@article{YoshinobuMiyamotoWerneretal.2017,
  author    = {Yoshinobu, Tatsuo and Miyamoto, Ko-ichiro and Werner, Frederik and Poghossian, Arshak and Wagner, Torsten and Sch{\"o}ning, Michael Josef},
  title     = {Light-addressable potentiometric sensors for quantitative spatial imaging of chemical species},
  series = {Annual Review of Analytical Chemistry},
  volume    = {10},
  journal   = {Annual Review of Analytical Chemistry},
  publisher = {Annual Reviews},
  address   = {Palo Alto, Calif.},
  issn      = {1936-1327},
  doi       = {10.1146/annurev-anchem-061516-045158},
  pages     = {225 -- 246},
  year      = {2017},
  abstract  = {A light-addressable potentiometric sensor (LAPS) is a semiconductor-based chemical sensor, in which a measurement site on the sensing surface is defined by illumination. This light addressability can be applied to visualize the spatial distribution of pH or the concentration of a specific chemical species, with potential applications in the fields of chemistry, materials science, biology, and medicine. In this review, the features of this chemical imaging sensor technology are compared with those of other technologies. Instrumentation, principles of operation, and various measurement modes of chemical imaging sensor systems are described. The review discusses and summarizes state-of-the-art technologies, especially with regard to the spatial resolution and measurement speed; for example, a high spatial resolution in a submicron range and a readout speed in the range of several tens of thousands of pixels per second have been achieved with the LAPS. The possibility of combining this technology with microfluidic devices and other potential future developments are discussed.},
  language  = {en}
}
@incollection{DuongNguyenStaat2017,
  author    = {Duong, Minh Tuan and Nguyen, Nhu Huynh and Staat, Manfred},
  title     = {Physical response of hyperelastic models for composite materials and soft tissues},
  series = {Advances in Composite Material},
  booktitle = {Advances in Composite Material},
  publisher = {Scientific Research Publishing},
  address   = {Wuhan},
  isbn      = {978-1-61896-300-0 (Hardcover), 978-1-61896-299-7 (Paperback)},
  pages     = {316},
  year      = {2017},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{HorbachDuongStaat2017,
  author    = {Horbach, Andreas and Duong, Minh Tuan and Staat, Manfred},
  title     = {Modelling of compressible and orthotropic surgical mesh implants based on optical deformation measurement},
  series = {Journal of the mechanical behavior of biomedical materials},
  volume    = {74},
  journal   = {Journal of the mechanical behavior of biomedical materials},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {Amsterdam},
  issn      = {1751-6161},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.jmbbm.2017.06.012},
  pages     = {400 -- 410},
  year      = {2017},
  language  = {en}
}
@inproceedings{SchreiberKraftZuendorf2017,
  author    = {Schreiber, Marc and Kraft, Bodo and Z{\"u}ndorf, Albert},
  title     = {Metrics driven research collaboration: focusing on common project goals continuously},
  series = {Proceedings : 2017 IEEE/ACM 4th International Workshop on Software Engineering Research and Industrial Practice : SER\&IP 2017 : 21 May 2017 Buenos Aires, Argentina},
  booktitle = {Proceedings : 2017 IEEE/ACM 4th International Workshop on Software Engineering Research and Industrial Practice : SER\&IP 2017 : 21 May 2017 Buenos Aires, Argentina},
  editor    = {Bilof, Randall},
  publisher = {IEEE Press},
  address   = {Piscataway, NJ},
  isbn      = {978-1-5386-2797-6},
  doi       = {10.1109/SER-IP.2017..6},
  pages     = {41 -- 47},
  year      = {2017},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{BronderPoghossianKeusgenetal.2017,
  author    = {Bronder, Thomas and Poghossian, Arshak and Keusgen, Michael and Sch{\"o}ning, Michael Josef},
  title     = {Label-free detection of double-stranded DNA molecules with polyelectrolyte-modified capacitive field-effect sensors},
  series = {tm - Technisches Messen},
  volume    = {84},
