@article{SchaeferMende1987, author = {Sch{\"a}fer, Horst and Mende, H. H.}, title = {Stray field profile of grain-oriented rectangular 3\% SiFe sheets in dependence on vertical and in-plane magnetic fields}, series = {Physica Status Solidi (A). 100 (1987), H. 2}, journal = {Physica Status Solidi (A). 100 (1987), H. 2}, isbn = {0031-8965}, pages = {621 -- 632}, year = {1987}, language = {en} } @article{SchaeferMende1989, author = {Sch{\"a}fer, Horst and Mende, H. H.}, title = {Interaction between laminated g.o.3\% SiFe sheets due to gap-stray fields and edge peaks}, series = {Physica Scripta. 39 (1989), H. 3}, journal = {Physica Scripta. 39 (1989), H. 3}, isbn = {0031-8949}, pages = {397 -- 400}, year = {1989}, language = {en} } @article{SchaeferLampeyMende1989, author = {Sch{\"a}fer, Horst and Lampey, H. and Mende, H. H.}, title = {Stray-field profile of single M-shaped Si-Fe transformer sheets and the resulting interaction in a stack}, series = {Physica Scripta. 39 (1989), H. 4}, journal = {Physica Scripta. 39 (1989), H. 4}, isbn = {0031-8949}, pages = {520 -- 522}, year = {1989}, language = {en} } @article{SchaeferLampey1988, author = {Sch{\"a}fer, Horst and Lampey, H.}, title = {The stray-field structure of a HI-B sheet in the vicinity of laser scratches}, series = {Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials. 75 (1988), H. 3}, journal = {Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials. 75 (1988), H. 3}, isbn = {0304-8853}, pages = {339 -- 344}, year = {1988}, language = {en} } @article{SchaeferHeil2002, author = {Sch{\"a}fer, Horst and Heil, G{\"u}nter}, title = {Modeling and Graphic Presentation of Acid-Base Titration Curves. Presentation of an Alternative Method}, series = {The Chemical Educator. 7 (2002), H. 6}, journal = {The Chemical Educator. 7 (2002), H. 6}, isbn = {1430-4171}, pages = {339 -- 346}, year = {2002}, language = {en} } @article{SchaeferGerschuetzScholletal.1995, author = {Sch{\"a}fer, Horst and Gersch{\"u}tz, J. and Scholl, S. and Fischer, A. (u.a.)}, title = {Quanten-Hall-Effekt in CdTe/Cd1-X MgX Te Heterostrukturen}, year = {1995}, language = {en} } @article{SchaeferBoettcher1989, author = {Sch{\"a}fer, Horst and B{\"o}ttcher, A.}, title = {Mapping of magnetic domain structures inside of ferromagnetic materials by X-ray topography}, series = {Physica Status Solidi (A). 113 (1989)}, journal = {Physica Status Solidi (A). 113 (1989)}, isbn = {0031-8965}, pages = {551}, year = {1989}, language = {en} } @article{SchaeferBoegeShanjiaetal.1994, author = {Sch{\"a}fer, Horst and Boege, P. and Shanjia, Xu and Xinzhang, Wu (u.a.)}, title = {Improved conductivity-measurement of semiconductor epitaxial layers by means of the contactless microwave method}, series = {Conference digest : 10 - 14 January 1994, San Diego, California / International Conference on Millimeter and Submillimeter Waves and Applications / Mohammed N. Afsar, chair/ed.}, journal = {Conference digest : 10 - 14 January 1994, San Diego, California / International Conference on Millimeter and Submillimeter Waves and Applications / Mohammed N. Afsar, chair/ed.}, publisher = {SPIE}, address = {Bellingham, Wash.}, isbn = {0-8194-1558-8}, pages = {649 -- 658}, year = {1994}, language = {en} } @article{Schaefer1989, author = {Sch{\"a}fer, Horst}, title = {Calculation of the surface stray field and the demagnetizing field of a g.o. 3\% SiFe sheet caused by a misoriented grain}, series = {Physica Scripta. 39 (1989), H. 4}, journal = {Physica Scripta. 39 (1989), H. 4}, isbn = {0031-8949}, pages = {531 -- 534}, year = {1989}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{SchwarzerWiedenfeldBansaletal.1991, author = {Schwarzer, Klemens and Wiedenfeld, M. and Bansal, Narenda K. and Ertl, Karl-Heinz}, title = {A novel solar sterilization and water destillation system : experiment and thermodynamic analysis}, series = {1991 Solar World Congress : : proceedings of the Biennial Congress of the International Solar Energy Society, Denver, Colorado, USA, 19 - 23 August 1991 / ed. by M. E. Arden. Bd. 2,II}, booktitle = {1991 Solar World Congress : : proceedings of the Biennial Congress of the International Solar Energy Society, Denver, Colorado, USA, 19 - 23 August 1991 / ed. by M. E. Arden. Bd. 2,II}, publisher = {Pergamon Pr.