@masterthesis{Kausen2021,
  type      = {Bachelor Thesis},
  author    = {Kausen, Catharina Marie},
  title     = {Transmission: Ein animiertes Musikvideo illustriert die Liebe und Verbindung zum Genre Techno},
  publisher = {FH Aachen},
  address   = {Aachen},
  school      = {Fachhochschule Aachen},
  pages     = {88 Seiten},
  year      = {2021},
  abstract  = {Techno ist seit seiner Entstehung mehr als ein Musik-Genre. Es ist ein Lebensgef{\"u}hl und eine Bewegung. Techno-Partys dienen vielen Menschen als Ventil, um die Sorgen des Alltags f{\"u}r eine Nacht vergessen zu k{\"o}nnen. „Transmission" portr{\"a}tiert anhand der Protagonistin die pers{\"o}nliche Beziehung zum Genre Techno. Das Musikvideo soll die Zuschauenden visuell anregen und mitreißen. Es bietet ihnen die M{\"o}glichkeit, sich selbst wieder erkennen zu k{\"o}nnen und soll Außenstehenden einen Einblick in die Techno-Szene erm{\"o}glichen. Mithilfe des Rotoskopie-Verfahrens konnte ein realistischer Animationsstil erreicht werden, welcher durch eine unrealistische Farbgebung der Charaktere gebrochen wird. Der Schwerpunkt der Bachelorarbeit liegt in der kreativ-gestalterischen Ausarbeitung. Die Musikvideo „Transmission" vermittelt das „Lebensgef{\"u}hl Techno" visuell anregend und nachvollziehbar.},
  language  = {de}
}
@masterthesis{Mann2021,
  type      = {Bachelor Thesis},
  author    = {Mann, Judith},
  title     = {Entwicklung eines neuen Erscheinungsbildes f{\"u}r das Museum f{\"u}r Ostasiatische Kunst K{\"o}ln},
  publisher = {FH Aachen},
  address   = {Aachen},
  school      = {Fachhochschule Aachen},
  pages     = {89 Seiten},
  year      = {2021},
  abstract  = {Seit dem Zeitpunkt seiner Gr{\"u}ndung im Jahr 1909 lautet der Auftrag des K{\"o}lner Museums f{\"u}r Ostasiatische Kunst, der europ{\"a}ischen Gesellschaft die Kunst Ostasiens nahezubringen, f{\"u}r ein besseres Verst{\"a}ndnis und die Wertsch{\"a}tzung seiner Kultur zu sorgen und somit auch Rassismus und kolonialistischem Denken entgegenzuwirken - ein Anliegen, welches noch heute von unver{\"a}nderter Relevanz und Dringlichkeit ist. Im Zentrum des neuen Erscheinungsbildes steht der gest{\"u}rzte Buchstabe K und die somit entstehende Kombination von horizontaler und vertikaler, traditionell ostasiatischer Leserichtung deutet auf visueller Ebene ein Zusammenspiel zwischen den Kulturen an. Die Farbgebung des neuen Erscheinungsbildes greift die ruhige Atmosph{\"a}re des Museums auf und sorgt in Kombination mit einem streng gegliederten Raster f{\"u}r klare Struktur und Orientierung.},
  language  = {de}
}
@masterthesis{Franken2021,
  type      = {Bachelor Thesis},
  author    = {Franken, Florian},
  title     = {Zeitfenster: Eine Dorfgeschichte aus Bildcollagen},
  publisher = {FH Aachen},
  address   = {Aachen},
  school      = {Fachhochschule Aachen},
  pages     = {113 Seiten},
  year      = {2021},
  abstract  = {Die Zeit befindet sich im st{\"a}ndigen Wandel. Mit ihr verbindet man Zukunft, Vergangenheit und Gegenwart. Letzteres pr{\"a}gt das jetzige Dasein. Der Zeitwandel ist ein Prozess, {\"u}ber den wir uns meist erst nach Jahren bewusstwerden. Besonders, wenn man das Dorf, in welchem man aufgewachsen ist, n{\"a}her betrachtet, f{\"a}llt einem auf, was sich im Laufe der Jahre architektonisch oder infrastrukturell ver{\"a}ndert hat. So stellt sich die Frage, wie das Dorf im letzten Jahrhundert ausgesehen hat. Wie sah es vor, w{\"a}hrend und nach den beiden Weltkriegen aus? Wie war das Dorfleben in der Zwischenkriegszeit? Was hat sich im letzten Jahrhundert ver{\"a}ndert? Diese Arbeit zeigt den Wandel der Zeit, kombiniert aus Vergangenheit und Gegenwart. Damalige Aufnahmeorte wurden erneut aufgesucht, die Fotos aus der gleichen Position wurden neu abgelichtet und miteinander kombiniert.},
  language  = {de}
}
@masterthesis{Goetz2021,
  type      = {Bachelor Thesis},
  author    = {Goetz, Miriam},
  title     = {Der globale Haarmarkt: Gestaltung eines aufkl{\"a}renden Mediums zum Thema Haar und Haarhandel},
  publisher = {FH Aachen},
  address   = {Aachen},
  school      = {Fachhochschule Aachen},
  pages     = {77 Seiten},
  year      = {2021},
