@article{AgrafiotisMavroidisKonstandopoulosetal.2007,
  author    = {Agrafiotis, Christos C. and Mavroidis, Ilias and Konstandopoulos, Athansios G. and Hoffschmidt, Bernhard and Stobbe, Per and Romero, Manuel and Fernandez-Quero, Valerio},
  title     = {Evaluation of porous silicon carbide monolithic honeycombs as volumetric receivers/collectors of concentrated solar radiation},
  series = {Solar energy materials and solar cells},
  volume    = {Vol. 91},
  journal   = {Solar energy materials and solar cells},
  number    = {Iss. 6},
  issn      = {1879-3398 (E-Journal); 0927-0248 (Print)},
  pages     = {474 -- 488},
  year      = {2007},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{Alexopoulos2012,
  author    = {Alexopoulos, Spiros},
  title     = {Biogas systems: basics, biogas multifunction, principle of fermentation and hybrid application with a solar tower for the treatment of waste animal manure},
  series = {Journal of Engineering Science and Technology Review},
  volume    = {5},
  journal   = {Journal of Engineering Science and Technology Review},
  number    = {4},
  issn      = {1791-2377},
  pages     = {48 -- 55},
  year      = {2012},
  abstract  = {Two of the main environmental problems of today's society are the continuously increasing production of organic wastes as well as the increase of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and the related green house effect. A way to solve these problems is the production of biogas. Biogas is a combustible gas consisting of methane, carbon dioxide and small amounts of other gases and trace elements. Production of biogas through anaerobic digestion of animal manure and slurries as well as of a wide range of digestible organic wastes and agricultural residues, converts these substrates into electricity and heat and offers a natural fertiliser for agriculture. The microbiological process of decomposition of organic matter, in the absence of oxygen takes place in reactors, called digesters. Biogas can be used as a fuel in a gas turbine or burner and can be used in a hybrid solar tower system offering a solution for waste treatment of agricultural and animal residues. A solar tower system consists of a heliostat field, which concentrates direct solar irradiation on an open volumetric central receiver. The receiver heats up ambient air to temperatures of around 700°C. The hot air's heat energy is transferred to a steam Rankine cycle in a heat recovery steam generator (HRSG). The steam drives a steam turbine, which in turn drives a generator for producing electricity. In order to increase the operational hours of a solar tower power plant, a heat storage system and/ or hybridization may be considered. The advantage of solar-fossil hybrid power plants, compared to solar-only systems, lies in low additional investment costs due to an adaptable solar share and reduced technical and economical risks. On sunny days the hybrid system operates in a solar-only mode with the central receiver and on cloudy days and at night with the gas turbine only. As an alternative to methane gas, environmentally neutral biogas can be used for operating the gas turbine. Hence, the hybrid system is operated to 100\% from renewable energy sources},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{Alexopoulos2015,
  author    = {Alexopoulos, Spiros},
  title     = {Simulation model for the transient process behaviour of solar aluminium recycling in a rotary kiln},
  series = {Applied Thermal Engineering},
  volume    = {78},
  journal   = {Applied Thermal Engineering},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {Amsterdam},
  issn      = {1359-4311},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2015.01.007},
  pages     = {387 -- 396},
  year      = {2015},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{AlexopoulosHoffschmidt2017,
  author    = {Alexopoulos, Spiros and Hoffschmidt, Bernhard},
  title     = {Advances in solar tower technology},
  series = {Wiley interdisciplinary reviews : Energy and Environment : WIREs},
  volume    = {6},
  journal   = {Wiley interdisciplinary reviews : Energy and Environment : WIREs},
  number    = {1},
  publisher = {Wiley},
  address   = {Weinheim},
  issn      = {2041-840X},
  doi       = {10.1002/wene.217},
  pages     = {1 -- 19},
  year      = {2017},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{BlankeHagenkampDoeringetal.2021,
  author    = {Blanke, Tobias and Hagenkamp, Markus and D{\"o}ring, Bernd and G{\"o}ttsche, Joachim and Reger, Vitali and Kuhnhenne, Markus},
  title     = {Net-exergetic, hydraulic and thermal optimization of coaxial heat exchangers using fixed flow conditions instead of fixed flow rates},
  series = {Geothermal Energy},
  volume    = {9},
  journal   = {Geothermal Energy},
  number    = {Article number: 19},
  publisher = {Springer},
  address   = {Berlin},
  issn      = {2195-9706},
  doi       = {10.1186/s40517-021-00201-3},
  pages     = {23 Seiten},
  year      = {2021},
