@article{BiewendtBlaschkeBoehnert2021,
  author    = {Biewendt, Marcel and Blaschke, Florian and B{\"o}hnert, Arno},
  title     = {Motivational factors in organisational change},
  series = {SocioEconomic Challenges},
  volume    = {5},
  journal   = {SocioEconomic Challenges},
  number    = {3},
  publisher = {ARMG},
  address   = {Sumy},
  issn      = {2520-6214},
  doi       = {10.21272/sec.5(3).15-27.2021},
  pages     = {15 -- 27},
  year      = {2021},
  abstract  = {The presented paper gives an overview of the most important and most common theories and concepts from the economic field of organisational change and is also enriched with quantitative publication data, which underlines the relevance of the topic. In particular, the topic presented is interwoven in an interdisciplinary way with economic psychological models, which are underpinned within the models with content from leading scholars in the field. The pace of change in companies is accelerating, as is technological change in our society. Adaptations of the corporate structure, but also of management techniques and tasks, are therefore indispensable. This includes not only the right approaches to employee motivation, but also the correct use of intrinsic and extrinsic motivational factors. Based on the hypothesis put forward by the scientist and researcher Rollinson in his book "Organisational behaviour and analysis" that managers believe motivational resources are available at all times, socio-economic and economic psychological theories are contrasted here in order to critically examine this statement. In addition, a fictitious company was created as a model for this work in order to illustrate the effects of motivational deficits in practice. In this context, the theories presented are applied to concrete problems within the model and conclusions are drawn about their influence and applicability. This led to the conclusion that motivation is a very individual challenge for each employee, which requires adapted and personalised approaches. On the other hand, the recommendations for action for supervisors in the case of motivation deficits also cannot be answered in a blanket manner, but can only be solved with the help of professional, expert-supported processing due to the economic-psychological realities of motivation. Identifying, analysing and remedying individual employee motivation deficits is, according to the authors, a problem and a challenge of great importance, especially in the context of rapidly changing ecosystems in modern companies, as motivation also influences other factors such as individual productivity. The authors therefore conclude that good motivation through the individual and customised promotion and further training of employees is an important point for achieving important corporate goals in order to remain competitive on the one hand and to create a productive and pleasant working environment on the other.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{Bung2021,
  author    = {Bung, Daniel Bernhard},
  title     = {Extreme flooding in Western Germany: some thoughts on hazards, return periods and risk},
  series = {Hydrolink},
  journal   = {Hydrolink},
  number    = {4},
  publisher = {International Association for Hydro-Environment Engineering and Research (IAHR)},
  address   = {Madrid},
  pages     = {108 -- 113},
  year      = {2021},
  abstract  = {The low-pressure system Bernd involved extreme rainfalls in the Western part of Germany in July 2021, resulting in major floods, severe damages and a tremendous number of casualties. Such extreme events are rare and full flood protection can never be ensured with reasonable financial means. But still, this event must be starting point to reconsider current design concepts. This article aims at sharing some thoughts on potential hazards, the selection of return periods and remaining risk with the focus on Germany.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{OertelBung2021,
  author    = {Oertel, Mario and Bung, Daniel Bernhard},
  title     = {Hochwasserschutz - eine Aufgabe f{\"u}r eine nachhaltige Wasserwirtschaft},
  series = {Wasserwirtschaft},
  volume    = {111},
  journal   = {Wasserwirtschaft},
  number    = {9-10},
  publisher = {Springer Vieweg},
  address   = {Wiesbaden},
  issn      = {0043-0978},
  pages     = {3 -- 19},
  year      = {2021},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{SaretzkiBergmannDahmannetal.2021,
  author    = {Saretzki, Charlotte and Bergmann, Ole and Dahmann, Peter and Janser, Frank and Keimer, Jona and Machado, Patricia and Morrison, Audry and Page, Henry and Pluta, Emil and St{\"u}bing, Felix and K{\"u}pper, Thomas},
  title     = {Are small airplanes safe with regards to COVID-19 transmission?},
  series = {Journal of Travel Medicine},
  volume    = {28},
  journal   = {Journal of Travel Medicine},
  number    = {7},
  publisher = {Oxford University Press},
  address   = {Oxford},
