
  pages     = {1396 -- 1436},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {The paper deals with an asymptotic relative efficiency concept for confidence regions of multidimensional parameters that is based on the expected volumes of the confidence regions. Under standard conditions the asymptotic relative efficiencies of confidence regions are seen to be certain powers of the ratio of the limits of the expected volumes. These limits are explicitly derived for confidence regions associated with certain plugin estimators, likelihood ratio tests and Wald tests. Under regularity conditions, the asymptotic relative efficiency of each of these procedures with respect to each one of its competitors is equal to 1. The results are applied to multivariate normal distributions and multinomial distributions in a fairly general setting.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{Gaigall2019,
  author    = {Gaigall, Daniel},
  title     = {On a new approach to the multi-sample goodness-of-fit problem},
  series = {Communications in Statistics - Simulation and Computation},
  volume    = {53},
  journal   = {Communications in Statistics - Simulation and Computation},
  number    = {10},
  publisher = {Taylor \& Francis},
  address   = {London},
  issn      = {1532-4141},
  doi       = {10.1080/03610918.2019.1618472},
  pages     = {2971 -- 2989},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Suppose we have k samples X₁,₁,…,X₁,ₙ₁,…,Xₖ,₁,…,Xₖ,ₙₖ with different sample sizes ₙ₁,…,ₙₖ and unknown underlying distribution functions F₁,…,Fₖ as observations plus k families of distribution functions {G₁(⋅,ϑ);ϑ∈Θ},…,{Gₖ(⋅,ϑ);ϑ∈Θ}, each indexed by elements ϑ from the same parameter set Θ, we consider the new goodness-of-fit problem whether or not (F₁,…,Fₖ) belongs to the parametric family {(G₁(⋅,ϑ),…,Gₖ(⋅,ϑ));ϑ∈Θ}. New test statistics are presented and a parametric bootstrap procedure for the approximation of the unknown null distributions is discussed. Under regularity assumptions, it is proved that the approximation works asymptotically, and the limiting distributions of the test statistics in the null hypothesis case are determined. Simulation studies investigate the quality of the new approach for small and moderate sample sizes. Applications to real-data sets illustrate how the idea can be used for verifying model assumptions.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{DitzhausGaigall2018,
  author    = {Ditzhaus, Marc and Gaigall, Daniel},
  title     = {A consistent goodness-of-fit test for huge dimensional and functional data},
  series = {Journal of Nonparametric Statistics},
  volume    = {30},
  journal   = {Journal of Nonparametric Statistics},
  number    = {4},
  publisher = {Taylor \& Francis},
  address   = {Abingdon},
  issn      = {1029-0311},
  doi       = {10.1080/10485252.2018.1486402},
  pages     = {834 -- 859},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {A nonparametric goodness-of-fit test for random variables with values in a separable Hilbert space is investigated. To verify the null hypothesis that the data come from a specific distribution, an integral type test based on a Cram{\´e}r-von-Mises statistic is suggested. The convergence in distribution of the test statistic under the null hypothesis is proved and the test's consistency is concluded. Moreover, properties under local alternatives are discussed. Applications are given for data of huge but finite dimension and for functional data in infinite dimensional spaces. A general approach enables the treatment of incomplete data. In simulation studies the test competes with alternative proposals.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{BaringhausGaigallThiele2018,
  author    = {Baringhaus, Ludwig and Gaigall, Daniel and Thiele, Jan Philipp},
  title     = {Statistical inference for L²-distances to uniformity},
  series = {Computational Statistics},
  volume    = {2018},
  journal   = {Computational Statistics},
  number    = {33},
  publisher = {Springer},
  address   = {Berlin},
  issn      = {1613-9658},
  doi       = {10.1007/s00180-018-0820-0},
  pages     = {1863 -- 1896},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {The paper deals with the asymptotic behaviour of estimators, statistical tests and confidence intervals for L²-distances to uniformity based on the empirical distribution function, the integrated empirical distribution function and the integrated empirical survival function. Approximations of power functions, confidence intervals for the L²-distances and statistical neighbourhood-of-uniformity validation tests are obtained as main applications. The finite sample behaviour of the procedures is illustrated by a simulation study.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{BaringhausGaigall2017,