  abstract  = {Previous studies optimized the dimensions of coaxial heat exchangers using constant mass fow rates as a boundary condition. They show a thermal optimal circular ring width of nearly zero. Hydraulically optimal is an inner to outer pipe radius ratio of 0.65 for turbulent and 0.68 for laminar fow types. In contrast, in this study, fow conditions in the circular ring are kept constant (a set of fxed Reynolds numbers) during optimization. This approach ensures fxed fow conditions and prevents inappropriately high or low mass fow rates. The optimization is carried out for three objectives: Maximum energy gain, minimum hydraulic efort and eventually optimum net-exergy balance. The optimization changes the inner pipe radius and mass fow rate but not the Reynolds number of the circular ring. The thermal calculations base on Hellstr{\"o}m's borehole resistance and the hydraulic optimization on individually calculated linear loss of head coefcients. Increasing the inner pipe radius results in decreased hydraulic losses in the inner pipe but increased losses in the circular ring. The net-exergy diference is a key performance indicator and combines thermal and hydraulic calculations. It is the difference between thermal exergy fux and hydraulic efort. The Reynolds number in the circular ring is instead of the mass fow rate constant during all optimizations. The result from a thermal perspective is an optimal width of the circular ring of nearly zero. The hydraulically optimal inner pipe radius is 54\% of the outer pipe radius for laminar fow and 60\% for turbulent fow scenarios. Net-exergetic optimization shows a predominant infuence of hydraulic losses, especially for small temperature gains. The exact result depends on the earth's thermal properties and the fow type. Conclusively, coaxial geothermal probes' design should focus on the hydraulic optimum and take the thermal optimum as a secondary criterion due to the dominating hydraulics.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{DammSauerbornFendetal.2017,
  author    = {Damm, Marc Andr{\´e} and Sauerborn, Markus and Fend, Thomas and Herrmann, Ulf},
  title     = {Optimisation of a urea selective catalytic reduction system with a coated ceramic mixing element},
  series = {Journal of ceramic science and technology},
  volume    = {8},
  journal   = {Journal of ceramic science and technology},
  number    = {1},
  publisher = {G{\"o}ller},
  address   = {Baden-Baden},
  isbn      = {2190-9385 (Print)},
  issn      = {2190-9385 (Online)},
  doi       = {10.4416/JCST2016-00056},
  pages     = {19 -- 24},
  year      = {2017},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{DerschGeyerHerrmannetal.2004,
  author    = {Dersch, J{\"u}rgen and Geyer, Michael and Herrmann, Ulf and Jones, Scott A. and Kelly, Bruce and Kistner, Rainer and Ortmanns, Winfried and Pitz-Paal, Robert and Price, Henry},
  title     = {Trough integration into power plants—a study on the performance and economy of integrated solar combined cycle systems},
  series = {Energy : the international journal},
  volume    = {29},
  journal   = {Energy : the international journal},
  number    = {5-6 (Special Issue SolarPaces)},
  issn      = {0360-5442},
  doi       = {10.1016/S0360-5442(03)00199-3},
  pages     = {947 -- 959},
  year      = {2004},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{ElMoussaouiTalbiAtmaneetal.2020,
  author    = {El Moussaoui, Noureddine and Talbi, Sofian and Atmane, Ilyas and Kassmi, Khalil and Schwarzer, Klemens and Chayeb, Hamid and Bachiri, Najib},
  title     = {Feasibility of a new design of a Parabolic Trough Solar Thermal Cooker (PSTC)},
  series = {Solar Energy},
  volume    = {201},
  journal   = {Solar Energy},
  number    = {Vol. 201 (May 2020)},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {Amsterdam},
  issn      = {0038-092X},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.solener.2020.03.079},
  pages     = {866 -- 871},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {In this article, we describe the structure, the functioning, and the tests of parabolic trough solar thermal cooker (PSTC). This oven is designed to meet the needs of rural residents, including Urban, which requires stable cooking temperatures above 200 °C. The cooking by this cooker is based on the concentration of the sun's rays on a glass vacuum tube and heating of the oil circulate in a big tube, located inside the glass tube. Through two small tubes, associated with large tube, the heated oil, rise and heats the pot of cooking pot containing the food to be cooked (capacity of 5 kg). This cooker is designed in Germany and extensively tested in Morocco for use by the inhabitants who use wood from forests. During a sunny day, having a maximum solar radiation around 720 W/m2 and temperature ambient around 26 °C, maximum temperatures recorded of the small tube, the large tube and the center of the pot are respectively: 370 °C, 270 °C and 260 °C. The cooking process with food at high (fries, ..), we show that the cooking oil temperature rises to 200 °C, after 1 h of heating, the cooking is done at a temperature of 120 °C for 20 min. These temperatures are practically stable following variations and decreases in the intensity of irradiance during the day. The comparison of these results with those of the literature shows an improvement of 30-50 \% on the maximum value of the temperature with a heat storage that could reach 60 min of autonomy. All the results obtained show the good functioning of the PSTC and the feasibility of cooking food at high temperature (>200 °C).},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{GorzalkaSchmiedtSchorn2021,
  author    = {Gorzalka, Philip and Schmiedt, Jacob Estevam and Schorn, Christian},
  title     = {Automated Generation of an Energy Simulation Model for an Existing Building from UAV Imagery},
  series = {Buildings},
  volume    = {11},
  journal   = {Buildings},
  number    = {9},
  publisher = {MDPI},
  address   = {Basel},
  issn      = {2075-5309},
  doi       = {10.3390/buildings11090380},
  pages     = {15 Seiten},
  year      = {2021},