}, address = {Oxford}, isbn = {0-08-041690-x}, pages = {2276 -- 2281}, year = {1991}, language = {en} } @article{SchwarzerWernerHartz2004, author = {Schwarzer, Klemens and Werner, M. and Hartz, T.}, title = {Lacasa - an instrument for the energy analysis and optimisation of buildings including technical equipment}, series = {Proceedings / organised by: ISES Europe ... [Ed.: Deutsche Gesellschaft f{\"u}r Sonnenenergie e.V. - DGS, Munich ; PSE GmbH - Forschung Entwicklung Marketing, Freiburg]. - Vol. 2}, journal = {Proceedings / organised by: ISES Europe ... [Ed.: Deutsche Gesellschaft f{\"u}r Sonnenenergie e.V. - DGS, Munich ; PSE GmbH - Forschung Entwicklung Marketing, Freiburg]. - Vol. 2}, publisher = {PSE}, address = {Freiburg [Breisgau]}, isbn = {3-9809656-2-7}, pages = {2-489-2-494}, year = {2004}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{SchwarzerVieiraMuelleretal.2003, author = {Schwarzer, Klemens and Vieira, Maria Eugenia and M{\"u}ller, Christoph and Lehmann, Harry and Coutinho, Lecimara}, title = {Modular solar thermal desalination system with flat plate collector}, series = {RIO 3 - World Climate \& Energy Event : proceedings of the international conference held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 1 -5 december 2003 / chief-ed.: Stefan Krauter ...}, booktitle = {RIO 3 - World Climate \& Energy Event : proceedings of the international conference held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 1 -5 december 2003 / chief-ed.: Stefan Krauter ...}, publisher = {Krauter}, address = {Rio de Janeiro}, isbn = {85-902710-2-1}, pages = {281 -- 286}, year = {2003}, language = {en} } @article{SchwarzerVieiradaSilvaSchwarzer2011, author = {Schwarzer, Klemens and Vieira da Silva, Maria Eugenia and Schwarzer, Tarik}, title = {Field results in Namibia and Brazil of the new solar desalination system for decentralised drinking water production}, series = {Desalination and water treatment. Vol. 31 (2011), iss. 1-3: selected papers presented at EuroMed 2010 — Desalination for Clean Water and Energy: Cooperation among Mediterranean Countries of Europe and MENA Region, 3-7 October 2010, Tel Aviv, Israel}, journal = {Desalination and water treatment. Vol. 31 (2011), iss. 1-3: selected papers presented at EuroMed 2010 — Desalination for Clean Water and Energy: Cooperation among Mediterranean Countries of Europe and MENA Region, 3-7 October 2010, Tel Aviv, Israel}, pages = {379 -- 386}, year = {2011}, language = {en} } @article{SchwarzerSilvaFaberetal.2001, author = {Schwarzer, Klemens and Silva, Maria Eug{\^e}nia Vieira da and Faber, Christian and M{\"u}ller, Christoph}, title = {Solar thermal desalination system with heat recovery}, series = {Desalination. 137 (2001), H. 1-3}, journal = {Desalination. 137 (2001), H. 1-3}, isbn = {0011-9164}, pages = {23 -- 29}, year = {2001}, language = {en} } @article{SchwarzerSilva2003, author = {Schwarzer, Klemens and Silva, Maria Eug{\^e}nia Vieira da}, title = {Solar cooking system with or without heat storage for families and institutions}, series = {Solar energy. 75 (2003), H. 1}, journal = {Solar energy. 75 (2003), H. 1}, isbn = {0038-092x}, pages = {34 -- 41}, year = {2003}, language = {en} } @article{SchwarzerSilva2008, author = {Schwarzer, Klemens and Silva, Maria Eugenia Vieira da}, title = {Characterisation and design methods of solar cookers / Schwarzer, Klemens ; Silva, Maria Eugenia Vieira da}, series = {Solar energy. 82 (2008), H. 2}, journal = {Solar energy. 82 (2008), H. 2}, isbn = {0038-092X}, pages = {157 -- 163}, year = {2008}, language = {en} } @article{SchwarzerSchlenger1988, author = {Schwarzer, Klemens and Schlenger, Barbara J.}, title = {Investigation of fission product aerosol behavior in an HTR containment during severe core-heatup accidents / Barbara J. Schlenger ; K. Schwarzer}, series = {Tagungsbericht : Maritim Kongresszentrum, 17. - 19. Mai '88 Travem{\"u}nde / Kerntechnische Gesellschaft e.V.; Deutsches Atomforum e.V. [Red.: K. G. Bauer]}, journal = {Tagungsbericht : Maritim Kongresszentrum, 17. - 19. Mai '88 Travem{\"u}nde / Kerntechnische Gesellschaft e.V.; Deutsches Atomforum e.V. [Red.: K. G. Bauer]}, publisher = {Inforum}, address = {Bonn}, isbn = {0720-9207}, pages = {179 -- 182}, year = {1988}, language = {en} } @article{SchwarzerMuellerVieiradaSilva2004, author = {Schwarzer, Klemens and M{\"u}ller, C. and Vieira da Silva, E.