@inproceedings{KraftSchneider2005,
  author    = {Kraft, Bodo and Schneider, Gerd},
  title     = {Semantic Roomobjects for Conceptual Design Support : A Knowledge-based Approach},
  isbn      = {978-1-4020-3460-2},
  year      = {2005},
  abstract  = {In: Computer Aided Architectural Design Futures 2005 2005, Part 4, 207-216, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-3698-1_19 The conceptual design at the beginning of the building construction process is essential for the success of a building project. Even if some CAD tools allow elaborating conceptual sketches, they rather focus on the shape of the building elements and not on their functionality. We introduce semantic roomobjects and roomlinks, by way of example to the CAD tool ArchiCAD. These extensions provide a basis for specifying the organisation and functionality of a building and free architects being forced to directly produce detailed constructive sketches. Furthermore, we introduce consistency analyses of the conceptual sketch, based on an ontology containing conceptual relevant knowledge, specific to one class of buildings.},
  subject      = {CAD},
  language  = {en}
}
@inproceedings{KraftRetkowitz2006,
  author    = {Kraft, Bodo and Retkowitz, Daniel},
  title     = {Rule-Dependencies for Visual Knowledge Specification in Conceptual Design},
  year      = {2006},
  abstract  = {In: Proc. of the 11th Intl. Conf. on Computing in Civil and Building Engineering (ICCCBE-XI) ed. Hugues Rivard, Montreal, Canada, Seite 1-12, ACSE (CD-ROM), 2006 Currently, the conceptual design phase is not adequately supported by any CAD tool. Neither the support while elaborating conceptual sketches, nor the automatic proof of correctness with respect to effective restrictions is currently provided by any commercial tool. To enable domain experts to store the common as well as their personal domain knowledge, we develop a visual language for knowledge formalization. In this paper, a major extension to the already existing concepts is introduced. The possibility to define rule dependencies extends the expressiveness of the knowledge definition language and contributes to the usability of our approach.},
  subject      = {CAD},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{KraftNobisrathSalumaaetal.2004,
  author    = {Kraft, Bodo and Nobisrath, Ulrich and Salumaa, Priit and Schultchen, Erhard},
  title     = {Fujaba based Tool Development for eHome Systems / Nobisrath, Ulrich ; Salumaa, Priit ; Schultchen, Erhard ; Kraft, Bodo},
  series = {Electronic Notes in Theoretical Computer Science. 127 (2004), H. 1},
  journal   = {Electronic Notes in Theoretical Computer Science. 127 (2004), H. 1},
  isbn      = {1571-0661},
  pages     = {89 -- 99},
  year      = {2004},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{KraftNagl2007,
  author    = {Kraft, Bodo and Nagl, Manfred},
  title     = {Visual Knowledge Specification for Conceptual Design: Definition and Tool Support},
  year      = {2007},
  abstract  = {In: Advanced Engineering Informatics. Vol 21, Issue 1, 2007, Pages 67-83 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aei.2006.10.001 eds. J.C. Kunz, I.F.C. Smith and T. Tomiyama, Elsevier, Seite 1-22 Current CAD tools are not able to support the conceptual design phase, and none of them provides a consistency analysis for sketches produced by architects. This phase is fundamental and crucial for the whole design and construction process of a building. To give architects a better support, we developed a CAD tool for conceptual design and a knowledge specification tool. The knowledge is specific to one class of buildings and it can be reused. Based on a dynamic and domain-specific knowledge ontology, different types of design rules formalize this knowledge in a graph-based form. An expressive visual language provides a user-friendly, human readable representation. Finally, a consistency analysis tool enables conceptual designs to be checked against this formal conceptual knowledge. In this article, we concentrate on the knowledge specification part. For that, we introduce the concepts and usage of a novel visual language and describe its semantics. To demonstrate the usability of our approach, two graph-based visual tools for knowledge specification and conceptual design are explained.},
  subject      = {CAD},
  language  = {en}
}
@inproceedings{KraftNagl2003,
  author    = {Kraft, Bodo and Nagl, Manfred},
  title     = {Semantic tool support for conceptual design},
  year      = {2003},