  journal   = {tm - Technisches Messen},
  number    = {10},
  publisher = {De Gruyter},
  address   = {Oldenbourg},
  doi       = {10.1515/teme-2017-0015},
  pages     = {628 -- 634},
  year      = {2017},
  abstract  = {In this study, polyelectrolyte-modified field-effect-based electrolyte-insulator-semiconductor (EIS) devices have been used for the label-free electrical detection of double-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid (dsDNA)molecules. The sensor-chip functionalization with a positively charged polyelectrolyte layer provides the possibility of direct adsorptive binding of negatively charged target DNA oligonucleotides onto theSiO2-chip surface.EIS sensors can be utilized as a tool to detect surface-charge changes; the electrostatic adsorption of oligonucleotides onto the polyelectrolyte layer leads to a measureable surface-potential change. Signals of 39mV have been recorded after the incubation with the oligonucleotide solution. Besides the electrochemical experiments, the successful adsorption of dsDNA onto the polyelectrolyte layer has been verified via fluorescence microscopy. The presented results demonstrate that the signal recording of EISchips, which are modified with a polyelectrolyte layer, canbe used as a favorable approach for a fast, cheap and simple detection method for dsDNA.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{ArreolaOberlaenderMaetzkowetal.2017,
  author    = {Arreola, Julio and Oberl{\"a}nder, Jan and M{\"a}tzkow, M. and Keusgen, Michael and Sch{\"o}ning, Michael Josef},
  title     = {Surface functionalization for spore-based biosensors with organosilanes},
  series = {Electrochimica Acta},
  volume    = {241},
  journal   = {Electrochimica Acta},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {Amsterdam},
  issn      = {0013-4686},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.electacta.2017.04.157},
  pages     = {237 -- 243},
  year      = {2017},
  abstract  = {In the present work, surface functionalization of different sensor materials was studied. Organosilanes are well known to serve as coupling agent for biomolecules or cells on inorganic materials. 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) was used to attach microbiological spores time to an interdigitated sensor surface. The functionality and physical properties of APTES were studied on isolated sensor materials, namely silicon dioxide (SiO2) and platinum (Pt) as well as the combined material on sensor level. A predominant immobilization of spores could be demonstrated on SiO2 surfaces. Additionally, the impedance signal of APTES-functionalized biosensor chips has been investigated.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{MichaelMayerWeberetal.2017,
  author    = {Michael, Hackl and Mayer, Katharina and Weber, Mareike and Staat, Manfred and van Riet, Roger and Burkhart, Klau Josef and M{\"u}ller, Lars Peter and Wegmann, Kilian},
  title     = {Plate osteosynthesis of proximal ulna fractures : a biomechanical micromotion analysis},
  series = {The journal of hand surgery},
  volume    = {42},
  journal   = {The journal of hand surgery},
  number    = {10},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {Amsterdam},
  issn      = {0363-5023},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.jhsa.2017.05.014},
  pages     = {834.e1 -- 834.e7},
  year      = {2017},
  language  = {en}
}
@inproceedings{AbelPerezVianaCiritsisetal.2017,
  author    = {Abel, Alexander and P{\´e}rez-Viana, Daniel and Ciritsis, Bernard and Staat, Manfred},
  title     = {Prevention of femur neck fractures through femoroplasty},
  series = {2nd YRA MedTech Symposium 2017 : June 8th - 9th / 2017 / Hochschule Ruhr-West},
  booktitle = {2nd YRA MedTech Symposium 2017 : June 8th - 9th / 2017 / Hochschule Ruhr-West},
  editor    = {Erni, Daniel and Fischerauer, Alice and Himmel, J{\"o}rg and Seeger, Thomas and Thelen, Klaus},
  publisher = {Universit{\"a}t Duisburg-Essen},
  address   = {Duisburg},
  organization    = {MedTech Symposium},
  isbn      = {978-3-9814801-9-1},
  doi       = {10.17185/duepublico/43984},