  abstract  = {An approach to automatically generate a dynamic energy simulation model in Modelica for a single existing building is presented. It aims at collecting data about the status quo in the preparation of energy retrofits with low effort and costs. The proposed method starts from a polygon model of the outer building envelope obtained from photogrammetrically generated point clouds. The open-source tools TEASER and AixLib are used for data enrichment and model generation. A case study was conducted on a single-family house. The resulting model can accurately reproduce the internal air temperatures during synthetical heating up and cooling down. Modelled and measured whole building heat transfer coefficients (HTC) agree within a 12\% range. A sensitivity analysis emphasises the importance of accurate window characterisations and justifies the use of a very simplified interior geometry. Uncertainties arising from the use of archetype U-values are estimated by comparing different typologies, with best- and worst-case estimates showing differences in pre-retrofit heat demand of about ±20\% to the average; however, as the assumptions made are permitted by some national standards, the method is already close to practical applicability and opens up a path to quickly estimate possible financial and energy savings after refurbishment.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{Goettsche1994,
  author    = {G{\"o}ttsche, Joachim},
  title     = {Eldorado summer schools},
  series = {Progress in solar energy education. 3 (1994)},
  journal   = {Progress in solar energy education. 3 (1994)},
  isbn      = {1018-5607},
  pages     = {31 -- 33},
  year      = {1994},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{GoettscheAlexopoulosDuemmleretal.2019,
  author    = {G{\"o}ttsche, Joachim and Alexopoulos, Spiros and D{\"u}mmler, Andreas and Maddineni, S. K.},
  title     = {Multi-Mirror Array Calculations With Optical Error},
  pages     = {1 -- 6},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {The optical performance of a 2-axis solar concentrator was simulated with the COMSOL Multiphysics® software. The concentrator consists of a mirror array, which was created using the application builder. The mirror facets are preconfigured to form a focal point. During tracking all mirrors are moved simultaneously in a coupled mode by 2 motors in two axes, in order to keep the system in focus with the moving sun. Optical errors on each reflecting surface were implemented in combination with the solar angular cone of ± 4.65 mrad. As a result, the intercept factor of solar radiation that is available to the receiver was calculated as a function of the transversal and longitudinal angles of incidence. In addition, the intensity distribution on the receiver plane was calculated as a function of the incidence angles.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{GoettscheGabryschDelahayeetal.2002,
  author    = {G{\"o}ttsche, Joachim and Gabrysch, K. and Delahaye, A. and Schwarzer, Klemens},
  title     = {Solar-Campus Juelich - Energy performance and indoor climate},
  series = {AIVC 23rd conference - EPIC 2002 AIVC (in conjunction with 3rd European Conference on Energy Performance and Indoor Climate in Buildings) - 23-26 October 2002 - Lyon - France - vol 2},
  journal   = {AIVC 23rd conference - EPIC 2002 AIVC (in conjunction with 3rd European Conference on Energy Performance and Indoor Climate in Buildings) - 23-26 October 2002 - Lyon - France - vol 2},
  pages     = {381 -- 386},
  year      = {2002},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{GoettscheGabryschSchilleretal.2004,
  author    = {G{\"o}ttsche, Joachim and Gabrysch, K. and Schiller, H. and Kauert, B. and Schwarzer, Klemens},
  title     = {Energetic Effects of demand - controlled ventilation retrofitting in a biochemical laboratory building},
  series = {AIVC publications [Elektronische Ressource] / Air Infiltration and Ventilation Centre},
  journal   = {AIVC publications [Elektronische Ressource] / Air Infiltration and Ventilation Centre},
  publisher = {INIVE EEIG},
  address   = {Brussels},
  pages     = {50},
  year      = {2004},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{GoettscheGoetzbergerDengleretal.1992,
  author    = {G{\"o}ttsche, Joachim and Goetzberger, Adolf and Dengler, J. and Rommel, M. (u.a.)},
  title     = {A new transparently insulated, bifacially irradiated solar flat-plate collector / A. Goetzberger ; J. Dengler ; M. Rommel ; J. G{\"o}ttsche ; V. Wittwer},
  series = {Solar energy. 49 (1992), H. 5},
  journal   = {Solar energy. 49 (1992), H. 5},
  isbn      = {0038-092X},
  pages     = {403 -- 411},
  year      = {1992},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{GoettscheHinschWittwer1993,
  author    = {G{\"o}ttsche, Joachim and Hinsch, Andreas and Wittwer, Volker},
  title     = {Electrochromic mixed WO3-TiO2 thin films produced by sputtering and the sol-gel technique : a comparison / J. G{\"o}ttsche ; A. Hinsch ; V. Wittwer},
  series = {Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells. 31 (1993), H. 3},
  journal   = {Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells. 31 (1993), H. 3},
  isbn      = {0927-0248},
  pages     = {415 -- 428},
  year      = {1993},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{GoettscheHoffschmidtAlexopoulosetal.2008,
  author    = {G{\"o}ttsche, Joachim and Hoffschmidt, Bernhard and Alexopoulos, Spiros and Funke, J. and Schwarzb{\"o}zl, P.},
  title     = {First Simulation Results for the Hybridization of Small Solar Power Tower Plants},