  abstract  = {ITCE-2003 - 4th Joint Symposium on Information Technology in Civil Engineering ed Flood, I., Seite 1-12, ASCE (CD-ROM), Nashville, USA In this paper we discussed graph based tools to support architects during the conceptual design phase. Conceptual Design is defined before constructive design; the used concepts are more abstract. We develop two graph based approaches, a topdown using the graph rewriting system PROGRES and a more industrially oriented approach, where we extend the CAD system ArchiCAD. In both approaches, knowledge can be defined by a knowledge engineer, in the top-down approach in the domain model graph, in the bottom-up approach in the in an XML file. The defined knowledge is used to incrementally check the sketch and to inform the architect about violations of the defined knowledge. Our goal is to discover design error as soon as possible and to support the architect to design buildings with consideration of conceptual knowledge.},
  subject      = {CAD},
  language  = {en}
}
@inproceedings{KraftMeyerNagl2002,
  author    = {Kraft, Bodo and Meyer, Oliver and Nagl, Manfred},
  title     = {Graph technology support for conceptual design in civil engineering},
  isbn      = {3-18-318004-9},
  year      = {2002},
  abstract  = {In: Advances in intelligent computing in engineering : proceedings of the 9.International EG-ICE Workshop ; Darmstadt, (01 - 03 August) 2002 / Martina Schnellenbach-Held ... (eds.) . - D{\"u}sseldorf: VDI-Verl., 2002 .- Fortschritt-Berichte VDI, Reihe 4, Bauingenieurwesen ; 180 ; S. 1-35 The paper describes a novel way to support conceptual design in civil engineering. The designer uses semantical tools guaranteeing certain internal structures of the design result but also the fulfillment of various constraints. Two different approaches and corresponding tools are discussed: (a) Visually specified tools with automatic code generation to determine a design structure as well as fixing various constraints a design has to obey. These tools are also valuable for design knowledge specialist. (b) Extensions of existing CAD tools to provide semantical knowledge to be used by an architect. It is sketched how these different tools can be combined in the future. The main part of the paper discusses the concepts and realization of two prototypes following the two above approaches. The paper especially discusses that specific graphs and the specification of their structure are useful for both tool realization projects.},
  subject      = {CAD},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{KraftHeerRetkowitz2008,
  author    = {Kraft, Bodo and Heer, Thomas and Retkowitz, Daniel},
  title     = {Incremental Ontology Integration / Heer, Thomas ; Retkowitz, Daniel ; Kraft, Bodo},
  series = {Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Enterprise Information Systems : Barcelona, Spain, June 12 - 16, 2008 / organized by INSTICC, Institute for Systems and Technologies of Information, Control and Communication ... [Ed. by Jos{\´e} Cordeiro ...]},
  journal   = {Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Enterprise Information Systems : Barcelona, Spain, June 12 - 16, 2008 / organized by INSTICC, Institute for Systems and Technologies of Information, Control and Communication ... [Ed. by Jos{\´e} Cordeiro ...]},
  publisher = {INSTICC},
  address   = {Setubal},
  pages     = {13 -- 28},
  year      = {2008},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{KraftHeerRetkowitz2008,
  author    = {Kraft, Bodo and Heer, Thomas and Retkowitz, Daniel},
  title     = {Algorithm and Tool for Ontology Integration Based on Graph Rewriting / Heer, Thomas ; Retkowitz, Daniel ; Kraft, Bodo},
  series = {Applications of Graph Transformations with Industrial Relevance / Third International Symposium, AGTIVE 2007, Kassel, Germany, October 10-12, 2007, Revised Selected and Invited Papers},
  journal   = {Applications of Graph Transformations with Industrial Relevance / Third International Symposium, AGTIVE 2007, Kassel, Germany, October 10-12, 2007, Revised Selected and Invited Papers},
  isbn      = {978-3-540-89019-5},
  pages     = {577 -- 582},
  year      = {2008},
  language  = {en}
}
@inproceedings{Kraft2004,
  author    = {Kraft, Bodo},
  title     = {Conceptual design tools for civil engineering},
  year      = {2004},
  abstract  = {Applications of Graph Transformations with Industrial Relevance Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 2004, Volume 3062/2004, 434-439, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-25959-6_33 This paper gives a brief overview of the tools we have developed to support conceptual design in civil engineering. Based on the UPGRADE framework, two applications, one for the knowledge engineer and another for architects allow to store domain specific knowledge and to use this knowledge during conceptual design. Consistency analyses check the design against the defined knowledge and inform the architect if rules are violated.},
  subject      = {CAD},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{KrafftKukaUlberetal.2022,