}, title = {Solare Meerwasser-Entsalzungsanlagen mit mehrstufiger W{\"a}rmer{\"u}ckgewinnung / C. M{\"u}ller ; K. Schwarzer ; E. Vieira da Silva ...}, series = {14. Symposium Thermische Solarenergie : 12. bis 14. Mai, 2004, Kloster Banz / [Veranst.: OTTI Energie-Kolleg]}, journal = {14. Symposium Thermische Solarenergie : 12. bis 14. Mai, 2004, Kloster Banz / [Veranst.: OTTI Energie-Kolleg]}, publisher = {Ostbayerisches Technologie-Transfer-Institut}, address = {Regensburg}, isbn = {3-934681-33-6}, pages = {154 -- 159}, year = {2004}, language = {en} } @article{SchwarzerMuellerMertes2004, author = {Schwarzer, Klemens and M{\"u}ller, C. and Mertes, C.}, title = {Solar thermal desalination systems with multi-layer heat recovery / C. M{\"u}ller ; K. Schwarzer ; C. Mertes ...}, series = {Proceedings / organised by: ISES Europe ... [Ed.: Deutsche Gesellschaft f{\"u}r Sonnenenergie e.V. - DGS, Munich ; PSE GmbH - Forschung Entwicklung Marketing, Freiburg]. - Vol 1}, journal = {Proceedings / organised by: ISES Europe ... [Ed.: Deutsche Gesellschaft f{\"u}r Sonnenenergie e.V. - DGS, Munich ; PSE GmbH - Forschung Entwicklung Marketing, Freiburg]. - Vol 1}, publisher = {PSE}, address = {Freiburg [Breisgau]}, isbn = {3-9809656-1-9}, pages = {1-647-1-652}, year = {2004}, language = {en} } @article{SchwarzerMuellerKleineHering2004, author = {Schwarzer, Klemens and M{\"u}ller, C. and Kleine-Hering, H.}, title = {Simple solar systems for heating, hot water and cooking in high altitude regions with high solar radiation / C. M{\"u}ller ; K. Schwarzer ; H. Kleine-Hering}, series = {Proceedings / organised by: ISES Europe ... [Ed.: Deutsche Gesellschaft f{\"u}r Sonnenenergie e.V. - DGS, Munich ; PSE GmbH - Forschung Entwicklung Marketing, Freiburg]. - Vol 1}, journal = {Proceedings / organised by: ISES Europe ... [Ed.: Deutsche Gesellschaft f{\"u}r Sonnenenergie e.V. - DGS, Munich ; PSE GmbH - Forschung Entwicklung Marketing, Freiburg]. - Vol 1}, publisher = {PSE}, address = {Freiburg [Breisgau]}, isbn = {3-9809656-1-9}, pages = {1-653-1-658}, year = {2004}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{SchwarzerKrokerRusack2008, author = {Schwarzer, Klemens and Kroker, Jan and Rusack, Markus}, title = {Technical improvement of a small modular parabolic trough collector}, series = {EuroSun 2008 : 1st International Conference on Solar Heating, Cooling and Buildings ; 7th - 10th October 2008, Lisbon, Portugal : key lectures / ISES, International Solar Energy Society. Vol. 1}, booktitle = {EuroSun 2008 : 1st International Conference on Solar Heating, Cooling and Buildings ; 7th - 10th October 2008, Lisbon, Portugal : key lectures / ISES, International Solar Energy Society. Vol. 1}, publisher = {Sociedade Portuguesa De Energia Solar (SPES)}, address = {Lissabon}, isbn = {978-1-61782-228-5}, pages = {1395 -- 1402}, year = {2008}, language = {en} } @article{SchwarzerKrings1996, author = {Schwarzer, Klemens and Krings, T.}, title = {Dissemination of solar cookers with and without temporary storage : a report of concrete examples ; experiences from Chile, India and Mali}, series = {Proceedings / EuroSun '96 : 10. Internationales Sonnenforum. Ed. by A. Goetzberger ... - Bd. 4}, journal = {Proceedings / EuroSun '96 : 10. Internationales Sonnenforum. Ed. by A. Goetzberger ... - Bd. 4}, publisher = {DGS-Sonnenenergie-Verl.}, address = {M{\"u}nchen}, pages = {1479 -- 1482}, year = {1996}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{SchwarzerHafnerMeeretal.1993, author = {Schwarzer, Klemens and Hafner, B. and Meer, A. von and Krings, T.