  series = {EuroSun 2008 : 1st International Conference on Solar Heating, Cooling and Buildings, 2008-10-07 - 2008-10-10, Lissabon (Portugal). Vol. 1},
  journal   = {EuroSun 2008 : 1st International Conference on Solar Heating, Cooling and Buildings, 2008-10-07 - 2008-10-10, Lissabon (Portugal). Vol. 1},
  publisher = {Sociedade Portuguesa De Energia Solar (SPES)},
  address   = {Lisbon},
  isbn      = {978-1-61782-228-5},
  pages     = {1299 -- 1306},
  year      = {2008},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{GoettscheHoffschmidtSchmitzetal.2009,
  author    = {G{\"o}ttsche, Joachim and Hoffschmidt, Bernhard and Schmitz, Stefan and Sauerborn, Markus},
  title     = {Solar Concentrating Systems Using Small Mirror Arrays / G{\"o}ttsche, Joachim ; Hoffschmidt, Bernhard ; Schmitz, Stefan ; Sauerborn, Markus ; Buck, Reiner ; Teufel, Edgar ; Badst{\"u}bner, Karin ; Ifland, David ; Rebholz, Christian},
  series = {Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Energy Sustainability - 2008 : : presented ... August 10 - 14, 2008, Jacksonville, Florida, USA / sponsored by Advanced Energy Systems Division, ASME; Solar Energy Division, ASME},
  journal   = {Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Energy Sustainability - 2008 : : presented ... August 10 - 14, 2008, Jacksonville, Florida, USA / sponsored by Advanced Energy Systems Division, ASME; Solar Energy Division, ASME},
  publisher = {ASME},
  address   = {New York, NY},
  isbn      = {9780791843208},
  pages     = {1 -- 5},
  year      = {2009},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{GoettscheHoffschmidtSchmitzetal.2010,
  author    = {G{\"o}ttsche, Joachim and Hoffschmidt, Bernhard and Schmitz, Stefan and Sauerborn, Markus},
  title     = {Solar Concentrating Systems Using Small Mirror Arrays},
  series = {Journal of solar energy engineering},
  volume    = {Vol. 132},
  journal   = {Journal of solar energy engineering},
  number    = {Iss. 1},
  isbn      = {0199-6231},
  pages     = {4 S.},
  year      = {2010},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{GoettscheHove1999,
  author    = {G{\"o}ttsche, Joachim and Hove, T.},
  title     = {Mapping global, diffuse and beam solar radiation over Zimbabwe / T. Hove ; J. G{\"o}ttsche},
  series = {Renewable energy. 18 (1999), H. 4},
  journal   = {Renewable energy. 18 (1999), H. 4},
  isbn      = {1879-0682},
  pages     = {535 -- 556},
  year      = {1999},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{GoettscheReillyWittwer1991,
  author    = {G{\"o}ttsche, Joachim and Reilly, S. and Wittwer, Volker},
  title     = {Advanced window systems and building energy performance / S. Reilly ; J. G{\"o}ttsche ; V. Wittwer},
  series = {Solar World Congress, 1991 : proceedings of the biennial congress of the International Solar Energy Society, Denver, Colorado, USA, 19-23 August 1991 / ed. by M. E. Arden ...},
  journal   = {Solar World Congress, 1991 : proceedings of the biennial congress of the International Solar Energy Society, Denver, Colorado, USA, 19-23 August 1991 / ed. by M. E. Arden ...},
  publisher = {Pergamon Press},
  address   = {Oxford [u.a.]},
  isbn      = {0-08-041690-X},
  pages     = {3211 -- 3216},
  year      = {1991},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{GoettscheSchwarzerRoetheretal.2009,
  author    = {G{\"o}ttsche, Joachim and Schwarzer, Klemens and R{\"o}ther, S. and Jellinghaus, Sabine},
  title     = {Efficient daylighting, heating and shading with rooflight heliostats},
  series = {Conference Internationale Energie Solaire et Batiment},
  journal   = {Conference Internationale Energie Solaire et Batiment},
  publisher = {EPFL},
  address   = {Lausanne},
  pages     = {243 -- 248},
  year      = {2009},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{HagenkampBlankeDoering2021,
  author    = {Hagenkamp, Markus and Blanke, Tobias and D{\"o}ring, Bernd},
  title     = {Thermoelectric building temperature control: a potential assessment},
  series = {International Journal of Energy and Environmental Engineering},
  volume    = {13},
  journal   = {International Journal of Energy and Environmental Engineering},
  publisher = {Springer},
  address   = {Berlin},
  doi       = {10.1007/s40095-021-00424-x},
  pages     = {241 -- 254},
  year      = {2021},
  abstract  = {This study focuses on thermoelectric elements (TEE) as an alternative for room temperature control. TEE are semi-conductor devices that can provide heating and cooling via a heat pump effect without direct noise emissions and no refrigerant use. An efficiency evaluation of the optimal operating mode is carried out for different numbers of TEE, ambient temperatures, and heating loads. The influence of an additional heat recovery unit on system efficiency and an unevenly distributed heating demand are examined. The results show that TEE can provide heat at a coefficient of performance (COP) greater than one especially for small heating demands and high ambient temperatures. The efficiency increases with the number of elements in the system and is subject to economies of scale. The best COP exceeds six at optimal operating conditions. An additional heat recovery unit proves beneficial for low ambient temperatures and systems with few TEE. It makes COPs above one possible at ambient temperatures below 0 ∘C. The effect increases efficiency by maximal 0.81 (from 1.90 to 2.71) at ambient temperature 5 K below room temperature and heating demand Q˙h=100W but is subject to diseconomies of scale. Thermoelectric technology is a valuable option for electricity-based heat supply and can provide cooling and ventilation functions. A careful system design as well as an additional heat recovery unit significantly benefits the performance. This makes TEE superior to direct current heating systems and competitive to heat pumps for small scale applications with focus on avoiding noise and harmful refrigerants.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{HenneckeSchwarzboezlHoffschmidtetal.2007,