  abstract  = {Niemand kann der t{\"a}glichen Erfahrung mit Haaren entfliehen. Ob es nun der eigene Blick in den Spiegel ist, die Begegnung mit anderen Menschen, oder die mit Testimonials gespeiste Werbung f{\"u}r diverse Haarprodukte. Haare geh{\"o}ren zum Alltag. Aber was steckt hinter dem Haar, wenn es denn einmal von uns und unserer Person getrennt wird und nur noch als k{\"o}rperloses B{\"u}schel erkennbar ist? Zum Beispiel in Form von Echthaarextensions. Wer bedient freiwillig und unfreiwillig durch die eigene Haarpracht die millionenschwere Echthaarindustrie? Wer profitiert von der haarigen Ware und wer sind die K{\"a}ufer, die den globalen Handel vorantreiben? Das j{\"a}hrlich erscheinende Bookazine TRICHOTOMY geht diesen Fragestellungen auf den Grund. Investigative Artikel enth{\"u}llen die Produktion und {\"O}konomie der vorwiegend anonymisierten Echthaarindustrie und portr{\"a}tieren die Menschen und Schicksale 'hinter den Haaren'.},
  language  = {de}
}
@masterthesis{Hahn2021,
  type      = {Bachelor Thesis},
  author    = {Hahn, Veronika},
  title     = {Masculinity: M{\"a}nnlichkeit im 21. Jahrhundert},
  publisher = {FH Aachen},
  address   = {Aachen},
  school      = {Fachhochschule Aachen},
  pages     = {62 Seiten},
  year      = {2021},
  abstract  = {Was ist „M{\"a}nnlichkeit" und was verstehen junge Erwachsene unter diesem Begriff? Das Ziel des Projektes war 18 bis 30 j{\"a}hrige Jungen und M{\"a}nner des biologisch m{\"a}nnlichen Geschlechts zu befragen, was ihre Definition von M{\"a}nnlichkeit sei. Diese Arbeit hatte die Intention den Befragten einen sicheren Raum zu geben, damit sie ihre ehrlichen Antworten {\"a}ußern und ihre wahren Gesichter zeigen k{\"o}nnen. Die dabei entstandenen Fotografien sollen die Pers{\"o}nlichkeiten und die seelische Verfassung der abgebildeten Personen widerspiegeln. Es handelt sich um eine soziologische Bestandsaufnahme der „M{\"a}nnlichkeiten" der heutigen Jugend und der heranwachsenden Erwachsenen im 21. Jahrhundert.},
  language  = {de}
}
@masterthesis{Heinrichs2021,
  type      = {Bachelor Thesis},
  author    = {Heinrichs, Lars},
  title     = {!MPFEN: Eine informative Kampagne, die zum Impfen motiviert},
  publisher = {FH Aachen},
  address   = {Aachen},
  school      = {Fachhochschule Aachen},
  pages     = {58 Seiten},
  year      = {2021},
  abstract  = {Eine Kampagne, die darauf ausgerichtet ist, die Bev{\"o}lkerung auf sozialer Ebene aufzurufen, Impf-Skeptiker aufzukl{\"a}ren und von Impfungen zu {\"u}berzeugen. Anhand von offiziellen Statistiken, die optisch ansprechend aufbereitet wurden, werden die Menschen {\"u}ber Krankheiten und dazu geh{\"o}rige Risiken informiert. Des Weiteren wird der Impferfolg grafisch dokumentiert und leicht verst{\"a}ndlich pr{\"a}sentiert, ohne Fakten auszulassen. Durch eine Serie Plakate verschiedener Formate werden die Betrachter animiert, die Homepage impfen.info aufzusuchen und das reichhaltige Informationsangebot zu nutzen. Mithilfe einer am{\"u}santen Postkartenreihe wird die Verbreitung von Krankheitserregern simuliert und postalisch in die Haushalte der Impfgegner- und Skeptiker gebracht, um zu verdeutlichen, wie rasant Viren sich verbreiten und wie wichtig es ist, sich und seine Lieben zu sch{\"u}tzen.},
  language  = {de}
}
@inproceedings{UlmerBraunChengetal.2021,
  author    = {Ulmer, Jessica and Braun, Sebastian and Cheng, Chi-Tsun and Dowey, Steve and Wollert, J{\"o}rg},
  title     = {Adapting Augmented Reality Systems to the users' needs using Gamification and error solving methods},
  series = {Procedia CIRP},
  volume    = {104},
  booktitle = {Procedia CIRP},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {Amsterdam},
  issn      = {2212-8271},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.procir.2021.11.024},
  pages     = {140 -- 145},
  year      = {2021},
  abstract  = {Animations of virtual items in AR support systems are typically predefined and lack interactions with dynamic physical environments. AR applications rarely consider users' preferences and do not provide customized spontaneous support under unknown situations. This research focuses on developing adaptive, error-tolerant AR systems based on directed acyclic graphs and error resolving strategies. Using this approach, users will have more freedom of choice during AR supported work, which leads to more efficient workflows. Error correction methods based on CAD models and predefined process data create individual support possibilities. The framework is implemented in the Industry 4.0 model factory at FH Aachen.},