  author    = {Baringhaus, Ludwig and Gaigall, Daniel},
  title     = {On Hotelling's T² test in a special paired sample case},
  series = {Communications in Statistics - Theory and Methods},
  volume    = {48},
  journal   = {Communications in Statistics - Theory and Methods},
  number    = {2},
  publisher = {Taylor \& Francis},
  address   = {London},
  issn      = {1532-415X},
  doi       = {10.1080/03610926.2017.1408828},
  pages     = {257 -- 267},
  year      = {2017},
  abstract  = {In a special paired sample case, Hotelling's T² test based on the differences of the paired random vectors is the likelihood ratio test for testing the hypothesis that the paired random vectors have the same mean; with respect to a special group of affine linear transformations it is the uniformly most powerful invariant test for the general alternative of a difference in mean. We present an elementary straightforward proof of this result. The likelihood ratio test for testing the hypothesis that the covariance structure is of the assumed special form is derived and discussed. Applications to real data are given.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{BaringhausGaigall2017,
  author    = {Baringhaus, Ludwig and Gaigall, Daniel},
  title     = {Hotelling's T² tests in paired and independent survey samples: An efficiency comparison},
  series = {Journal of Multivariate Analysis},
  volume    = {2017},
  journal   = {Journal of Multivariate Analysis},
  number    = {154},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {Amsterdam},
  issn      = {0047-259X},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.jmva.2016.11.004},
  pages     = {177 -- 198},
  year      = {2017},
  abstract  = {Hotelling's T² tests in paired and independent survey samples are compared using the traditional asymptotic efficiency concepts of Hodges-Lehmann, Bahadur and Pitman, as well as through criteria based on the volumes of corresponding confidence regions. Conditions characterizing the superiority of a procedure are given in terms of population canonical correlation type coefficients. Statistical tests for checking these conditions are developed. Test statistics based on the eigenvalues of a symmetrized sample cross-covariance matrix are suggested, as well as test statistics based on sample canonical correlation type coefficients.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{DickhoffHorikawaFunke2021,
  author    = {Dickhoff, Jens and Horikawa, Atsushi and Funke, Harald},
  title     = {Hydrogen Combustion - new DLE Combustor Addresses NOx Emissions and Flashback},
  series = {Turbomachinery international : the global journal of energy equipment},
  volume    = {62},
  journal   = {Turbomachinery international : the global journal of energy equipment},
  number    = {4},
  publisher = {MJH Life Sciences},
  address   = {Cranbury},
  issn      = {2767-2328},
  pages     = {26 -- 27},
  year      = {2021},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{GorzalkaSchmiedtSchorn2021,
  author    = {Gorzalka, Philip and Schmiedt, Jacob Estevam and Schorn, Christian},
  title     = {Automated Generation of an Energy Simulation Model for an Existing Building from UAV Imagery},
  series = {Buildings},
  volume    = {11},
  journal   = {Buildings},
  number    = {9},
  publisher = {MDPI},
  address   = {Basel},
  issn      = {2075-5309},
  doi       = {10.3390/buildings11090380},
  pages     = {15 Seiten},
  year      = {2021},
  abstract  = {An approach to automatically generate a dynamic energy simulation model in Modelica for a single existing building is presented. It aims at collecting data about the status quo in the preparation of energy retrofits with low effort and costs. The proposed method starts from a polygon model of the outer building envelope obtained from photogrammetrically generated point clouds. The open-source tools TEASER and AixLib are used for data enrichment and model generation. A case study was conducted on a single-family house. The resulting model can accurately reproduce the internal air temperatures during synthetical heating up and cooling down. Modelled and measured whole building heat transfer coefficients (HTC) agree within a 12\% range. A sensitivity analysis emphasises the importance of accurate window characterisations and justifies the use of a very simplified interior geometry. Uncertainties arising from the use of archetype U-values are estimated by comparing different typologies, with best- and worst-case estimates showing differences in pre-retrofit heat demand of about ±20\% to the average; however, as the assumptions made are permitted by some national standards, the method is already close to practical applicability and opens up a path to quickly estimate possible financial and energy savings after refurbishment.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{Gaigall2023,