  author    = {Hennecke, Klaus and Schwarzb{\"o}zl, Peter and Hoffschmidt, Bernhard and G{\"o}ttsche, Joachim and Koll, G. and Beuter, M. and Hartz, T.},
  title     = {The solar power tower J{\"u}lich - a solar thermal power plant for test and demonstration of air receiver},
  series = {Solar energy and human settlement : Elektronische Ressource : proceedings of ISES world congress 2007 ; (Vol. I - Vol. V) / [ISES Solar World Congress. ISES, International Solar Energy Society]. D. Yogi Goswami ; Yuwen Zhao},
  journal   = {Solar energy and human settlement : Elektronische Ressource : proceedings of ISES world congress 2007 ; (Vol. I - Vol. V) / [ISES Solar World Congress. ISES, International Solar Energy Society]. D. Yogi Goswami ; Yuwen Zhao},
  publisher = {Tsinghua Univ. Press},
  address   = {Beijing},
  isbn      = {978-7-302-16146-2},
  pages     = {1749 -- 1753},
  year      = {2007},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{HerrmannKearney2002,
  author    = {Herrmann, Ulf and Kearney, David W.},
  title     = {Survey of Thermal Energy Storage for Parabolic Trough Power Plants},
  series = {Journal of Solar Energy Engineering},
  volume    = {124},
  journal   = {Journal of Solar Energy Engineering},
  number    = {2},
  issn      = {1528-8986 (Online)},
  doi       = {10.1115/1.1467601},
  pages     = {145 -- 152},
  year      = {2002},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{HerrmannKellyPrice2002,
  author    = {Herrmann, Ulf and Kelly, Bruce and Price, Henry},
  title     = {Two Tank Molten Salt Storage for Parabolic Trough Solar Power Plants},
  series = {Energy : the international journal},
  volume    = {29},
  journal   = {Energy : the international journal},
  number    = {5-6 (Special Issue SolarPaces)},
  issn      = {0360-5442},
  doi       = {10.1016/S0360-5442(03)00193-2},
  pages     = {883 -- 893},
  year      = {2002},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{HerrmannLippke1999,
  author    = {Herrmann, Ulf and Lippke, F.},
  title     = {The influence of transients on the design of DSG solar fields},
  series = {Journal de Physique IV : proceedings},
  volume    = {9},
  journal   = {Journal de Physique IV : proceedings},
  number    = {PR3},
  isbn      = {2-86883-402-7},
  issn      = {1764-7177 (Online)},
  doi       = {10.1051/jp4:1999377},
  pages     = {489 -- 494},
  year      = {1999},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{KearneyHerrmannNavaetal.2003,
  author    = {Kearney, D. and Herrmann, Ulf and Nava, P. and Kelly, B. and Mahoney, R. and Pacheco, J. and Cable, R. and Potrovitza, N. and Blake, D. and Price, H.},
  title     = {Assessment of a Molten Salt Heat Transfer Fluid in a Parabolic Trough Solar Field},
  series = {Journal of Solar Energy Engineering},
  volume    = {125},
  journal   = {Journal of Solar Energy Engineering},
  number    = {2},
  issn      = {1528-8986},
  doi       = {10.1115/1.1565087},
  pages     = {170 -- 176},
  year      = {2003},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{KearneyKellyHerrmannetal.2002,
  author    = {Kearney, David W. and Kelly, Bruce and Herrmann, Ulf and Cable, R. and Pacheco, J. and Mahoney, R. and Price, Henry and Blake, D. and Nava, P. and Potrovitza, N.},
  title     = {Engineering Aspects of a Molten Salt Heat Transfer Fluid in a Trough Solar Field},
  series = {Energy : the international journal},
  volume    = {29},
  journal   = {Energy : the international journal},
  number    = {5-6 (Special Issue SolarPaces)},
  issn      = {0360-5442},
  doi       = {10.1016/S0360-5442(03)00191-9},
  pages     = {861 -- 870},
  year      = {2002},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{KluczkaEcksteinAlexopoulosetal.2014,
  author    = {Kluczka, Sven and Eckstein, Julian and Alexopoulos, Spiros and Vaeßen, Christiane and Roeb, Martin},
  title     = {Process simulation for solar steam and dry reforming},
  series = {Energy procedia : Proceedings of the SolarPACES 2013 International Conference},
  volume    = {49},
  journal   = {Energy procedia : Proceedings of the SolarPACES 2013 International Conference},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {Amsterdam},
  issn      = {1876-6102 (E-Journal)},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.egypro.2014.03.092},
  pages     = {850 -- 859},
  year      = {2014},
  abstract  = {In co-operation with the German Aerospace Center, the Solar-Institut J{\"u}lich has been analyzing the different technologies that are available for methanol production from CO2 using solar energy. The aim of the project is to extract CO2 from industrial exhaust gases or directly from the atmosphere to recycle it by use of solar energy. Part of the study was the modeling and simulating of a methane reformer for the production of synthesis gas, which can be operated by solar or hybrid heat sources. The reformer has been simplified in such a way that the model is accurate and enables fast calculations. The developed pseudo-homogeneous one- dimensional model can be regarded as a kind of counter-current heat exchanger and is able to incorporate a steam reforming reaction as well as a dry reforming reaction.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{KronhardtAlexopoulosReisseletal.2014,