  issn      = {1708-8305},
  doi       = {10.1093/jtm/taab105},
  year      = {2021},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{MayntzKeimerTegtmeyeretal.2021,
  author    = {Mayntz, Joscha and Keimer, Jona and Tegtmeyer, Philipp and Dahmann, Peter and Hille, Sebastian and Stumpf, Eike and Fisher, Alex and Dorrington, Graham},
  title     = {Aerodynamic Investigation on Efficient Inflight Transition of a Propeller from Propulsion to Regeneration Mode},
  series = {AIAA SCITECH 2022 Forum},
  journal   = {AIAA SCITECH 2022 Forum},
  publisher = {AIAA},
  address   = {Reston, Va.},
  doi       = {10.2514/6.2022-0546},
  year      = {2021},
  abstract  = {This paper discusses a new way of inflight power regeneration for electric or hybrid-electric driven general aviation aircraft with one powertrain for both configurations. Three different approaches for the shift from propulsion to regeneration mode are analyzed. Numerical cal-culation and wind tunnel results are compared and show the highest regeneration potential for the "Windmill" approach, where the propeller blades are flipped, and rotation is reversed. A combination of all regeneration approaches for a realistic flight mission is discussed.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{FiedlerOrzadaFloeseretal.2021,
  author    = {Fiedler, Thomas M. and Orzada, Stephan and Fl{\"o}ser, Martina and Rietsch, Stefan H. G. and Quick, Harald H. and Ladd, Mark E. and Bitz, Andreas},
  title     = {Performance analysis of integrated RF microstrip transmit antenna arrays with high channel count for body imaging at 7 T},
  series = {NMR in Biomedicine},
  volume    = {34},
  journal   = {NMR in Biomedicine},
  number    = {7},
  publisher = {Wiley},
  address   = {Weinheim},
  issn      = {0952-3480 (ISSN)},
  doi       = {10.1002/nbm.4515},
  pages     = {18 SeitenWiley},
  year      = {2021},
  abstract  = {The aim of the current study was to investigate the performance of integrated RF transmit arrays with high channel count consisting of meander microstrip antennas for body imaging at 7 T and to optimize the position and number of transmit ele- ments. RF simulations using multiring antenna arrays placed behind the bore liner were performed for realistic exposure conditions for body imaging. Simulations were performed for arrays with as few as eight elements and for arrays with high channel counts of up to 48 elements. The B1+ field was evaluated regarding the degrees of freedom for RF shimming in the abdomen. Worst-case specific absorption rate (SARwc ), SAR overestimation in the matrix compression, the number of virtual obser- vation points (VOPs) and SAR efficiency were evaluated. Constrained RF shimming was performed in differently oriented regions of interest in the body, and the devia- tion from a target B1+ field was evaluated. Results show that integrated multiring arrays are able to generate homogeneous B1+ field distributions for large FOVs, espe- cially for coronal/sagittal slices, and thus enable body imaging at 7 T with a clinical workflow; however, a low duty cycle or a high SAR is required to achieve homoge- neous B1+ distributions and to exploit the full potential. In conclusion, integrated arrays allow for high element counts that have high degrees of freedom for the pulse optimization but also produce high SARwc , which reduces the SAR accuracy in the VOP compression for low-SAR protocols, leading to a potential reduction in array performance. Smaller SAR overestimations can increase SAR accuracy, but lead to a high number of VOPs, which increases the computational cost for VOP evaluation and makes online SAR monitoring or pulse optimization challenging. Arrays with interleaved rings showed the best results in the study.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{Kleefeld2021,
  author    = {Kleefeld, Andreas},
  title     = {The hot spots conjecture can be false: some numerical examples},
  series = {Advances in Computational Mathematics},
  volume    = {47},
  journal   = {Advances in Computational Mathematics},
  publisher = {Springer},
  address   = {Dordrecht},
  issn      = {1019-7168},
  doi       = {10.1007/s10444-021-09911-5},
  year      = {2021},
  abstract  = {The hot spots conjecture is only known to be true for special geometries. This paper shows numerically that the hot spots conjecture can fail to be true for easy to construct bounded domains with one hole. The underlying eigenvalue problem for the Laplace equation with Neumann boundary condition is solved with boundary integral equations yielding a non-linear eigenvalue problem. Its discretization via the boundary element collocation method in combination with the algorithm by Beyn yields highly accurate results both for the first non-zero eigenvalue and its corresponding eigenfunction which is due to superconvergence. Additionally, it can be shown numerically that the ratio between the maximal/minimal value inside the domain and its maximal/minimal value on the boundary can be larger than 1 + 10- 3. Finally, numerical examples for easy to construct domains with up to five holes are provided which fail the hot spots conjecture as well.},
