@article{GriegerSchwabedalWendeletal.2021,
  author    = {Grieger, Niklas and Schwabedal, Justus T. C. and Wendel, Stefanie and Ritze, Yvonne and Bialonski, Stephan},
  title     = {Automated scoring of pre-REM sleep in mice with deep learning},
  series = {Scientific Reports},
  volume    = {11},
  journal   = {Scientific Reports},
  number    = {Art. 12245},
  publisher = {Springer Nature},
  address   = {London},
  issn      = {2045-2322},
  doi       = {10.1038/s41598-021-91286-0},
  year      = {2021},
  abstract  = {Reliable automation of the labor-intensive manual task of scoring animal sleep can facilitate the analysis of long-term sleep studies. In recent years, deep-learning-based systems, which learn optimal features from the data, increased scoring accuracies for the classical sleep stages of Wake, REM, and Non-REM. Meanwhile, it has been recognized that the statistics of transitional stages such as pre-REM, found between Non-REM and REM, may hold additional insight into the physiology of sleep and are now under vivid investigation. We propose a classification system based on a simple neural network architecture that scores the classical stages as well as pre-REM sleep in mice. When restricted to the classical stages, the optimized network showed state-of-the-art classification performance with an out-of-sample F1 score of 0.95 in male C57BL/6J mice. When unrestricted, the network showed lower F1 scores on pre-REM (0.5) compared to the classical stages. The result is comparable to previous attempts to score transitional stages in other species such as transition sleep in rats or N1 sleep in humans. Nevertheless, we observed that the sequence of predictions including pre-REM typically transitioned from Non-REM to REM reflecting sleep dynamics observed by human scorers. Our findings provide further evidence for the difficulty of scoring transitional sleep stages, likely because such stages of sleep are under-represented in typical data sets or show large inter-scorer variability. We further provide our source code and an online platform to run predictions with our trained network.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{Grap1990,
  author    = {Grap, Rolf Dietmar},
  title     = {Grafische Modelle vom Innenleben des Computers : Demonstrationsversion des IAW zur Simulation prozeßorientierter Abl{\"a}ufe bei der Programmausf{\"u}hrung},
  series = {Fir- + Iaw-Mitteilungen / Forschungsinstitut f{\"u}r Rationalisierung ; Institut f{\"u}r Arbeitswissenschaft, Technische Hochschule Aachen (1990)},
  journal   = {Fir- + Iaw-Mitteilungen / Forschungsinstitut f{\"u}r Rationalisierung ; Institut f{\"u}r Arbeitswissenschaft, Technische Hochschule Aachen (1990)},
  publisher = {Inst.},
  address   = {Aachen},
  isbn      = {0934-6430},
  pages     = {7},
  year      = {1990},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{Grap1988,
  author    = {Grap, Rolf Dietmar},
  title     = {Computersimulationsmodelle zur Qualifizierung und Beurteilung von F{\"u}hrungskr{\"a}ften},
  series = {Jahresdokumentation ... der Gesellschaft f{\"u}r Arbeitswissenschaft e.V..},
  journal   = {Jahresdokumentation ... der Gesellschaft f{\"u}r Arbeitswissenschaft e.V..},
  publisher = {Schmidt},
  address   = {K{\"o}ln},
  year      = {1988},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{Grap1989,
  author    = {Grap, Rolf Dietmar},
  title     = {Die Multimomentstudie als Hilfsmittel zur Objektivierung der Beobachtung von Probanden bei Unternehmungsspielen},
  series = {Jahresdokumentation ... der Gesellschaft f{\"u}r Arbeitswissenschaft e.V..},