  pages     = {114 -- 115},
  year      = {2017},
  language  = {en}
}
@inproceedings{BirgelLeschingerWegmannetal.2017,
  author    = {Birgel, Stefan and Leschinger, Tim and Wegmann, Kilian and Staat, Manfred},
  title     = {Calculation of muscle forces and joint reaction loads in shoulder area via an OpenSim based computer calculation},
  series = {2nd YRA MedTech Symposium 2017 : June 8th - 9th / 2017 / Hochschule Ruhr-West},
  booktitle = {2nd YRA MedTech Symposium 2017 : June 8th - 9th / 2017 / Hochschule Ruhr-West},
  editor    = {Erni, Daniel and Fischerauer, Alice and Himmel, J{\"o}rg and Seeger, Thomas and Thelen, Klaus},
  publisher = {Universit{\"a}t Duisburg-Essen},
  address   = {Duisburg},
  organization    = {MedTech Symposium},
  isbn      = {978-3-9814801-9-1},
  doi       = {10.17185/duepublico/43984},
  pages     = {116 -- 117},
  year      = {2017},
  language  = {en}
}
@inproceedings{JabbariBhattaraiAndingetal.2017,
  author    = {Jabbari, Medisa and Bhattarai, Aroj and Anding, Ralf and Staat, Manfred},
  title     = {Biomechanical simulation of different prosthetic meshes for repairing uterine/vaginal vault prolapse},
  series = {2nd YRA MedTech Symposium 2017 : June 8th - 9th / 2017 / Hochschule Ruhr-West},
  booktitle = {2nd YRA MedTech Symposium 2017 : June 8th - 9th / 2017 / Hochschule Ruhr-West},
  editor    = {Erni, Daniel and Fischerauer, Alice and Himmel, J{\"o}rg and Seeger, Thomas and Thelen, Klaus},
  publisher = {Universit{\"a}t Duisburg-Essen},
  address   = {Duisburg},
  organization    = {MedTech Symposium},
  isbn      = {978-3-9814801-9-1},
  doi       = {10.17185/duepublico/43984},
  pages     = {118 -- 119},
  year      = {2017},
  language  = {en}
}
@inproceedings{SuryoputriGhaderiLinderetal.2017,
  author    = {Suryoputri, Nathania and Ghaderi, Aydin and Linder, Peter and Kotliar, Konstantin and G{\"o}ttler, Jens and Sorg, Christian and Grimmer, Timo},
  title     = {Does hemodynamic response function change in Alzheimer disease?},
  series = {2nd YRA MedTech Symposium 2017 : June 8th - 9th / 2017 / Hochschule Ruhr-West},
  booktitle = {2nd YRA MedTech Symposium 2017 : June 8th - 9th / 2017 / Hochschule Ruhr-West},
  editor    = {Erni, Daniel and Fischerauer, Alice and Himmel, J{\"o}rg and Seeger, Thomas and Thelen, Klaus},
  publisher = {Universit{\"a}t Duisburg-Essen},
  address   = {Duisburg},
  organization    = {MedTech Symposium},
  isbn      = {978-3-9814801-9-1},
  doi       = {10.17185/duepublico/43984},
  pages     = {92},
  year      = {2017},
  language  = {en}
}
@inproceedings{SchneiderAlHakimKayseretal.2017,
  author    = {Schneider, Oliver and Al Hakim, Taher and Kayser, Peter and Digel, Ilya},
  title     = {Development and trials of a test chamber for ultrasound-assisted sampling of living cells from solid surfaces},
  series = {2nd YRA MedTech Symposium 2017 : June 8th - 9th / 2017 / Hochschule Ruhr-West},
  booktitle = {2nd YRA MedTech Symposium 2017 : June 8th - 9th / 2017 / Hochschule Ruhr-West},
  editor    = {Erni, Daniel and Fischerauer, Alice and Himmel, J{\"o}rg and Seeger, Thomas and Thelen, Klaus},
  publisher = {Universit{\"a}t Duisburg-Essen},
  address   = {Duisburg},
  organization    = {MedTech Symposium},
  isbn      = {978-3-9814801-9-1},
  doi       = {10.17185/duepublico/43984},
  pages     = {96 -- 97},
  year      = {2017},
  language  = {en}
}
@inproceedings{SchlemmerPorstBassametal.2017,
  author    = {Schlemmer, Katharina and Porst, Dariusz and Bassam, Rasha and Artmann, Gerhard and Digel, Ilya},
  title     = {Effects of nitric oxide (NO) and ATP on red blood cell phenotype and deformability},
  series = {2nd YRA MedTech Symposium 2017 : June 8th - 9th / 2017 / Hochschule Ruhr-West},
  booktitle = {2nd YRA MedTech Symposium 2017 : June 8th - 9th / 2017 / Hochschule Ruhr-West},
  editor    = {Erni, Daniel and Fischerauer, Alice and Himmel, J{\"o}rg and Seeger, Thomas and Thelen, Klaus},
  publisher = {Universit{\"a}t Duisburg-Essen},
  address   = {Duisburg},
  organization    = {MedTech Symposium},
  isbn      = {978-3-9814801-9-1},
  doi       = {10.17185/duepublico/43984},