  language  = {en}
}
@inproceedings{Huening2021,
  author    = {H{\"u}ning, Felix},
  title     = {Sustainable changes beyond covid-19 for a second semester physics course for electrical engineering students},
  series = {Blended Learning in Engineering Education: challenging, enlightening - and lasting?},
  booktitle = {Blended Learning in Engineering Education: challenging, enlightening - and lasting?},
  isbn      = {978-2-87352-023-6},
  pages     = {1405 -- 1409},
  year      = {2021},
  abstract  = {The course Physics for Electrical Engineering is part of the curriculum of the bachelor program Electrical Engineering at University of Applied Science Aachen. Before covid-19 the course was conducted in a rather traditional way with all parts (lecture, exercise and lab) face-to-face. This teaching approach changed fundamentally within a week when the covid-19 limitations forced all courses to distance learning. All parts of the course were transformed to pure distance learning including synchronous and asynchronous parts for the lecture, live online-sessions for the exercises and self-paced labs at home. Using these methods, the course was able to impart the required knowledge and competencies. Taking the teacher's observations of the student's learning behaviour and engagement, the formal and informal feedback of the students and the results of the exams into account, the new methods are evaluated with respect to effectiveness, sustainability and suitability for competence transfer. Based on this analysis strong and weak points of the concept and countermeasures to solve the weak points were identified. The analysis further leads to a sustainable teaching approach combining synchronous and asynchronous parts with self-paced learning times that can be used in a very flexible manner for different learning scenarios, pure online, hybrid (mixture of online and presence times) and pure presence teaching.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{LeiseEsserEichenlaubetal.2021,
  author    = {Leise, Philipp and Eßer, Arved and Eichenlaub, Tobias and Schleiffer, Jean-Eric and Altherr, Lena and Rinderknecht, Stephan and Pelz, Peter F.},
  title     = {Sustainable system design of electric powertrains - comparison of optimization methods},
  series = {Engineering Optimization},
  journal   = {Engineering Optimization},
  publisher = {Taylor \& Francis},
  address   = {London},
  issn      = {0305-215X},
  doi       = {10.1080/0305215X.2021.1928660},
  year      = {2021},
  abstract  = {The transition within transportation towards battery electric vehicles can lead to a more sustainable future. To account for the development goal 'climate action' stated by the United Nations, it is mandatory, within the conceptual design phase, to derive energy-efficient system designs. One barrier is the uncertainty of the driving behaviour within the usage phase. This uncertainty is often addressed by using a stochastic synthesis process to derive representative driving cycles and by using cycle-based optimization. To deal with this uncertainty, a new approach based on a stochastic optimization program is presented. This leads to an optimization model that is solved with an exact solver. It is compared to a system design approach based on driving cycles and a genetic algorithm solver. Both approaches are applied to find efficient electric powertrains with fixed-speed and multi-speed transmissions. Hence, the similarities, differences and respective advantages of each optimization procedure are discussed.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{HeiligersSchoutetensDachwald2021,
  author    = {Heiligers, Jeannette and Schoutetens, Frederic and Dachwald, Bernd},
  title     = {Photon-sail equilibria in the alpha centauri system},
  series = {Journal of Guidance, Control, and Dynamics},
  volume    = {44},
  journal   = {Journal of Guidance, Control, and Dynamics},
  number    = {5},
  issn      = {1533-3884},
  doi       = {10.2514/1.G005446},
  pages     = {1053 -- 1061},
  year      = {2021},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{GermanMikuckiWelchetal.2021,