  author    = {Krafft, Simone and Kuka, Katrin and Ulber, Roland and Tippk{\"o}tter, Nils},
  title     = {Utilization of Lolium perenne varieties as a renewable substrate for single-cell proteins, lactate, and composite materials},
  series = {Chemie Ingenieur Technik},
  volume    = {94},
  journal   = {Chemie Ingenieur Technik},
  number    = {9},
  publisher = {Wiley-VCH},
  address   = {Weinheim},
  issn      = {0009-286X},
  doi       = {10.1002/cite.202255306},
  pages     = {1303 -- 1304},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {Lolium perenne (perennial ryegrass) is aproductive and high-quality forage grass indigenous to Southern Europe, temperate Asia, and North Africa. Nowadays it is widespread and the dominant grass species on green areas in temperate climates. This abundant source of biomass is suitable for the development of bioeconomic processes because of its high cellulose and water-soluble carbohydrate content. In this work, novel breeds of the perennial ryegrass are being examined with regards to their quality parameters and biotechnological utilization options within the context of bioeconomy. Three processing operations are presented. In the first process, the perennial ryegrass is pretreated by pressing or hydrothermal extraction to derive glucosevia subsequent enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose. A yield of up to 82 \% glucose was achieved when using the hydrothermal ex-traction as pretreatment. In a second process, the ryegrass is used to produce lactic acid in high concentrations. The influence of the growth conditions and the cutting time on the carboxylic acid yield is investigated. A yield of lactic acid of above 150 g kg⁻¹ dry matter was achieved. The third process is to use Lolium perenne as a substrate in the fermentation of K. marxianus for the microbial production of single-cell proteins. The perennial ryegrass is screw-pressed and the press juice is used as medium. When supplementing the press juice with yeast media components, a biomass concentration of up to 16 g L⁻¹ could be achieved.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{KrafftFoersterHartetal.2001,
  author    = {Krafft, B. and F{\"o}rster, Arnold and Hart, A. van der and Sch{\"a}pers, T.},
  title     = {Control of Aharonov-Bohm oscillations in a AlGaAs/GaAs ring by asymmetric and symmetric gate biasing},
  series = {Physica E: Low-dimensional Systems and Nanostructures. 9 (2001), H. 4},
  journal   = {Physica E: Low-dimensional Systems and Nanostructures. 9 (2001), H. 4},
  isbn      = {1386-9477},
  pages     = {635 -- 641},
  year      = {2001},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{KraffWredeSchoembergetal.2013,
  author    = {Kraff, Oliver and Wrede, Karsten H. and Schoemberg, Tobias and Dammann, Philipp and Noureddine, Yacine and Orzada, Stephan and Ladd, Mark E. and Bitz, Andreas},
  title     = {MR safety assessment of potential RF heating from cranial fixation plates at 7 T},
  series = {Medical Physics},
  volume    = {40},
  journal   = {Medical Physics},
  number    = {4},
  publisher = {Wiley},
  address   = {Hoboken},
  issn      = {2473-4209},
  doi       = {10.1118/1.4795347},
  pages     = {042302-1 -- 042302-10},
  year      = {2013},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{KraffBitzKruszonaetal.2009,
  author    = {Kraff, Oliver and Bitz, Andreas and Kruszona, Stefan and Orzada, Stephan and Schaefer, Lena C. and Theysohn, Jens M. and Maderwald, Stefan and Ladd, Mark E. and Quick, Harald H.},
  title     = {An eight-channel phased array RF coil for spine MR imaging at 7 T},
  series = {Investigative Radiology},
  volume    = {44},
  journal   = {Investigative Radiology},
  number    = {11},
  publisher = {Lippincott Williams \& Wilkins},
  issn      = {1536-0210},
  doi       = {10.1097/RLI.0b013e3181b24ab7},
  pages     = {734 -- 740},
  year      = {2009},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{KraffBitzDammannetal.2010,
  author    = {Kraff, Oliver and Bitz, Andreas and Dammann, Philipp and Ladd, Susanne C. and Ladd, Mark E. and Quick, Harald H.},
  title     = {An eight-channel transmit/receive multipurpose coil for musculoskeletal MR imaging at 7 T},
  series = {Medical Physics},
  volume    = {37},
  journal   = {Medical Physics},
  number    = {12},
  publisher = {Wiley},
  address   = {Hoboken, NJ},
  issn      = {2473-4209},
  doi       = {10.1118/1.3517176},
  pages     = {6368 -- 6376},
  year      = {2010},