  author    = {Kronhardt, Valentina and Alexopoulos, Spiros and Reißel, Martin and Sattler, Johannes, Christoph and Hoffschmidt, Bernhard and H{\"a}nel, Matthias and Doerbeck, Till},
  title     = {High-temperature thermal storage system for solar tower power plants with open-volumetric air receiver simulation and energy balancing of a discretized model},
  series = {Energy procedia},
  volume    = {49},
  journal   = {Energy procedia},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {Amsterdam},
  issn      = {1876-6102 (E-Journal) ; 1876-6102 (Print)},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.egypro.2014.03.094},
  pages     = {870 -- 877},
  year      = {2014},
  abstract  = {This paper describes the modeling of a high-temperature storage system for an existing solar tower power plant with open volumetric receiver technology, which uses air as heat transfer medium (HTF). The storage system model has been developed in the simulation environment Matlab/Simulink®. The storage type under investigation is a packed bed thermal energy storage system which has the characteristics of a regenerator. Thermal energy can be stored and discharged as required via the HTF air. The air mass flow distribution is controlled by valves, and the mass flow by two blowers. The thermal storage operation strategy has a direct and significant impact on the energetic and economic efficiency of the solar tower power plants.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{MelissNeskakisPlettnerMarlianietal.1998,
  author    = {Meliß, Michael and Neskakis, A. and Plettner-Marliani, J. and Lange, C. and H{\"o}velmann, A. and Schumacher, J.},
  title     = {Waste water recycling supplied by renewable energies : basic conditions and possible treatment technologies},
  series = {Renewable energy. Vol. 14 (1998), iss. 1-4. 6th Arab International Solar Energy Conference: Bringing Solar Energy into the Daylight, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman, 29.03.-01.04.1998},
  journal   = {Renewable energy. Vol. 14 (1998), iss. 1-4. 6th Arab International Solar Energy Conference: Bringing Solar Energy into the Daylight, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman, 29.03.-01.04.1998},
  issn      = {1879-0682 (E-Book); 0960-1481 (Print)},
  pages     = {325 -- 331},
  year      = {1998},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{MelissSpaete2000,
  author    = {Meliß, Michael and Sp{\"a}te, Frank},
  title     = {The solar heating system with seasonal storage at the Solar-Campus J{\"u}lich},
  series = {Solar energy. Vol. 69 (2000), iss. 6},
  journal   = {Solar energy. Vol. 69 (2000), iss. 6},
  issn      = {0038-092X},
  pages     = {525 -- 533},
  year      = {2000},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{PeereBlanke2022,
  author    = {Peere, Wouter and Blanke, Tobias},
  title     = {GHEtool: An open-source tool for borefield sizing in Python},
  series = {Journal of Open Source Software},
  volume    = {7},
  journal   = {Journal of Open Source Software},
  number    = {76},
  editor    = {Vernon, Chris},
  issn      = {2475-9066},
  doi       = {10.21105/joss.04406},
  pages     = {1 -- 4, 4406},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {GHEtool is a Python package that contains all the functionalities needed to deal with borefield design. It is developed for both researchers and practitioners. The core of this package is the automated sizing of borefield under different conditions. The sizing of a borefield is typically slow due to the high complexity of the mathematical background. Because this tool has a lot of precalculated data, GHEtool can size a borefield in the order of tenths of milliseconds. This sizing typically takes the order of minutes. Therefore, this tool is suited for being implemented in typical workflows where iterations are required. GHEtool also comes with a graphical user interface (GUI). This GUI is prebuilt as an exe-file because this provides access to all the functionalities without coding. A setup to install the GUI at the user-defined place is also implemented and available at: https://www.mech.kuleuven.be/en/tme/research/thermal_systems/tools/ghetool.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{PuppeGiulianoFrantzetal.2018,
  author    = {Puppe, Michael and Giuliano, Stefano and Frantz, Cathy and Uhlig, Ralf and Schumacher, Ralph and Ibraheem, Wagdi and Schmalz, Stefan and Waldmann, Barbara and Guder, Christoph and Peter, Dennis and Schwager, Christian and Teixeira Boura, Cristiano Jos{\´e} and Alexopoulos, Spiros and Spiegel, Michael and Wortmann, J{\"u}rgen and Hinrichs, Matthias and Engelhard, Manfred and Aust, Michael},
  title     = {Techno-economic optimization of molten salt solar tower plants},
  series = {AIP Conference Proceedings art.no. 040033},
  volume    = {2033},
  journal   = {AIP Conference Proceedings art.no. 040033},
  number    = {Issue 1},
  publisher = {AIP Publishing},
  address   = {Melville, NY},