  language  = {en}
}
@inproceedings{WildCzupallaFoerstner2021,
  author    = {Wild, Dominik and Czupalla, Markus and F{\"o}rstner, Roger},
  title     = {Modeling, prediction and test of additive manufactured integral structures with embedded lattice and phase change material applying Infused Thermal Solutions (ITS)},
  series = {ICES104: Advances in Thermal Control Technology},
  booktitle = {ICES104: Advances in Thermal Control Technology},
  publisher = {Texas Tech University},
  address   = {Lubbock, Tex.},
  pages     = {12 Seiten},
  year      = {2021},
  abstract  = {Infused Thermal Solutions (ITS) introduces a method for passive thermal control to stabilize structural components thermally without active heating and cooling systems, but with phase change material (PCM) for thermal energy storage (TES), in combination with lattice - both embedded in additive manufactured functional structures. In this ITS follow-on paper a thermal model approach and associated predictions are presented, related on the ITS functional breadboards developed at FH Aachen. Predictive TES by PCM is provided by a specially developed ITS PCM subroutine, which is applicable in ESATAN. The subroutine is based on the latent heat storage (LHS) method to numerically embed thermo-physical PCM behavior. Furthermore, a modeling approach is introduced to numerically consider the virtual PCM/lattice nodes within the macro-encapsulated PCM voids of the double wall ITS design. Related on these virtual nodes, in-plane and out-of-plane conductive links are defined. The recent additive manufactured ITS breadboard series are thermally cycled in the thermal vacuum chamber, both with and without embedded PCM. Related on breadboard hardware tests, measurement results are compared with predictions and are subsequently correlated. The results of specific simulations and measurements are presented. Recent predictive results of star tracker analyses are also presented in ICES-2021-106, based on this ITS PCM subroutine.},
  language  = {en}
}
@inproceedings{KohlbergerWildKasperetal.2021,
  author    = {Kohlberger, David-Sharif and Wild, Dominik and Kasper, Stefan and Czupalla, Markus},
  title     = {Modeling and analyses of a thermal passively stabilized LEO/GEO star tracker with embedded phase change material applying the Infused Thermal Solutions (ITS) method},
  series = {ICES202: Satellite, Payload, and Instrument Thermal Control},
  booktitle = {ICES202: Satellite, Payload, and Instrument Thermal Control},
  publisher = {Texas Tech University},
  address   = {Lubbock, Tex.},
  pages     = {12 Seiten},
  year      = {2021},
  abstract  = {Phase change materials offer a way of storing excess heat and releasing it when it is needed. They can be utilized as a method to control thermal behavior without the need for additional energy. This work focuses on exploring the potential of using phase change materials to passively control the thermal behavior of a star tracker by infusing it with a fitting phase change material. Based on the numerical model of the star trackers thermal behavior using ESATAN-TMS without implemented phase change material, a fitting phase change material for selected orbits is chosen and implemented in the thermal model. The altered thermal behavior of the numerical model after the implementation is analyzed for different amounts of the chosen phase change materials using an ESATAN-based subroutine developed by the FH Aachen. The PCM-modelling-subroutine is explained in the paper ICES-2021-110. The results show that an increasing amount of phase change material increasingly damps temperature oscillations. Using an integral part structure some of the mass increase can be compensated.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{HacklBuessKammerlohretal.2021,
  author    = {Hackl, Michael and Buess, Eduard and Kammerlohr, Sandra and Nacov, Julia and Staat, Manfred and Leschinger, Tim and M{\"u}ller, Lars P. and Wegmann, Kilian},
  title     = {A "comma sign"-directed subscapularis repair in anterosuperior rotator cuff tears yields biomechanical advantages in a cadaveric model},
  series = {The american journal of sports medicine},
  volume    = {49},
  journal   = {The american journal of sports medicine},
  number    = {12},
  publisher = {Sage},
  address   = {London},
  issn      = {1552-3365},
  doi       = {10.1177/03635465211031506},
  pages     = {3212 -- 3217},
  year      = {2021},