  author    = {German, Laura and Mikucki, Jill A. and Welch, Susan A. and Welch, Kathleen A. and Lutton, Anthony and Dachwald, Bernd and Kowalski, Julia and Heinen, Dirk and Feldmann, Marco and Francke, Gero and Espe, Clemens and Lyons, W. Berry},
  title     = {Validation of sampling antarctic subglacial hypersaline waters with an electrothermal ice melting probe (IceMole) for environmental analytical geochemistry},
  series = {International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry},
  volume    = {101},
  journal   = {International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry},
  number    = {15},
  publisher = {Taylor \& Francis},
  address   = {London},
  issn      = {0306-7319},
  doi       = {10.1080/03067319.2019.1704750},
  pages     = {2654 -- 2667},
  year      = {2021},
  abstract  = {Geochemical characterisation of hypersaline waters is difficult as high concentrations of salts hinder the analysis of constituents at low concentrations, such as trace metals, and the collection of samples for trace metal analysis in natural waters can be easily contaminated. This is particularly the case if samples are collected by non-conventional techniques such as those required for aquatic subglacial environments. In this paper we present the first analysis of a subglacial brine from Taylor Valley, (~ 78°S), Antarctica for the trace metals: Ba, Co, Mo, Rb, Sr, V, and U. Samples were collected englacially using an electrothermal melting probe called the IceMole. This probe uses differential heating of a copper head as well as the probe's sidewalls and an ice screw at the melting head to move through glacier ice. Detailed blanks, meltwater, and subglacial brine samples were collected to evaluate the impact of the IceMole and the borehole pump, the melting and collection process, filtration, and storage on the geochemistry of the samples collected by this device. Comparisons between melt water profiles through the glacier ice and blank analysis, with published studies on ice geochemistry, suggest the potential for minor contributions of some species Rb, As, Co, Mn, Ni, NH4+, and NO2-+NO3- from the IceMole. The ability to conduct detailed chemical analyses of subglacial fluids collected with melting probes is critical for the future exploration of the hundreds of deep subglacial lakes in Antarctica.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{SpietzSproewitzSeefeldtetal.2021,
  author    = {Spietz, Peter and Spr{\"o}witz, Tom and Seefeldt, Patric and Grundmann, Jan Thimo and Jahnke, Rico and Mikschl, Tobias and Mikulz, Eugen and Montenegro, Sergio and Reershemius, Siebo and Renger, Thomas and Ruffer, Michael and Sasaki, Kaname and Sznajder, Maciej and T{\´o}th, Norbert and Ceriotti, Matteo and Dachwald, Bernd and Macdonald, Malcolm and McInnes, Colin and Seboldt, Wolfgang and Quantius, Dominik and Bauer, Waldemar and Wiedemann, Carsten and Grimm, Christian D. and Hercik, David and Ho, Tra-Mi and Lange, Caroline and Schmitz, Nicole},
  title     = {Paths not taken - The Gossamer roadmap's other options},
  series = {Advances in Space Research},
  volume    = {67},
  journal   = {Advances in Space Research},
  number    = {9},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {Amsterdam},
  issn      = {0273-1177},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.asr.2021.01.044},
  pages     = {2912 -- 2956},
  year      = {2021},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{KezerashviliDachwald2021,
  author    = {Kezerashvili, Roman Ya and Dachwald, Bernd},
  title     = {Preface: Solar sailing: Concepts, technology, and missions II},
  series = {Advances in Space Research},
  volume    = {67},
  journal   = {Advances in Space Research},
  number    = {9},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {Amsterdam},
  issn      = {0273-1177},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.asr.2021.01.037},
  pages     = {2559 -- 2560},
  year      = {2021},
  language  = {en}
}
@book{Feuerriegel2021,
  author    = {Feuerriegel, Uwe},
  title     = {W{\"a}rme{\"u}bertragung mit EXCEL und VBA: W{\"a}rmetechnische Berechnungen und Simulationen effektiv durchf{\"u}hren und professionell dokumentieren},
  publisher = {Springer Vieweg},
  address   = {Wiesbaden},
  isbn      = {978-3-658-35905-8},
  doi       = {10.1007/978-3-658-35906-5},