  journal   = {Jahresdokumentation ... der Gesellschaft f{\"u}r Arbeitswissenschaft e.V..},
  publisher = {Schmidt},
  address   = {K{\"o}ln},
  year      = {1989},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{Grap1991,
  author    = {Grap, Rolf Dietmar},
  title     = {Die Multimomentstudie als Hilfsmittel zur Objektivierung der Beobachtung von Probanden in Assessment-Centern},
  series = {Personal (1991)},
  journal   = {Personal (1991)},
  address   = {K{\"o}ln},
  pages     = {190 -- 194},
  year      = {1991},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{Grap1990,
  author    = {Grap, Rolf Dietmar},
  title     = {Wenn Computer Fragen stellen : Vorteile und M{\"o}glichkeiten PC-gest{\"u}tzter Interviews},
  series = {Fir- + Iaw-Mitteilungen / Forschungsinstitut f{\"u}r Rationalisierung ; Institut f{\"u}r Arbeitswissenschaft, Technische Hochschule Aachen (1990)},
  journal   = {Fir- + Iaw-Mitteilungen / Forschungsinstitut f{\"u}r Rationalisierung ; Institut f{\"u}r Arbeitswissenschaft, Technische Hochschule Aachen (1990)},
  publisher = {Inst.},
  address   = {Aachen},
  isbn      = {0934-6430},
  pages     = {7 -- 10},
  year      = {1990},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{Grap1992,
  author    = {Grap, Rolf Dietmar},
  title     = {Labor-Management optimieren : Effiziente Organisation im industriellen Labor.},
  series = {Fir- + Iaw-Mitteilungen / Forschungsinstitut f{\"u}r Rationalisierung ; Institut f{\"u}r Arbeitswissenschaft, Technische Hochschule Aachen (1992)},
  journal   = {Fir- + Iaw-Mitteilungen / Forschungsinstitut f{\"u}r Rationalisierung ; Institut f{\"u}r Arbeitswissenschaft, Technische Hochschule Aachen (1992)},
  publisher = {Inst.},
  address   = {Aachen},
  isbn      = {0934-6430},
  pages     = {13},
  year      = {1992},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{Grap1992,
  author    = {Grap, Rolf Dietmar},
  title     = {Leitfaden zur Arbeitsorganisation : Wie die Stahlindustrie traditionelle Arbeitsformen {\"u}berwindet},
  series = {Fir- + Iaw-Mitteilungen / Forschungsinstitut f{\"u}r Rationalisierung ; Institut f{\"u}r Arbeitswissenschaft, Technische Hochschule Aachen (1992)},
  journal   = {Fir- + Iaw-Mitteilungen / Forschungsinstitut f{\"u}r Rationalisierung ; Institut f{\"u}r Arbeitswissenschaft, Technische Hochschule Aachen (1992)},
  publisher = {Inst.},
  address   = {Aachen},
  isbn      = {0934-6430},
  pages     = {7 -- 7},
  year      = {1992},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{Grap1990,
  author    = {Grap, Rolf Dietmar},
  title     = {Checklisten zur Beurteilung von Qualit{\"a}tslaboratorien im Rahmen eines umfassenden Qualit{\"a}tskonzeptes},
  series = {Chemie in Labor und Biotechnik : CLB. 41 (1990), H. 4},
  journal   = {Chemie in Labor und Biotechnik : CLB. 41 (1990), H. 4},
  isbn      = {0943-6677},
  pages     = {208 -- 217},
  year      = {1990},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{Grap1993,
  author    = {Grap, Rolf Dietmar},
  title     = {Methoden des Labormanagements},
  series = {Chemie in Labor und Biotechnik : CLB. 44 (1993), H. 1},
  journal   = {Chemie in Labor und Biotechnik : CLB. 44 (1993), H. 1},
  isbn      = {0943-6677},
  year      = {1993},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{Grap1994,
  author    = {Grap, Rolf Dietmar},
  title     = {Die Organisation von Qualit{\"a}tslabors durch Checklisten beurteilen},
  series = {Chemie in Labor und Biotechnik : CLB. 45 (1994), H. 12},
  journal   = {Chemie in Labor und Biotechnik : CLB. 45 (1994), H. 12},
  isbn      = {0943-6677},
  pages     = {629 -- 637},