  abstract  = {Background: Additional stabilization of the "comma sign" in anterosuperior rotator cuff repair has been proposed to provide biomechanical benefits regarding stability of the repair. Purpose: This in vitro investigation aimed to investigate the influence of a comma sign-directed reconstruction technique for anterosuperior rotator cuff tears on the primary stability of the subscapularis tendon repair. Study Design: Controlled laboratory study. Methods: A total of 18 fresh-frozen cadaveric shoulders were used in this study. Anterosuperior rotator cuff tears (complete full-thickness tear of the supraspinatus and subscapularis tendons) were created, and supraspinatus repair was performed with a standard suture bridge technique. The subscapularis was repaired with either a (1) single-row or (2) comma sign technique. A high-resolution 3D camera system was used to analyze 3-mm and 5-mm gap formation at the subscapularis tendon-bone interface upon incremental cyclic loading. Moreover, the ultimate failure load of the repair was recorded. A Mann-Whitney test was used to assess significant differences between the 2 groups. Results: The comma sign repair withstood significantly more loading cycles than the single-row repair until 3-mm and 5-mm gap formation occurred (P≤ .047). The ultimate failure load did not reveal any significant differences when the 2 techniques were compared (P = .596). Conclusion: The results of this study show that additional stabilization of the comma sign enhanced the primary stability of subscapularis tendon repair in anterosuperior rotator cuff tears. Although this stabilization did not seem to influence the ultimate failure load, it effectively decreased the micromotion at the tendon-bone interface during cyclic loading. Clinical Relevance: The proposed technique for stabilization of the comma sign has shown superior biomechanical properties in comparison with a single-row repair and might thus improve tendon healing. Further clinical research will be necessary to determine its influence on the functional outcome.},
  language  = {en}
}
@incollection{EngelmannShashaSlabu2021,
  author    = {Engelmann, Ulrich M. and Shasha, Carolyn and Slabu, Ioana},
  title     = {Magnetic nanoparticle relaxation in biomedical application: focus on simulating nanoparticle heating},
  series = {Magnetic nanoparticles in human health and medicine},
  booktitle = {Magnetic nanoparticles in human health and medicine},
  publisher = {Wiley-Blackwell},
  address   = {Hoboken, New Jeersey},
  isbn      = {978-1-119-75467-1},
  pages     = {327 -- 354},
  year      = {2021},
  language  = {en}
}
@incollection{Kurz2021,
  author    = {Kurz, Melanie},
  title     = {Zur Multikausalit{\"a}t von Designentscheidungen - eine Beispielsammlung},
  series = {Designentscheidungen: {\"u}ber Begr{\"u}ndungen im Entwurfsprozess},
  booktitle = {Designentscheidungen: {\"u}ber Begr{\"u}ndungen im Entwurfsprozess},
  publisher = {avedition},
  address   = {Stuttgart},
  isbn      = {978-3-89986-353-6},
  pages     = {22 -- 43},
  year      = {2021},
  language  = {de}
}
@inproceedings{BornheimGriegerBialonski2021,
  author    = {Bornheim, Tobias and Grieger, Niklas and Bialonski, Stephan},
  title     = {FHAC at GermEval 2021: Identifying German toxic, engaging, and fact-claiming comments with ensemble learning},
  series = {Proceedings of the GermEval 2021 Workshop on the Identification of Toxic, Engaging, and Fact-Claiming Comments : 17th Conference on Natural Language Processing KONVENS 2021},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the GermEval 2021 Workshop on the Identification of Toxic, Engaging, and Fact-Claiming Comments : 17th Conference on Natural Language Processing KONVENS 2021},
  publisher = {Heinrich Heine University},
  address   = {D{\"u}sseldorf},
  doi       = {10.48415/2021/fhw5-x128},
  pages     = {105 -- 111},
  year      = {2021},
  language  = {en}
}
@book{KurzSchwer2021,
  author    = {Kurz, Melanie and Schwer, Thilo},
  title     = {Designentscheidungen : {\"u}ber Begr{\"u}ndungen im Entwurfsprozess / herausgegeben von Melanie Kurz und Thilo Schwer},
  series = {Schriften / Gesellschaft f{\"u}r Designgeschichte},
  journal   = {Schriften / Gesellschaft f{\"u}r Designgeschichte},
  publisher = {avedition},
  address   = {Stuttgart},
  isbn      = {978-3-89986-353-6},
  pages     = {143 Seiten : Illustrationen},
  year      = {2021},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{TemizArtmannKurulgandemirciFıratetal.2021,
  author    = {Temiz Artmann, Ayseg{\"u}l and Kurulgan demirci, Eylem and F{\i}rat, Ipek Seda and Oflaz, Hakan and Artmann, Gerhard},
  title     = {Recombinant activated protein C (rhAPC) affects lipopolysaccharide-induced mechanical compliance changes and beat frequency of mESC-derived cardiomyocyte monolayers},
  series = {SHOCK},
  journal   = {SHOCK},
  publisher = {Wolters Kluwer},
  address   = {K{\"o}ln},
  issn      = {1540-0514},
  doi       = {10.1097/SHK.0000000000001845},
  year      = {2021},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{KaschSchmidtJahnetal.2021,
  author    = {Kasch, Susanne and Schmidt, Thomas and Jahn, Simon and Eichler, Fabian and Thurn, Laura and Bremen, Sebastian},
  title     = {L{\"o}sungsans{\"a}tze und Verfahrenskonzepte zum Laserstrahlschmelzen von Glas},