  pages     = {XX, 439 Seiten},
  year      = {2021},
  abstract  = {Dieses Lehrbuch vermittelt die Grundlagen der W{\"a}rme{\"u}bertragung sowie den Umgang mit EXCEL-VBA von der Erstellung von Makros bis zu benutzerdefinierten Funktionen. Es legt damit eine Basis f{\"u}r die schnelle und professionelle Durchf{\"u}hrung von Berechnungen und Simulationen. Die angeleitete Erstellung von Berechnungsmodulen mit EXCEL und VBA aus allen wichtigen Bereichen der W{\"a}rme{\"u}bertragung bildet den inhaltlichen Schwerpunkt. Dazu z{\"a}hlen die station{\"a}re W{\"a}rmeleitung und der station{\"a}re W{\"a}rmedurchgang, die instation{\"a}re W{\"a}rmeleitung, der W{\"a}rme{\"u}bergang bei freier und erzwungener Konvektion sowie die W{\"a}rmestrahlung und der W{\"a}rme{\"u}bergang beim Kondensieren und Sieden. Soweit sinnvoll und m{\"o}glich werden die Stoffwertekorrelationen und die Berechnungsvorschriften aus dem VDI-W{\"a}rmeatlas verwendet. F{\"u}r ausgew{\"a}hlte Anwendungen werden zudem komplexere Auslegungen und Simulationen von Prozessen der W{\"a}rme{\"u}bertragung sowie von W{\"a}rme{\"u}bertragern erstellt. Die Zielgruppen: Studierende in Bachelor- und Masterstudieng{\"a}ngen, Praktiker im Engineering},
  language  = {de}
}
@book{DiktaScheer2021,
  author    = {Dikta, Gerhard and Scheer, Marsel},
  title     = {Bootstrap Methods: With Applications in R},
  publisher = {Springer},
  address   = {Cham},
  isbn      = {978-3-030-73480-0},
  doi       = {10.1007/978-3-030-73480-0},
  pages     = {XVI, 256 Seiten},
  year      = {2021},
  abstract  = {This book provides a compact introduction to the bootstrap method. In addition to classical results on point estimation and test theory, multivariate linear regression models and generalized linear models are covered in detail. Special attention is given to the use of bootstrap procedures to perform goodness-of-fit tests to validate model or distributional assumptions. In some cases, new methods are presented here for the first time. The text is motivated by practical examples and the implementations of the corresponding algorithms are always given directly in R in a comprehensible form. Overall, R is given great importance throughout. Each chapter includes a section of exercises and, for the more mathematically inclined readers, concludes with rigorous proofs. The intended audience is graduate students who already have a prior knowledge of probability theory and mathematical statistics.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{JungMuellerStaat2021,
  author    = {Jung, Alexander and M{\"u}ller, Wolfram and Staat, Manfred},
  title     = {Corrigendum to "Wind and fairness in ski jumping: A computer modelling analysis" [J. Biomech. 75 (2018) 147-153]},
  series = {Journal of Biomechanics},
  volume    = {128},
  journal   = {Journal of Biomechanics},
  number    = {Article number: 110690},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {Amsterdam},
  issn      = {0021-9290},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.jbiomech.2021.110690},
  pages     = {1 Seite},
  year      = {2021},
  language  = {en}
}
@inproceedings{HueningWacheMagiera2021,
  author    = {H{\"u}ning, Felix and Wache, Franz-Josef and Magiera, David},
  title     = {Redundant bus systems using dual-mode radio},
  series = {Proceedings of Sixth International Congress on Information and Communication Technology},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of Sixth International Congress on Information and Communication Technology},
  publisher = {Springer},
  address   = {Singapore},
  isbn      = {978-981-16-2379-0},
  doi       = {10.1007/978-981-16-2380-6_73},
  pages     = {835 -- 842},
  year      = {2021},