}, title = {Simulation and dimensioning program for solar cookers with temporal heat storage and comparison with measurements}, series = {Harmony with nature : : proceedings / ISES Solar World Congress, Budapest 1993. International Solar Energy Society, Hungarian Section (H-ISES); Hungarian Solar Energy Society (HSES). Bd 5: Active systems}, booktitle = {Harmony with nature : : proceedings / ISES Solar World Congress, Budapest 1993. International Solar Energy Society, Hungarian Section (H-ISES); Hungarian Solar Energy Society (HSES). Bd 5: Active systems}, publisher = {Hungarian Energy Society}, address = {Budapest}, pages = {473 -- 478}, year = {1993}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{SchwarzerFaberMelissetal.1993, author = {Schwarzer, Klemens and Faber, Christian and Meliß, Michael and Sp{\"a}te, F.}, title = {Solar-Institut J{\"u}lich (SIJ), Fachhochschule Aachen, Division J{\"u}lich Germany}, series = {Harmony with nature : proceedings / ISES Solar World Congress, Budapest 1993. International Solar Energy Society, Hungarian Section (H-ISES); Hungarian Solar Energy Society (HSES). Vol. 1: Energy policy, environment, education}, booktitle = {Harmony with nature : proceedings / ISES Solar World Congress, Budapest 1993. International Solar Energy Society, Hungarian Section (H-ISES); Hungarian Solar Energy Society (HSES). Vol. 1: Energy policy, environment, education}, publisher = {Hungarian Energy Society}, address = {Budapest}, pages = {349 -- 354}, year = {1993}, language = {en} } @article{SchwarzerdaSilvaHoffschmidtetal.2009, author = {Schwarzer, Klemens and da Silva, Vieira E. and Hoffschmidt, Bernhard and Schwarzer, T.}, title = {A new solar desalination system with heat recovery for decentralised drinking water production}, series = {Desalination. 248 (2009), H. 1-3}, journal = {Desalination. 248 (2009), H. 1-3}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {Amsterdam}, isbn = {0011-9164}, pages = {204 -- 211}, year = {2009}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{SchwarzerBiegerRickingetal.1991, author = {Schwarzer, Klemens and Bieger, W. and Ricking, N. and Bansal, Narenda K.}, title = {Solar cooker with a rock bed cum oil storage}, series = {1991 Solar World Congress : : proceedings of the Biennial Congress of the International Solar Energy Society, Denver, Colorado, USA, 19 - 23 August 1991 / ed. by M. E. Arden. Bd. 3,II}, booktitle = {1991 Solar World Congress : : proceedings of the Biennial Congress of the International Solar Energy Society, Denver, Colorado, USA, 19 - 23 August 1991 / ed. by M. E. Arden. Bd. 3,II}, publisher = {Pergamon Pr.}, address = {Oxford}, isbn = {0-08-041690-x}, pages = {3751 -- 3756}, year = {1991}, language = {en} } @book{Schwarzer2004, author = {Schwarzer, Klemens}, title = {Lacasa : Einsatz von MATLAB-Simulink zur energetischen Analyse und Optimierung von Alt- und Neubauten inklusive Heizungs-, L{\"u}ftungs- und Klimatechnik / Hrsg.: FIA-Projekt, Forschungs-Informations-Austausch im Fachinstitut Geb{\"a}ude-Klima e.V. Projekt: Solar-Institut J{\"u}lich an der Fachhochschule Aachen}, publisher = {FIA-Projekt im Fachinst. Geb{\"a}ude-Klima}, address = {Bietigheim-Bissingen}, isbn = {3-938210-07-9}, pages = {34 S. : Ill., graph. Darst.}, year = {2004}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{Schwarzer1992, author = {Schwarzer, Klemens}, title = {A new kind of efficient solar cookers with and without temporary heat storage}, series = {Advances in solar cooking : proceedings of the First World Conference on Solar Cooking, Stockton, California, USA, June 19 - 20, 1992 / ed. by Edwin Pejack}, booktitle = {Advances in solar cooking : proceedings of the First World Conference on Solar Cooking, Stockton, California, USA, June 19 - 20, 1992 / ed. by Edwin Pejack}, publisher = {Solar Box Cookers International}, address = {Sacramento, Calif.}, pages = {107 -- 112}, year = {1992}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{Schwarzer2008, author = {Schwarzer, Klemens}, title = {Desalination systems with renewable energies}, series = {DME Seminar Desalination and Renewable Energies : June 19 and 20 2008, Solar Institut J{\"u}lich / Deutsche Meerwasserentsalzung e.V.}, booktitle = {DME Seminar Desalination and Renewable Energies : June 19 and 20 2008, Solar Institut J{\"u}lich / Deutsche Meerwasserentsalzung e.V.}, publisher = {DME}, address = {Duisburg}, isbn = {978-3-86861-017-8}, pages = {219 Bl. in getr. Z{\"a}hlung : zahlr. Ill. und graph. Darst., Kt.