  pages     = {100 -- 101},
  year      = {2017},
  language  = {en}
}
@inproceedings{KuhlenDigel2017,
  author    = {Kuhlen, Max and Digel, Ilya},
  title     = {Fluorescence signatures and detection limits of ubiquitous terrestrial bio-compounds},
  series = {2nd YRA MedTech Symposium 2017 : June 8th - 9th / 2017 / Hochschule Ruhr-West},
  booktitle = {2nd YRA MedTech Symposium 2017 : June 8th - 9th / 2017 / Hochschule Ruhr-West},
  editor    = {Erni, Daniel and Fischerauer, Alice and Himmel, J{\"o}rg and Seeger, Thomas and Thelen, Klaus},
  publisher = {Universit{\"a}t Duisburg-Essen},
  address   = {Duisburg},
  organization    = {MedTech Symposium},
  isbn      = {978-3-9814801-9-1},
  doi       = {10.17185/duepublico/43984},
  pages     = {102 -- 103},
  year      = {2017},
  language  = {en}
}
@inproceedings{deHondePorstDigel2017,
  author    = {de Honde, Lukas and Porst, Dariusz and Digel, Ilya},
  title     = {A randomized, observational thermographic study of the neck region before and after a physiotherapeutic intervention},
  series = {2nd YRA MedTech Symposium 2017 : June 8th - 9th / 2017 / Hochschule Ruhr-West},
  booktitle = {2nd YRA MedTech Symposium 2017 : June 8th - 9th / 2017 / Hochschule Ruhr-West},
  editor    = {Fischerauer, Alice},
  publisher = {Universit{\"a}t Duisburg-Essen},
  address   = {Duisburg},
  organization    = {MedTech Symposium},
  isbn      = {978-3-9814801-9-1},
  doi       = {10.17185/duepublico/43984},
  pages     = {122 -- 123},
  year      = {2017},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{BhattaraiJabbariAndingetal.2018,
  author    = {Bhattarai, Aroj and Jabbari, Medisa and Anding, Ralf and Staat, Manfred},
  title     = {Surgical treatment of vaginal vault prolapse using different prosthetic mesh implants: a finite element analysis},
  series = {tm - Technisches Messen},
  volume    = {85},
  journal   = {tm - Technisches Messen},
  number    = {5},
  publisher = {De Gruyter},
  address   = {Berlin},
  issn      = {2196-7113},
  doi       = {10.1515/teme-2017-0115},
  pages     = {331 -- 342},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {Particularly multiparous elderly women may suffer from vaginal vault prolapse after hysterectomy due to weak support from lax apical ligaments. A decreased amount of estrogen and progesterone in older age is assumed to remodel the collagen thereby reducing tissue stiffness. Sacrocolpopexy is either performed as open or laparoscopic surgery using prosthetic mesh implants to substitute lax ligaments. Y-shaped mesh models (DynaMesh, Gynemesh, and Ultrapro) are implanted in a 3D female pelvic floor finite element model in the extraperitoneal space from the vaginal cuff to the first sacral (S1) bone below promontory. Numerical simulations are conducted during Valsalva maneuver with weakened tissues modeled by reduced tissue stiffness. Tissues are modeled as incompressible, isotropic hyperelastic materials whereas the meshes are modeled either as orthotropic linear elastic or as isotropic hyperlastic materials. The positions of the vaginal cuff and the bladder base are calculated from the pubococcygeal line for female pelvic floor at rest, for prolapse and after repair using the three meshes. Due to mesh mechanics and mesh pore deformation along the loaded direction, the DynaMesh with regular rectangular mesh pores is found to provide better mechanical support to the organs than the Gynemesh and the Ultrapro with irregular hexagonal mesh pores. Insbesondere {\"a}ltere, mehrgeb{\"a}hrende Frauen leiden h{\"a}ufiger an einem Scheidenvorfall nach einer Hysterektomie aufgrund der schwachen Unterst{\"u}tzung durch laxe apikale B{\"a}nder. Es wird angenommen, dass eine verringerte Menge an {\"O}strogen und Progesteron im h{\"o}heren Alter das Kollagen umformt, wodurch die Gewebesteifigkeit reduziert wird. Die Sakrokolpopexie ist eine offene oder laparoskopische Operation, die mit prothetischen Netzimplantaten durchgef{\"u}hrt wird, um laxe B{\"a}nder zu ersetzen. Y-f{\"o}rmige Netzmodelle (DynaMesh, Gynemesh und Ultrapro) werden in einem 3D-Modell des weiblichen