  doi       = {10.1063/1.5067069},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {In this paper the results of a techno-economic analysis of improved and optimized molten salt solar tower plants (MSSTP plants) are presented. The potential improvements that were analyzed include different receiver designs, different designs of the HTF-system and plant control, increased molten salt temperatures (up to 640°C) and multi-tower systems. Detailed technological and economic models of the solar field, solar receiver and high temperature fluid system (HTF-system) were developed and used to find potential improvements compared to a reference plant based on Solar Two technology and up-to-date cost estimations. The annual yield model calculates the annual outputs and the LCOE of all variants. An improved external tubular receiver and improved HTF-system achieves a significant decrease of LCOE compared to the reference. This is caused by lower receiver cost as well as improvements of the HTF-system and plant operation strategy, significantly reducing the plant own consumption. A novel star receiver shows potential for further cost decrease. The cavity receiver concepts result in higher LCOE due to their high investment cost, despite achieving higher efficiencies. Increased molten salt temperatures seem possible with an adapted, closed loop HTF-system and achieve comparable results to the original improved system (with 565°C) under the given boundary conditions. In this analysis all multi tower systems show lower economic viability compared to single tower systems, caused by high additional cost for piping connections and higher cost of the receivers. REFERENCES},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{RauAlexopoulosBreitbachetal.2014,
  author    = {Rau, Christoph and Alexopoulos, Spiros and Breitbach, Gerd and Hoffschmidt, Bernhard and Latzke, Markus and Sattler, Johannes, Christoph},
  title     = {Transient simulation of a solar-hybrid tower power plant with open volumetric receiver at the location Barstow},
  series = {Energy procedia : proceedings of the SolarPACES 2013 International Conference},
  volume    = {49},
  journal   = {Energy procedia : proceedings of the SolarPACES 2013 International Conference},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {Amsterdam},
  issn      = {1876-6102},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.egypro.2014.03.157},
  pages     = {1481 -- 1490},
  year      = {2014},
  abstract  = {In this work the transient simulations of four hybrid solar tower power plant concepts with open-volumetric receiver technology for a location in Barstow-Daggett, USA, are presented. The open-volumetric receiver uses ambient air as heat transfer fluid and the hybridization is realized with a gas turbine. The Rankine cycle is heated by solar-heated air and/or by the gas turbine's flue gases. The plant can be operated in solar-only, hybrid parallel or combined cycle-only mode as well as in any intermediate load levels where the solar portion can vary between 0 to 100\%. The simulated plant is based on the configuration of a solar-hybrid power tower project, which is in planning for a site in Northern Algeria. The meteorological data for Barstow-Daggett was taken from the software meteonorm. The solar power tower simulation tool has been developed in the simulation environment MATLAB/Simulink and is validated.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{ReisgenSchleserAbdurakhmanovetal.2012,
  author    = {Reisgen, Uwe and Schleser, Markus and Abdurakhmanov, Aydemir and Turichin, Gleb and Valdaitseva, Elena and Bach, Friedrich-Wilhelm and Hassel, Thomas and Beniyashi, Alexander},
  title     = {Investigation of factors influencing the formation of weld defects in non-vacuum electron beam welding},
  series = {The Paton welding journal},
  volume    = {2012},
  journal   = {The Paton welding journal},
  number    = {2},
  publisher = {Paton Publishing House},
  address   = {Kiev},
  issn      = {0957-798X},
  pages     = {11 -- 18},
  year      = {2012},
  abstract  = {The influence of welding condition parameters and properties of material on formation of defects, such as humping and undercuts, in non-vacuum electron beam welding was investigated. The influence of separate welding parameters on the quality of welds was determined.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{SattlerRoegerSchwarzboezletal.2020,
  author    = {Sattler, Johannes, Christoph and R{\"o}ger, Marc and Schwarzb{\"o}zl, Peter and Buck, Reiner and Macke, Ansgar and Raeder, Christian and G{\"o}ttsche, Joachim},
  title     = {Review of heliostat calibration and tracking control methods},
  series = {Solar Energy},
  volume    = {207},
  journal   = {Solar Energy},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {Amsterdam},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.solener.2020.06.030},
  pages     = {110 -- 132},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {Large scale central receiver systems typically deploy between thousands to more than a hundred thousand heliostats. During solar operation, each heliostat is aligned individually in such a way that the overall surface normal bisects the angle between the sun's position and the aim point coordinate on the receiver. Due to various tracking error sources, achieving accurate alignment ≤1 mrad for all the heliostats with respect to the aim points on the receiver without a calibration system can be regarded as unrealistic. Therefore, a calibration system is necessary not only to improve the aiming accuracy for achieving desired flux distributions but also to reduce or eliminate spillage. An overview of current larger-scale central receiver systems (CRS), tracking error sources and the basic requirements of an ideal calibration system is presented. Leading up to the main topic, a description of general and specific terms on the topics heliostat calibration and tracking control clarifies the terminology used in this work. Various figures illustrate the signal flows along various typical components as well as the corresponding monitoring or measuring devices that indicate or measure along the signal (or effect) chain. The numerous calibration systems are described in detail and classified in groups. Two tables allow the juxtaposition of the calibration methods for a better comparison. In an assessment, the advantages and disadvantages of individual calibration methods are presented.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{SchwagerFleschSchwarzboezletal.2022,