}, year = {2008}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{SchwarzboezlPompKolletal.2010, author = {Schwarzb{\"o}zl, Peter and Pomp, Stefan and Koll, Gerrit and Hennecke, Klaus and Hartz, Thomas and Schmitz, Mark and Hoffschmidt, Bernhard}, title = {The solar tower J{\"u}lich - first operational experiences and test results}, series = {SolarPACES 2010 : the CSP Conference: electricity, fuels and clean water from concentrated solar energy ; 21 to 24 September 2010, Perpignan, France}, booktitle = {SolarPACES 2010 : the CSP Conference: electricity, fuels and clean water from concentrated solar energy ; 21 to 24 September 2010, Perpignan, France}, publisher = {Soc. OSC}, address = {Saint Maur}, pages = {8 -- 9}, year = {2010}, language = {en} } @article{SchwarzGebhardtSchleseretal.2019, author = {Schwarz, Alexander and Gebhardt, Andreas and Schleser, Markus and Popoola, Patricia}, title = {New Welding Joint Geometries Manufactured by Powder Bed Fusion from 316L}, series = {Materials Performance and Characterization 8}, journal = {Materials Performance and Characterization 8}, number = {in press}, issn = {2379-1365}, doi = {10.1520/MPC20180096}, year = {2019}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{SchwarteRingbeckua2000, author = {Schwarte, Rudolf and Ringbeck, Thorsten and [u.a.],}, title = {New Powerful Sensory Tool in Automotive Safety Systems Based on PMD-Technology}, series = {Advanced microsystems for automotive applications 2000}, booktitle = {Advanced microsystems for automotive applications 2000}, editor = {Kr{\"u}ger, Sven}, publisher = {Springer}, address = {Berlin [u.a.]}, isbn = {3-5406-7087-4}, pages = {181 -- 204}, year = {2000}, language = {en} } @incollection{SchwarteHeinolBuxbaumetal.1999, author = {Schwarte, Rudolf and Heinol, Horst-Guenther and Buxbaum, Bernd and Ringbeck, Thorsten and [u.a.],}, title = {Principles of three-dimensional imaging techniques}, series = {Sensors and imaging. - (Handbook of computer vision and applications ; Vol. 1)}, booktitle = {Sensors and imaging. - (Handbook of computer vision and applications ; Vol. 1)}, editor = {J{\"a}hne, Bernd}, publisher = {Academic Press}, address = {San Diego}, isbn = {0-12-379771-3 (Einzelbd.)}, pages = {463 -- 485}, year = {1999}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{SchwarteBuxbaumHeinoletal.1998, author = {Schwarte, Rudolf and Buxbaum, Bernd and Heinol, Horst-Guenther and Xu, Zhanping and Ringbeck, Thorsten and Zang, Zhigang}, title = {Novel 3D-vision systems based on layout optimized PMD-structures}, series = {Proceedings / OPTO 98, Internationaler Kongress und Fachausstellung f{\"u}r Optische Sensorik, Messtechnik und Elektronik, 18. - 20. Mai 1998, Kongreßzentrum Erfurt}, booktitle = {Proceedings / OPTO 98, Internationaler Kongress und Fachausstellung f{\"u}r Optische Sensorik, Messtechnik und Elektronik, 18. - 20. Mai 1998, Kongreßzentrum Erfurt}, publisher = {ACS Organisations GmbH}, address = {Wunsdorf}, pages = {197 -- 202}, year = {1998}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{SchwankeHoefkenSchuba2017, author = {Schwanke, Peter and H{\"o}fken, Hans-Wilhelm and Schuba, Marko}, title = {Security Analysis of the ADS Protocol of a Beckhoff CX2020 PLC}, pages = {1 -- 5}, year = {2017}, abstract = {ICSs (Industrial Control Systems) and its subset SCADA systems (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) are getting exposed to a constant stream of new threats. The increasing importance of IT security in ICS requires viable methods to assess the security of ICS, its individual components, and its protocols. This paper presents a security analysis with focus on the communication protocols of a single PLC (Programmable Logic Controller). The PLC, a Beckhoff CX2020, is examined and new vulnerabilities of the system are revealed. Based on these findings recommendations are made to improve security of the Beckhoff system and its protocols.