  year      = {1994},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{Grap1986,
  author    = {Grap, Rolf Dietmar},
  title     = {Einsatzm{\"o}glichkeiten von Unternehmungsplanspielen},
  series = {Arbeitsorganisation und neue Technologien : Impulse f{\"u}r eeine weitere Integration der traditionellen arbeitswissschaftlichen Entwicklungsbereiche / Hrsg.: R. Hackstein ...},
  journal   = {Arbeitsorganisation und neue Technologien : Impulse f{\"u}r eeine weitere Integration der traditionellen arbeitswissschaftlichen Entwicklungsbereiche / Hrsg.: R. Hackstein ...},
  publisher = {Springer},
  address   = {Berlin [u.a.]},
  isbn      = {3-540-17125-X},
  pages     = {XII, 955 S. : Ill., graph. Darst.},
  year      = {1986},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{Grap1995,
  author    = {Grap, Rolf Dietmar},
  title     = {Labormanagement : Methoden und Vorgehen},
  series = {Chemie in Labor und Biotechnik : CLB. 46 (1995), H. 4},
  journal   = {Chemie in Labor und Biotechnik : CLB. 46 (1995), H. 4},
  isbn      = {0943-6677},
  pages     = {176 -- 178},
  year      = {1995},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{Grap1995,
  author    = {Grap, Rolf Dietmar},
  title     = {Labormanagement : Methoden und Vorgehen},
  series = {Chemie in Labor und Biotechnik : CLB. 46 (1995), H. 5},
  journal   = {Chemie in Labor und Biotechnik : CLB. 46 (1995), H. 5},
  isbn      = {0943-6677},
  pages     = {224 -- 227},
  year      = {1995},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{Grap1990,
  author    = {Grap, Rolf Dietmar},
  title     = {Konzept zum Einsatz elektronischer Gestaltungssysteme bei der Schulbucherstellung},
  series = {Deutscher Drucker. 26 (1990), H. 29},
  journal   = {Deutscher Drucker. 26 (1990), H. 29},
  isbn      = {0012-1096},
  year      = {1990},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{Grap1991,
  author    = {Grap, Rolf Dietmar},
  title     = {Softwaretest: Apples neues Betriebssystem OS 7.0 und seine Bedeutung in der Verlagsarbeit},
  series = {Deutscher Drucker. 27 (1991), H. 40},
  journal   = {Deutscher Drucker. 27 (1991), H. 40},
  isbn      = {0012-1096},
  year      = {1991},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{Grap1992,
  author    = {Grap, Rolf Dietmar},
  title     = {Softwaretest: Neues Microsoft Word f{\"u}r den Apple-Macintosh},
  series = {Deutscher Drucker. 28 (1992), H. 40},
  journal   = {Deutscher Drucker. 28 (1992), H. 40},
  isbn      = {0012-1096},
  year      = {1992},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{Grap1993,
  author    = {Grap, Rolf Dietmar},
  title     = {Softwaretest: Neues Microsoft Word 5.1 f{\"u}r den Apple-Macintosh},
  series = {Deutscher Drucker. 29 (1993), H. 29},
  journal   = {Deutscher Drucker. 29 (1993), H. 29},
  isbn      = {0012-1096},
  year      = {1993},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{Grap1991,
  author    = {Grap, Rolf Dietmar},
  title     = {Ein {\"o}konomisches Modell zur Begr{\"u}ndung von Teamstrukturen beim Desktop-Publishing-Einsatz im Schulbuchverlag. Teil 1},
  series = {Deutscher Drucker. 27 (1991), H. 9},
  journal   = {Deutscher Drucker. 27 (1991), H. 9},
  isbn      = {0012-1096},
  year      = {1991},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{Grap1991,
  author    = {Grap, Rolf Dietmar},
  title     = {Ein {\"o}konomisches Modell zur Begr{\"u}ndung von Teamstrukturen beim Desktop-Publishing-Einsatz im Schulbuchverlag. Teil 2},
  series = {Deutscher Drucker. 27 (1991), H. 12},
  journal   = {Deutscher Drucker. 27 (1991), H. 12},
  isbn      = {0012-1096},
  year      = {1991},
  language  = {de}
}