  author    = {Schwager, Christian and Flesch, Robert and Schwarzb{\"o}zl, Peter and Herrmann, Ulf and Teixeira Boura, Cristiano Jos{\´e}},
  title     = {Advanced two phase flow model for transient molten salt receiver system simulation},
  series = {Solar Energy},
  volume    = {232},
  journal   = {Solar Energy},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {Amsterdam},
  issn      = {0038-092X (print)},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.solener.2021.12.065},
  pages     = {362 -- 375},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {In order to realistically predict and optimize the actual performance of a concentrating solar power (CSP) plant sophisticated simulation models and methods are required. This paper presents a detailed dynamic simulation model for a Molten Salt Solar Tower (MST) system, which is capable of simulating transient operation including detailed startup and shutdown procedures including drainage and refill. For appropriate representation of the transient behavior of the receiver as well as replication of local bulk and surface temperatures a discretized receiver model based on a novel homogeneous two-phase (2P) flow modelling approach is implemented in Modelica Dymola®. This allows for reasonable representation of the very different hydraulic and thermal properties of molten salt versus air as well as the transition between both. This dynamic 2P receiver model is embedded in a comprehensive one-dimensional model of a commercial scale MST system and coupled with a transient receiver flux density distribution from raytracing based heliostat field simulation. This enables for detailed process prediction with reasonable computational effort, while providing data such as local salt film and wall temperatures, realistic control behavior as well as net performance of the overall system. Besides a model description, this paper presents some results of a validation as well as the simulation of a complete startup procedure. Finally, a study on numerical simulation performance and grid dependencies is presented and discussed.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{SchwarzerVieiradaSilvaSchwarzer2011,
  author    = {Schwarzer, Klemens and Vieira da Silva, Maria Eugenia and Schwarzer, Tarik},
  title     = {Field results in Namibia and Brazil of the new solar desalination system for decentralised drinking water production},
  series = {Desalination and water treatment. Vol. 31 (2011), iss. 1-3: selected papers presented at EuroMed 2010 — Desalination for Clean Water and Energy: Cooperation among Mediterranean Countries of Europe and MENA Region, 3-7 October 2010, Tel Aviv, Israel},
  journal   = {Desalination and water treatment. Vol. 31 (2011), iss. 1-3: selected papers presented at EuroMed 2010 — Desalination for Clean Water and Energy: Cooperation among Mediterranean Countries of Europe and MENA Region, 3-7 October 2010, Tel Aviv, Israel},
  pages     = {379 -- 386},
  year      = {2011},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{VelrajSeenirajHafneretal.1999,
  author    = {Velraj, R. and Seeniraj, R. V. and Hafner, B. and Faber, Christian and Schwarzer, Klemens},
  title     = {Heat transfer enhancement in a latent heat storage system},
  series = {Solar energy. Vol. 65, iss. 3},
  journal   = {Solar energy. Vol. 65, iss. 3},
  issn      = {0038-092X},
  pages     = {171 -- 180},
  year      = {1999},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{VieiradaSilvaSchwarzerHoffschmidtetal.2013,
  author    = {Vieira da Silva, Maria Eugenia and Schwarzer, Klemens and Hoffschmidt, Bernhard and Pinheiro Rodrigues, Frederico and Schwarzer, Tarik and Costa Rocha, Paulo Alexandre},
  title     = {Mass transfer correlation for evaporation-condensation thermal process in the range of 70 °C-95 °C},
  series = {Renewable energy},
  volume    = {Vol. 53},
  journal   = {Renewable energy},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {Amsterdam},
  issn      = {1879-0682 (E-Journal); 0960-1481 (Print)},
  pages     = {174 -- 179},
  year      = {2013},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{WemhoenerHafnerSchwarzer2000,
  author    = {Wemh{\"o}ner, Carsten and Hafner, Bernd and Schwarzer, Klemens},
  title     = {Simulation of solar thermal systems with CARNOT blockset in the environment MATLAB-Simulink},
  pages     = {1 -- 6},
  year      = {2000},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{WoliszSchuetzBlankeetal.2017,
  author    = {Wolisz, Henryk and Sch{\"u}tz, Thomas and Blanke, Tobias and Hagenkamp, Markus and Kohrn, Markus and Wesseling, Mark and M{\"u}ller, Dirk},
  title     = {Cost optimal sizing of smart buildings' energy system components considering changing end-consumer electricity markets},
  series = {Energy},
  volume    = {137},
  journal   = {Energy},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {Amsterdam},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.energy.2017.06.025},
  pages     = {715 -- 728},
  year      = {2017},
  language  = {en}
}