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{SchwagerTeixeiraBouraFleschetal.2019, author = {Schwager, Christian and Teixeira Boura, Cristiano Jos{\´e} and Flesch, Robert and Alexopoulos, Spiros and Herrmann, Ulf}, title = {Improved efficiency prediction of a molten salt receiver based on dynamic cloud passage simulation}, series = {AIP Conference Proceedings}, volume = {2126}, booktitle = {AIP Conference Proceedings}, number = {1}, isbn = {978-0-7354-1866-0}, doi = {10.1063/1.5117566}, pages = {030054-1 -- 030054-8}, year = {2019}, language = {en} } @article{SchwagerFleschSchwarzboezletal.2022, author = {Schwager, Christian and Flesch, Robert and Schwarzb{\"o}zl, Peter and Herrmann, Ulf and Teixeira Boura, Cristiano Jos{\´e}}, title = {Advanced two phase flow model for transient molten salt receiver system simulation}, series = {Solar Energy}, volume = {232}, journal = {Solar Energy}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {Amsterdam}, issn = {0038-092X (print)}, doi = {10.1016/j.solener.2021.12.065}, pages = {362 -- 375}, year = {2022}, abstract = {In order to realistically predict and optimize the actual performance of a concentrating solar power (CSP) plant sophisticated simulation models and methods are required. This paper presents a detailed dynamic simulation model for a Molten Salt Solar Tower (MST) system, which is capable of simulating transient operation including detailed startup and shutdown procedures including drainage and refill. For appropriate representation of the transient behavior of the receiver as well as replication of local bulk and surface temperatures a discretized receiver model based on a novel homogeneous two-phase (2P) flow modelling approach is implemented in Modelica Dymola®. This allows for reasonable representation of the very different hydraulic and thermal properties of molten salt versus air as well as the transition between both. This dynamic 2P receiver model is embedded in a comprehensive one-dimensional model of a commercial scale MST system and coupled with a transient receiver flux density distribution from raytracing based heliostat field simulation. This enables for detailed process prediction with reasonable computational effort, while providing data such as local salt film and wall temperatures, realistic control behavior as well as net performance of the overall system. Besides a model description, this paper presents some results of a validation as well as the simulation of a complete startup procedure. Finally, a study on numerical simulation performance and grid dependencies is presented and discussed.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{SchwagerAngeleSchwarzboezletal.2023, author = {Schwager, Christian and Angele, Florian and Schwarzb{\"o}zl, Peter and Teixeira Boura, Cristiano Jos{\´e} and Herrmann, Ulf}, title = {Model predictive assistance for operational decision making in molten salt receiver systems}, series = {SolarPACES: Solar Power \& Chemical Energy Systems}, booktitle = {SolarPACES: Solar Power \& Chemical Energy Systems}, number = {2815 / 1}, publisher = {AIP conference proceedings / American Institute of Physics}, address = {Melville, NY}, isbn = {978-0-7354-4623-6}, issn = {1551-7616 (online)}, doi = {10.1063/5.0151514}, pages = {8 Seiten}, year = {2023}, abstract = {Despite the challenges of pioneering molten salt towers (MST), it remains the leading technology in central receiver power plants today, thanks to cost effective storage integration and high cost reduction potential. The limited controllability in volatile solar conditions can cause significant losses, which are difficult to estimate without comprehensive modeling [1]. This paper presents a Methodology to generate predictions of the dynamic behavior of the receiver system as part of an operating assistance system (OAS). Based on this, it delivers proposals if and when to drain and refill the receiver during a cloudy period in order maximize the net yield and quantifies the amount of net electricity gained by this. After prior analysis with a detailed dynamic two-phase model of the entire receiver system, two different reduced modeling approaches where developed and implemented in the OAS. A tailored decision algorithm utilizes both models to deliver the desired predictions efficiently and with appropriate accuracy.