  series = {Schweissen und Schneiden},
  volume    = {73},
  journal   = {Schweissen und Schneiden},
  number    = {Heft 1-2},
  publisher = {DVS Verlag},
  address   = {D{\"u}sseldorf},
  isbn      = {0036-7184},
  pages     = {32 -- 39},
  year      = {2021},
  language  = {de}
}
@inproceedings{SchulzeBuxlohGross2021,
  author    = {Schulze-Buxloh, Lina and Groß, Rolf Fritz},
  title     = {Interdisciplinary Course Smart Building Engineering: A new approach of teaching freshmen in remote teamwork project under pandemic restrictions},
  series = {New Perspectives in Science Education - International Conference},
  booktitle = {New Perspectives in Science Education - International Conference},
  publisher = {Filodiritto},
  address   = {Bologna},
  pages     = {4 Seiten},
  year      = {2021},
  abstract  = {In the context of the Corona pandemic and its impact on teaching like digital lectures and exercises a new concept especially for freshmen in demanding courses of Smart Building Engineering became necessary. As there were hardly any face-to-face events at the university, the new teaching concept should enable a good start into engineering studies under pandemic conditions anyway and should also replace the written exam at the end. The students should become active themselves in small teams instead of listening passively to a lecture broadcast online with almost no personal contact. For this purpose, a role play was developed in which the freshmen had to work out a complete solution to the realistic problem of designing, construction planning and implementing a small guesthouse. Each student of the team had to take a certain role like architect, site manager, BIM-manager, electrician and the technitian for HVAC installations. Technical specifications must be complied with, as well as documentation, time planning and cost estimate. The final project folder had to contain technical documents like circuit diagrams for electrical components, circuit diagrams for water and heating, design calculations and components lists. On the other hand construction schedule, construction implementation plan, documentation of the construction progress and minutes of meetings between the various trades had to be submitted as well. In addition to the project folder, a model of the construction project must also be created either as a handmade model or as a digital 3D-model using Computer-aided design (CAD) software. The first steps in the field of Building information modelling (BIM) had also been taken by creating a digital model of the building showing the current planning status in real time as a digital twin. This project turned out to be an excellent training of important student competencies like teamwork, communication skills, and self -organisation and also increased motivation to work on complex technical questions. The aim of giving the student a first impression on the challenges and solutions in building projects with many different technical trades and their points of view was very well achieved and should be continued in the future.},
  language  = {en}
}
@inproceedings{SchulzeBuxlohGross2021,
  author    = {Schulze-Buxloh, Lina and Groß, Rolf Fritz},
  title     = {Miniature urban farming plant: a complex educational "Toy" for engineering students},
  series = {The Future of Education 11th Edition 2021},
  booktitle = {The Future of Education 11th Edition 2021},
  pages     = {4 Seiten},
  year      = {2021},
  abstract  = {Urban farming is an innovative and sustainable way of food production and is becoming more and more important in smart city and quarter concepts. It also enables the production of certain foods in places where they usually dare not produced, such as production of fish or shrimps in large cities far away from the coast. Unfortunately, it is not always possible to show students such concepts and systems in real life as part of courses: visits of such industry plants are sometimes not possible because of distance or are permitted by the operator for hygienic reasons. In order to give the students the opportunity of getting into contact with such an urban farming system and its complex operation, an industrial urban farming plant was set up on a significantly smaller scale. Therefore, all needed technical components like water aeriation, biological and mechanical filtration or water circulation have been replaced either by aquarium components or by self-designed parts also using a 3D-printer. Students from different courses like mechanical engineering, smart building engineering, biology, electrical engineering, automation technology and civil engineering were involved in this project. This "miniature industrial plant" was also able to start operation and has now been running for two years successfully. Due to Corona pandemic, home office and remote online lectures, the automation of this miniature plant should be brought to a higher level in future for providing a good control over the system and water quality remotely. The aim of giving the student a chance to get to know the operation of an urban farming plant was very well achieved and the students had lots of fun in "playing" and learning with it in a realistic way.},