  abstract  = {Communication via serial bus systems, like CAN, plays an important role for all kinds of embedded electronic and mechatronic systems. To cope up with the requirements for functional safety of safety-critical applications, there is a need to enhance the safety features of the communication systems. One measure to achieve a more robust communication is to add redundant data transmission path to the applications. In general, the communication of real-time embedded systems like automotive applications is tethered, and the redundant data transmission lines are also tethered, increasing the size of the wiring harness and the weight of the system. A radio link is preferred as a redundant transmission line as it uses a complementary transmission medium compared to the wired solution and in addition reduces wiring harness size and weight. Standard wireless links like Wi-Fi or Bluetooth cannot meet the requirements for real-time capability with regard to bus communication. Using the new dual-mode radio enables a redundant transmission line meeting all requirements with regard to real-time capability, robustness and transparency for the data bus. In addition, it provides a complementary transmission medium with regard to commonly used tethered links. A CAN bus system is used to demonstrate the redundant data transfer via tethered and wireless CAN.},
  language  = {en}
}
@inproceedings{KloeserKohlKraftetal.2021,
  author    = {Kl{\"o}ser, Lars and Kohl, Philipp and Kraft, Bodo and Z{\"u}ndorf, Albert},
  title     = {Multi-attribute relation extraction (MARE): simplifying the application of relation extraction},
  series = {Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Deep Learning Theory and Applications - DeLTA},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Deep Learning Theory and Applications - DeLTA},
  isbn      = {978-989-758-526-5},
  doi       = {10.5220/0010559201480156},
  pages     = {148 -- 156},
  year      = {2021},
  abstract  = {Natural language understanding's relation extraction makes innovative and encouraging novel business concepts possible and facilitates new digitilized decision-making processes. Current approaches allow the extraction of relations with a fixed number of entities as attributes. Extracting relations with an arbitrary amount of attributes requires complex systems and costly relation-trigger annotations to assist these systems. We introduce multi-attribute relation extraction (MARE) as an assumption-less problem formulation with two approaches, facilitating an explicit mapping from business use cases to the data annotations. Avoiding elaborated annotation constraints simplifies the application of relation extraction approaches. The evaluation compares our models to current state-of-the-art event extraction and binary relation extraction methods. Our approaches show improvement compared to these on the extraction of general multi-attribute relations.},
  language  = {en}
}
@inproceedings{AdenackerGerhardsOttenetal.2021,
  author    = {Adenacker, J. and Gerhards, Benjamin and Otten, Christian and Schleser, Markus},
  title     = {Laserstrahlschweißen von Aluminium-Kupfer-Werkstoffkombinationen f{\"u}r die Elektromobilit{\"a}t},
  series = {DVS CONGRESS 2021},
  booktitle = {DVS CONGRESS 2021},
  publisher = {DVS Media GmbH},
  address   = {D{\"u}sseldorf},
  isbn      = {978-3-96144-146-4},
  pages     = {31 -- 38},
  year      = {2021},
  language  = {de}
}
@inproceedings{MandekarJentschLutzetal.2021,
  author    = {Mandekar, Swati and Jentsch, Lina and Lutz, Kai and Behbahani, Mehdi and Melnykowycz, Mark},
  title     = {Earable design analysis for sleep EEG measurements},
  series = {UbiComp '21},
  booktitle = {UbiComp '21},
  doi       = {10.1145/3460418.3479328},
  pages     = {171 -- 175},
  year      = {2021},
  abstract  = {Conventional EEG devices cannot be used in everyday life and hence, past decade research has been focused on Ear-EEG for mobile, at-home monitoring for various applications ranging from emotion detection to sleep monitoring. As the area available for electrode contact in the ear is limited, the electrode size and location play a vital role for an Ear-EEG system. In this investigation, we present a quantitative study of ear-electrodes with two electrode sizes at different locations in a wet and dry configuration. Electrode impedance scales inversely with size and ranges from 450 kΩ to 1.29 MΩ for dry and from 22 kΩ to 42 kΩ for wet contact at 10 Hz. For any size, the location in the ear canal with the lowest impedance is ELE (Left Ear Superior), presumably due to increased contact pressure caused by the outer-ear anatomy. The results can be used to optimize signal pickup and SNR for specific applications. We demonstrate this by recording sleep spindles during sleep onset with high quality (5.27 μVrms).},
  language  = {en}
}