  author    = {Gaigall, Daniel},
  title     = {Allocating and forecasting changes in risk},
  series = {Journal of risk},
  volume    = {25},
  journal   = {Journal of risk},
  number    = {3},
  editor    = {AitSahlia, Farid},
  publisher = {Infopro Digital Risk},
  address   = {London},
  issn      = {1755-2842},
  doi       = {10.21314/JOR.2022.048},
  pages     = {1 -- 24},
  year      = {2023},
  abstract  = {We consider time-dependent portfolios and discuss the allocation of changes in the risk of a portfolio to changes in the portfolio's components. For this purpose we adopt established allocation principles. We also use our approach to obtain forecasts for changes in the risk of the portfolio's components. To put the approach into practice we present an implementation based on the output of a simulation. Allocation is illustrated with an example portfolio in the context of Solvency II. The quality of the forecasts is investigated with an empirical study.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{Gaigall2023,
  author    = {Gaigall, Daniel},
  title     = {On the applicability of several tests to models with not identically distributed random effects},
  series = {Statistics : A Journal of Theoretical and Applied Statistics},
  volume    = {57},
  journal   = {Statistics : A Journal of Theoretical and Applied Statistics},
  publisher = {Taylor \& Francis},
  address   = {London},
  isbn      = {0323-3944},
  issn      = {1029-4910},
  doi       = {10.1080/02331888.2023.2193748},
  pages     = {14 Seiten},
  year      = {2023},
  abstract  = {We consider Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Cram{\´e}r-von-Mises type tests for testing central symmetry, exchangeability, and independence. In the standard case, the tests are intended for the application to independent and identically distributed data with unknown distribution. The tests are available for multivariate data and bootstrap procedures are suitable to obtain critical values. We discuss the applicability of the tests to random effects models, where the random effects are independent but not necessarily identically distributed and with possibly unknown distributions. Theoretical results show the adequacy of the tests in this situation. The quality of the tests in models with random effects is investigated by simulations. Empirical results obtained confirm the theoretical findings. A real data example illustrates the application.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{Esch2010,
  author    = {Esch, Thomas},
  title     = {Trends in commercial vehicle powertrains},
  series = {ATZautotechnology},
  volume    = {2010},
  journal   = {ATZautotechnology},
  number    = {10},
  publisher = {Vieweg \& Sohn},
  address   = {Wiesbaden},
  issn      = {2192-886X},
  doi       = {10.1007/BF03247185},
  pages     = {26 -- 31},
  year      = {2010},
  abstract  = {Low emission zones and truck bans, the rising price of diesel and increases in road tolls: all of these factors are putting serious pressure on the transport industry. Commercial vehicle manufacturers and their suppliers are in the process of identifying new solutions to these challenges as part of their efforts to meet the EEV (enhanced environmentally friendly vehicle) limits, which are currently the most robust European exhaust and emissions standards for trucks and buses.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{ElsenHartungHornetal.2001,
  author    = {Elsen, Ingo and Hartung, Frank and Horn, Uwe and Kampmann, Markus and Peters, Liliane},
  title     = {Streaming technology in 3G mobile communication systems},
  series = {Computer : innovative technology for computer professionals},
  volume    = {34},
  journal   = {Computer : innovative technology for computer professionals},
  number    = {9 Seiten},
  editor    = {Voas, Jeffrey},
  publisher = {IEEE},
  address   = {New York},
  issn      = {0018-9162},
  pages     = {46 -- 52},
  year      = {2001},
  abstract  = {Third-generation mobile communication systems will combine standardized streaming with a range of unique services to provide high-quality Internet content that meets the specific needs of the rapidly growing mobile market.},
  language  = {en}
}