  abstract  = {Purpose: MRI plays a leading diagnostic role in assessing the musculoskeletal (MSK) system and is well established for most questions at clinically used field strengths (up to 3 T). However, there are still limitations in imaging early stages of cartilage degeneration, very fine tendons and ligaments, or in locating nerve lesions, for example. 7 T MRI of the knee has already received increasing attention in the current published literature, but there is a strong need to develop new radiofrequency (RF) coils to assess more regions of the MSK system. In this work, an eight-channel transmit/receive RF array was built as a multipurpose coil for imaging some of the thus far neglected regions. An extensive coil characterization protocol and first in vivo results of the human wrist, shoulder, elbow, knee, and ankle imaged at 7 T will be presented. Methods: Eight surface loop coils with a dimension ofurn:x-wiley:00942405:media:mp7176:mp7176-math-0001 were machined from FR4 circuit board material. To facilitate easy positioning, two coil clusters, each with four loop elements, were combined to one RF transmit/receive array. An overlapped and shifted arrangement of the coil elements was chosen to reduce the mutual inductance between neighboring coils. A phantom made of body-simulating liquid was used for tuning and matching on the bench. Afterward, the S-parameters were verified on a human wrist, elbow, and shoulder. For safety validation, a detailed compliance test was performed including full wave simulations of the RF field distribution and the corresponding specific absorption rate (SAR) for all joints. In vivo images of four volunteers were assessed with gradient echo and spin echo sequences modified to obtain optimal image contrast, full anatomic coverage, and the highest spatial resolution within a reasonable acquisition time. The performance of the RF coil was additionally evaluated by in vivo B1 mapping. Results: A comparison of B1 per unit power, flip angle distribution, and anatomic images showed a fairly homogeneous excitation for the smaller joints (elbow, wrist, and ankle), while for the larger joints, the shoulder and especially the knee, B1 inhomogeneities and limited penetration depth were more pronounced. However, the greater part of the shoulder joint could be imaged.In vivo images rendered very fine anatomic details such as fascicles of the median nerve and the branching of the nerve bundles. High-resolution images of cartilage, labrum, and tendons could be acquired. Additionally, turbo spin echo (TSE) and inversion recovery sequences performed very well. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that the concept of two four-channel transmit/receive RF arrays can be used as a multipurpose coil for high-resolutionin vivo MR imaging of the musculoskeletal system at 7 T. Not only gradient echo but also typical clinical and SAR-intensive sequences such as STIR and TSE performed well. Imaging of small structures and peripheral nerves could in particular benefit from this technique.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{KraffBitzBreyeretal.2011,
  author    = {Kraff, Oliver and Bitz, Andreas and Breyer, Tobias and Kruszona, Stefan and Maderwald, Stefan and Brote, Irina and Gizewski, Elke R. and Ladd, Mark E. and Quick, Harald H.},
  title     = {A transmit/receive radiofrequency array for imaging the carotid arteries at 7 Tesla: coil design and first in vivo results},
  series = {Investigative Radiology},
  volume    = {46},
  journal   = {Investigative Radiology},
  number    = {4},
  publisher = {Wolters Kluwer},
  address   = {K{\"o}ln},
  issn      = {1536-0210},
  doi       = {10.1097/RLI.0b013e318206cee4},
  pages     = {246 -- 254},
  year      = {2011},
  abstract  = {Objective: To develop a transmit/receive radiofrequency (RF) array for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the carotid arteries at 7 T. The prototype is characterized in numerical simulations and bench measurements, and the feasibility of plaque imaging at 7 T is demonstrated in first in vivo images. Materials and Methods: The RF phased array coil consists of 8 surface loop coils. To allow imaging of both sides of the neck, the RF array is divided into 2 coil clusters, each with 4 overlapping loop elements. For safety validation, numerical computations of the RF field distribution and the corresponding specific absorption rate were performed on the basis of a heterogeneous human body model. To validate the coil model, maps of the transmit B1+ field were compared between simulation and measurement. In vivo images of a healthy volunteer and a patient (ulcerating plaque and a 50\% stenosis of the right internal carotid artery) were acquired using a 3-dimensional FLASH sequence with a high isotropic spatial resolution of 0.54 mm as well as using pulse-triggered proton density (PD)/T2-weighted turbo spin echo sequences. Results: Measurements of the S-parameters yielded a reflection and isolation of the coil elements of better than -18 and -13 dB, respectively. Measurements of the g-factor indicated good image quality for parallel imaging acceleration factors up to 2.4. A similar distribution and a very good match of the absolute values were found between the measured and simulated B1+ transmit RF field for the validation of the coil model. In vivo images revealed good signal excitation of both sides of the neck and a high vessel-to-background image contrast for the noncontrast-enhanced 3-dimensional FLASH sequence. Imaging at 7 T could depict the extent of stenosis, and revealed the disruption and ulcer of the plaque. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that 2 four-channel transmit/receive RF arrays for each side of the neck is a suitable concept for in vivo MRI of the carotid arteries at 7 Tesla. Further studies are needed to explore and exploit the full potential of 7 T high-field MRI for carotid atherosclerotic plaque imaging.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{KozhalakovaZhubanovaMansurovetal.2010,
  author    = {Kozhalakova, A. A. and Zhubanova, Azhar A. and Mansurov, Z. A. and Digel, Ilya and Tazhibayeva, S. M. and Artmann, Gerhard and Temiz Artmann, Ayseg{\"u}l},
  title     = {Adsorption of bacterial lipopolysaccharides on carbonized rice shell},
  series = {Science of Central Asia (2010)},
  journal   = {Science of Central Asia (2010)},
  pages     = {50 -- 54},
  year      = {2010},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{KowalskiMcElwaine2013,
  author    = {Kowalski, Julia and McElwaine, Jim N.},
  title     = {Shallow two-component gravity-driven flows with vertical variation},
  series = {Journal of Fluid Mechanics},
  volume    = {714},
  journal   = {Journal of Fluid Mechanics},
  publisher = {Cambridge Univ. Press},
  address   = {Cambridge},
  isbn      = {0022-1120},
  pages     = {434 -- 462},
  year      = {2013},
  language  = {en}
}
@inproceedings{KowalskiMcElwaine2008,
  author    = {Kowalski, Julia and McElwaine, J.},
  title     = {Two-phase debris flow modeling},
  series = {Geophysical Research Abstracts},
  booktitle = {Geophysical Research Abstracts},
  year      = {2008},
  language  = {en}
}
@inproceedings{KowalskiMcArdellBartelt2006,
  author    = {Kowalski, Julia and McArdell, B. W. and Bartelt, Perry},
  title     = {A comparison of two approaches to modeling multiphase gravity currents},
  series = {Geophysical Research Abstracts},
  volume    = {8},
  booktitle = {Geophysical Research Abstracts},
  year      = {2006},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{KowalskiLinderZierkeetal.2016,
  author    = {Kowalski, Julia and Linder, Peter and Zierke, S. and Wulfen, B. van and Clemens, J. and Konstantinidis, K. and Ameres, G. and Hoffmann, R. and Mikucki, J. and Tulaczyk, S. and Funke, O. and Blandfort, D. and Espe, Clemens and Feldmann, Marco and Francke, Gero and Hiecker, S. and Plescher, Engelbert and Sch{\"o}ngarth, Sarah and Dachwald, Bernd and Digel, Ilya and Artmann, Gerhard and Eliseev, D. and Heinen, D. and Scholz, F. and Wiebusch, C. and Macht, S. and Bestmann, U. and Reineking, T. and Zetzsche, C. and Schill, K. and F{\"o}rstner, R. and Niedermeier, H. and Szumski, A. and Eissfeller, B. and Naumann, U. and Helbing, K.},
  title     = {Navigation technology for exploration of glacier ice with maneuverable melting probes},
  series = {Cold Regions Science and Technology},
  journal   = {Cold Regions Science and Technology},
  number    = {123},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {Amsterdam},
  issn      = {0165-232X},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.coldregions.2015.11.006},
  pages     = {53 -- 70},
  year      = {2016},
  abstract  = {The Saturnian moon Enceladus with its extensive water bodies underneath a thick ice sheet cover is a potential candidate for extraterrestrial life. Direct exploration of such extraterrestrial aquatic ecosystems requires advanced access and sampling technologies with a high level of autonomy. A new technological approach has been developed as part of the collaborative research project Enceladus Explorer (EnEx). The concept is based upon a minimally invasive melting probe called the IceMole. The force-regulated, heater-controlled IceMole is able to travel along a curved trajectory as well as upwards. Hence, it allows maneuvers which may be necessary for obstacle avoidance or target selection. Maneuverability, however, necessitates a sophisticated on-board navigation system capable of autonomous operations. The development of such a navigational system has been the focal part of the EnEx project. The original IceMole has been further developed to include relative positioning based on in-ice attitude determination, acoustic positioning, ultrasonic obstacle and target detection integrated through a high-level sensor fusion. This paper describes the EnEx technology and discusses implications for an actual extraterrestrial mission concept.},
  language  = {en}
}