Beckenbodens im extraperitonealen Raum vom Vaginalstumpf bis zum Promontorium implantiert. Numerische Simulationen werden w{\"a}hrend des Valsalva-Man{\"o}vers mit geschw{\"a}chtem Gewebe durchgef{\"u}hrt, das durch eine reduzierte Gewebesteifigkeit modelliert wird. Die Gewebe werden als inkompressible, isotrop hyperelastische Materialien modelliert, w{\"a}hrend die Netze entweder als orthotrope linear elastische oder als isotrope hyperlastische Materialien modelliert werden. Die Positionen des Vaginalstumpfs, der Blase und der Harnr{\"o}hrenachse werden anhand der Pubococcygeallinie aus der Ruhelage, f{\"u}r den Prolaps und nach der Reparatur unter Verwendung der drei Netze berechnet. Aufgrund der Netzmechanik und der Netzporenverformung bietet das DynaMesh mit regelm{\"a}ßigen rechteckigen Netzporen eine bessere mechanische Unterst{\"u}tzung und eine Neupositionierung des Scheidengew{\"o}lbes, der Blase und der Urethraachse als Gynemesh und Ultrapro mit unregelm{\"a}ßigen hexagonalen Netzporen.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{BirgelLeschingerWegmannetal.2018,
  author    = {Birgel, Stefan and Leschinger, Tim and Wegmann, Kilian and Staat, Manfred},
  title     = {Calculation of muscle forces and joint reaction loads in the shoulder area via an OpenSim based computer model},
  series = {tm - Technisches Messen},
  volume    = {85},
  journal   = {tm - Technisches Messen},
  number    = {5},
  publisher = {De Gruyter},
  address   = {Berlin},
  issn      = {2196-7113},
  doi       = {10.1515/teme-2017-0114},
  pages     = {321 -- 330},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {Using the OpenSim software and verified anatomical data, a computer model for the calculation of biomechanical parameters is developed and used to determine the effect of a reattachment of the Supraspinatus muscle with a medial displacement of the muscle attachment point, which may be necessary for a rupture of the supraspinatus tendon. The results include the influence of the operation on basic biomechanical parameters such as the lever arm, as well as the calculated the muscle activations for the supraspinatus and deltoid. In addition, the influence on joint stability is examined by an analysis of the joint reaction force. The study provides a detailed description of the used model, as well as medical findings to a reattachment of the supraspinatus. Mit der Software OpenSim und {\"u}berpr{\"u}ften anatomischen Daten wird ein Computermodell zur Berechnung von biomechanischen Parametern entwickelt und genutzt, um den Effekt einer Refixierung des Supraspinatusmuskels mit einer medialen Verschiebung des Muskelansatzpunktes zu ermitteln, wie sie unter anderem nach einem Riss der Supraspinatussehne notwendig sein kann. Die Ergebnisse umfassen hierbei den Einfluss der Operation auf grundlegende biomechanische Parameter wie den Hebelarm sowie die berechneten Muskelaktivierungen f{\"u}r den Supraspinatus und Deltoideus. Zus{\"a}tzlich wird der Einfluss auf die Gelenkstabilit{\"a}t betrachtet und durch eine Analyse der Gelenkreaktionskraft untersucht. Die Studie bietet eine detaillierte Beschreibung des genutzten Modells, sowie medizinische Erkenntnisse zu einer Refixierung des Supraspinatus.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{MolinnusHardtSiegertetal.2018,
  author    = {Molinnus, Denise and Hardt, Gabriel and Siegert, Petra and Willenberg, Holger S. and Poghossian, Arshak and Keusgen, Michael and Sch{\"o}ning, Michael Josef},
  title     = {Detection of Adrenaline in Blood Plasma as Biomarker for Adrenal Venous Sampling},
  series = {Electroanalysis},
  volume    = {30},
  journal   = {Electroanalysis},
  number    = {5},
  publisher = {Wiley-VCH},
  address   = {Weinheim},
  issn      = {1521-4109},
  doi       = {10.1002/elan.201800026},