}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{SchwagerAngeleNourietal.2022, author = {Schwager, Christian and Angele, Florian and Nouri, Bijan and Schwarzb{\"o}zl, Peter and Teixeira Boura, Cristiano Jos{\´e} and Herrmann, Ulf}, title = {Impact of DNI forecast quality on performance prediction for a commercial scale solar tower: Application of nowcasting DNI maps to dynamic solar tower simulation}, series = {SolarPACES conference proceedings}, booktitle = {SolarPACES conference proceedings}, number = {Vol. 1}, publisher = {TIB Open Publishing}, address = {Hannover}, issn = {2751-9899 (online)}, doi = {10.52825/solarpaces.v1i.675}, pages = {9 Seiten}, year = {2022}, abstract = {Concerning current efforts to improve operational efficiency and to lower overall costs of concentrating solar power (CSP) plants with prediction-based algorithms, this study investigates the quality and uncertainty of nowcasting data regarding the implications for process predictions. DNI (direct normal irradiation) maps from an all-sky imager-based nowcasting system are applied to a dynamic prediction model coupled with ray tracing. The results underline the need for high-resolution DNI maps in order to predict net yield and receiver outlet temperature realistically. Furthermore, based on a statistical uncertainty analysis, a correlation is developed, which allows for predicting the uncertainty of the net power prediction based on the corresponding DNI forecast uncertainty. However, the study reveals significant prediction errors and the demand for further improvement in the accuracy at which local shadings are forecasted.}, language = {en} } @article{SchwabedalSippelBrandtetal.2018, author = {Schwabedal, Justus T. C. and Sippel, Daniel and Brandt, Moritz D. and Bialonski, Stephan}, title = {Automated Classification of Sleep Stages and EEG Artifacts in Mice with Deep Learning}, doi = {10.48550/arXiv.1809.08443}, year = {2018}, abstract = {Sleep scoring is a necessary and time-consuming task in sleep studies. In animal models (such as mice) or in humans, automating this tedious process promises to facilitate long-term studies and to promote sleep biology as a data-driven f ield. We introduce a deep neural network model that is able to predict different states of consciousness (Wake, Non-REM, REM) in mice from EEG and EMG recordings with excellent scoring results for out-of-sample data. Predictions are made on epochs of 4 seconds length, and epochs are classified as artifactfree or not. The model architecture draws on recent advances in deep learning and in convolutional neural networks research. In contrast to previous approaches towards automated sleep scoring, our model does not rely on manually defined features of the data but learns predictive features automatically. We expect deep learning models like ours to become widely applied in different fields, automating many repetitive cognitive tasks that were previously difficult to tackle.}, language = {en} } @article{SchwabHojdisLacayoetal.2016, author = {Schwab, Lukas and Hojdis, Nils and Lacayo, Jorge and Wilhelm, Manfred}, title = {Fourier-Transform Rheology of Unvulcanized, Carbon Black Filled Styrene Butadiene Rubber}, series = {Macromolecular Materials and Engineering}, volume = {301}, journal = {Macromolecular Materials and Engineering}, number = {4}, publisher = {Wiley-VCH}, address = {Weinheim}, issn = {1439-2054}, doi = {10.1002/mame.201500356}, pages = {457 -- 468}, year = {2016}, abstract = {Rubber materials filled with reinforcing fillers display nonlinear rheological behavior at small strain amplitudes below γ0 < 0.1. Nevertheless, rheological data are analyzed mostly in terms of linear parameters, such as shear moduli (G′, G″), which loose their physical meaning in the nonlinear regime. In this work styrene butadiene rubber filled with carbon black (CB) under large amplitude oscillatory shear (LAOS) is analyzed in terms of the nonlinear parameter I3/1. Three different CB grades are used and the filler load is varied between 0 and 70 phr. It is found that I3/1(φ) is most sensitive to changes of the total accessible filler surface area at low strain amplitudes (γ0 = 0.32). The addition of up to 70 phr CB leads to an increase of I3/1(φ) by a factor of more than ten. The influence of the measurement temperature on I3/1 is pronounced for CB levels above the percolation threshold.