  language  = {en}
}
@inproceedings{SchulzeBuxlohGrossUlbrich2021,
  author    = {Schulze-Buxloh, Lina and Groß, Rolf Fritz and Ulbrich, Michelle},
  title     = {Digital planning using building information modelling and virtual reality: new approach for students' remote practical training under lockdown conditions in the course of smart building engineering},
  series = {Proceedings of International Conference on Education in Mathematics, Science and Technology 2021},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of International Conference on Education in Mathematics, Science and Technology 2021},
  publisher = {ISTES Organization},
  address   = {San Antonio, TX},
  isbn      = {978-1-952092-17-6},
  pages     = {118 -- 123},
  year      = {2021},
  abstract  = {The worldwide Corona pandemic has severely restricted student projects in the higher semesters of engineering courses. In order not to delay the graduation, a new concept had to be developed for projects under lockdown conditions. Therefore, unused rooms at the university should be digitally recorded in order to develop a new usage concept as laboratory rooms. An inventory of the actual state of the rooms was done first by taking photos and listing up all flaws and peculiarities. After that, a digital site measuring was done with a 360° laser scanner and these recorded scans were linked to a coherent point cloud and transferred to a software for planning technical building services and supporting Building Information Modelling (BIM). In order to better illustrate the difference between the actual and target state, two virtual reality models were created for realistic demonstration. During the project, the students had to go through the entire digital planning phases. Technical specifications had to be complied with, as well as documentation, time planning and cost estimate. This project turned out to be an excellent alternative to on-site practical training under lockdown conditions and increased the students' motivation to deal with complex technical questions.},
  language  = {en}
}
@inproceedings{MohanGrossMenzeletal.2021,
  author    = {Mohan, Nijanthan and Groß, Rolf Fritz and Menzel, Karsten and Theis, Fabian},
  title     = {Opportunities and Challenges in the Implementation of Building Information Modeling for Prefabrication of Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning Systems in Small and Medium-Sized Contracting Companies in Germany - A Case Study},
  series = {WIT Transactions on The Built Environment, Vol. 205},
  booktitle = {WIT Transactions on The Built Environment, Vol. 205},
  publisher = {WIT Press},
  address   = {Southampton},
  issn      = {1743-3509},
  doi       = {10.2495/BIM210101},
  pages     = {117 -- 126},
  year      = {2021},
  abstract  = {Even though BIM (Building Information Modelling) is successfully implemented in most of the world, it is still in the early stages in Germany, since the stakeholders are sceptical of its reliability and efficiency. The purpose of this paper is to analyse the opportunities and obstacles to implementing BIM for prefabrication. Among all other advantages of BIM, prefabrication is chosen for this paper because it plays a vital role in creating an impact on the time and cost factors of a construction project. The project stakeholders and participants can explicitly observe the positive impact of prefabrication, which enables the breakthrough of the scepticism factor among the small-scale construction companies. The analysis consists of the development of a process workflow for implementing prefabrication in building construction followed by a practical approach, which was executed with two case studies. It was planned in such a way that, the first case study gives a first-hand experience for the workers at the site on the BIM model so that they can make much use of the created BIM model, which is a better representation compared to the traditional 2D plan. The main aim of the first case study is to create a belief in the implementation of BIM Models, which was succeeded by the execution of offshore prefabrication in the second case study. Based on the case studies, the time analysis was made and it is inferred that the implementation of BIM for prefabrication can reduce construction time, ensures minimal wastes, better accuracy, less problem-solving at the construction site. It was observed that this process requires more planning time, better communication between different disciplines, which was the major obstacle for successful implementation. This paper was carried out from the perspective of small and medium-sized mechanical contracting companies for the private building sector in Germany.},
  language  = {en}
}