  pages     = {937 -- 942},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {An amperometric bi-enzyme biosensor based on substrate recycling principle for the amplification of the sensor signal has been developed for the detection of adrenaline in blood. Adrenaline can be used as biomarker verifying successful adrenal venous sampling procedure. The adrenaline biosensor has been realized via modification of a galvanic oxygen sensor with a bi-enzyme membrane combining a genetically modified laccase and a pyrroloquinoline quinone-dependent glucose dehydrogenase. The measurement conditions such as pH value and temperature were optimized to enhance the sensor performance. A high sensitivity and a low detection limit of about 0.5-1 nM adrenaline have been achieved in phosphate buffer at pH 7.4, relevant for measurements in blood samples. The sensitivity of the biosensor to other catecholamines such as noradrenaline, dopamine and dobutamine has been studied. Finally, the sensor has been successfully applied for the detection of adrenaline in human blood plasma.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{OberlaenderMayerGreeffetal.2018,
  author    = {Oberl{\"a}nder, Jan and Mayer, Marlena and Greeff, Anton and Keusgen, Michael and Sch{\"o}ning, Michael Josef},
  title     = {Spore-based biosensor to monitor the microbicidal efficacy of gaseous hydrogen peroxide sterilization processes},
  series = {Biosensors and Bioelectronics},
  volume    = {104},
  journal   = {Biosensors and Bioelectronics},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {Amsterdam},
  issn      = {0956-5663},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.bios.2017.12.045},
  pages     = {87 -- 94},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {In this work, a spore-based biosensor is evaluated to monitor the microbicidal efficacy of sterilization processes applying gaseous hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). The sensor is based on interdigitated electrode structures (IDEs) that have been fabricated by means of thin-film technologies. Impedimetric measurements are applied to study the effect of sterilization process on spores of Bacillus atrophaeus. This resilient microorganism is commonly used in industry to proof the sterilization efficiency. The sensor measurements are accompanied by conventional microbiological challenge tests, as well as morphological characterizations with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The sensor measurements are correlated with the microbiological test routines. In both methods, namely the sensor-based and microbiological one, a tailing effect has been observed. The results are evaluated and discussed in a three-dimensional calibration plot demonstrating the sensor's suitability to enable a rapid process decision in terms of a successfully performed sterilization.},
  language  = {en}
}
@incollection{BhattaraiFrotscherStaat2018,
  author    = {Bhattarai, Aroj and Frotscher, Ralf and Staat, Manfred},
  title     = {Computational Analysis of Pelvic Floor Dysfunction},
  series = {Women's Health and Biomechanics},
  booktitle = {Women's Health and Biomechanics},
  publisher = {Springer},
  address   = {Cham},
  isbn      = {978-3-319-71574-2},
  doi       = {10.1007/978-3-319-71574-2_17},
  pages     = {217 -- 230},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {Pelvic floor dysfunction (PFD) is characterized by the failure of the levator ani (LA) muscle to maintain the pelvic hiatus, resulting in the descent of the pelvic organs below the pubococcygeal line. This chapter adopts the modified Humphrey material model to consider the effect of the muscle fiber on passive stretching of the LA muscle. The deformation of the LA muscle subjected to intra-abdominal pressure during Valsalva maneuver is compared with the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examination of a nulliparous female. Numerical result shows that the fiber-based Humphrey model simulates the muscle behavior better than isotropic constitutive models. Greater posterior movement of the LA muscle widens the levator hiatus due to lack of support from the anococcygeal ligament and the perineal structure as a consequence of birth-related injury and aging. Old and multiparous females with uncontrolled urogenital and rectal hiatus tend to develop PFDs such as prolapse and incontinence.},
  language  = {en}
}