}, language = {en} } @article{SchusserPoghossianBaeckeretal.2012, author = {Schusser, Sebastian and Poghossian, Arshak and B{\"a}cker, Matthias and Leinhos, Marcel and Wagner, Patrick and Sch{\"o}ning, Michael Josef}, title = {Characterization of biodegradable polymers with capacitive field-effect sensors}, series = {Sensors and actuators B: Chemical}, volume = {187}, journal = {Sensors and actuators B: Chemical}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {Amsterdam}, issn = {0925-4005}, doi = {10.1016/j.snb.2012.07.099}, pages = {2 -- 7}, year = {2012}, abstract = {In vitro studies of the degradation kinetic of biopolymers are essential for the design and optimization of implantable biomedical devices. In the presented work, a field-effect capacitive sensor has been applied for the real-time and in situ monitoring of degradation processes of biopolymers for the first time. The polymer-covered field-effect sensor is, in principle, capable to detect any changes in bulk, surface and interface properties of the polymer induced by degradation processes. The feasibility of this approach has been experimentally proven by using the commercially available biomedical polymer poly(D,L-lactic acid) (PDLLA) as a model system. PDLLA films of different thicknesses were deposited on the Ta₂O₅-gate surface of the field-effect structure from a polymer solution by means of spin-coating method. The polymer-modified field-effect sensors have been characterized by means of capacitance-voltage and impedance-spectroscopy method. The degradation of the PDLLA was accelerated by changing the degradation medium from neutral (pH 7.2) to alkaline (pH 9) condition, resulting in drastic changes in the capacitance and impedance spectra of the polymer-modified field-effect sensor.}, language = {en} } @article{SchusserPoghossianBaeckeretal.2015, author = {Schusser, Sebastian and Poghossian, Arshak and B{\"a}cker, Matthias and Krischer, M. and Leinhos, Marcel and Wagner, P. and Sch{\"o}ning, Michael Josef}, title = {An application of field-effect sensors for in-situ monitoring of degradation of biopolymers}, series = {Sensors and actuators B: Chemical}, volume = {207, Part B}, journal = {Sensors and actuators B: Chemical}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {Amsterdam}, issn = {1873-3077 (E-Journal); 0925-4005 (Print)}, doi = {10.1016/j.snb.2014.10.058}, pages = {954 -- 959}, year = {2015}, abstract = {The characterization of the degradation kinetics of biodegradable polymers is mandatory with regard to their proper application. In the present work, polymer-modified electrolyte-insulator-semiconductor (PMEIS) field-effect sensors have been applied for in-situ monitoring of the pH-dependent degradation kinetics of the commercially available biopolymer poly(d,l-lactic acid) (PDLLA) in buffer solutions from pH 3 to pH 13. PDLLA films of 500 nm thickness were deposited on the surface of an Al-p-Si-SiO2-Ta2O5 structure from a polymer solution by means of spin-coating method. The PMEIS sensor is, in principle, capable to detect any changes in bulk, surface and interface properties of the polymer induced by degradation processes. A faster degradation has been observed for PDLLA films exposed to alkaline solutions (pH 9, pH 11 and pH 13).}, language = {en} } @article{SchusserMenzelBaeckeretal.2013, author = {Schusser, Sebastian and Menzel, S. and B{\"a}cker, Matthias and Leinhos, Marcel and Poghossian, Arshak and Wagner, P. and Sch{\"o}ning, Michael Josef}, title = {Degradation of thin poly(lactic acid) films: characterization by capacitance-voltage, atomic force microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and contact-angle measurements}, series = {Electrochimica Acta}, volume = {Vol. 113}, journal = {Electrochimica Acta}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {Amsterdam}, issn = {1873-3859 (E-Journal); 0013-4686 (Print)}, pages = {779 -- 784}, year = {2013}, language = {en} } @inproceedings{SchusserLeinhosPoghossianetal.2012, author = {Schusser, Sebastian and Leinhos, Marcel and Poghossian, Arshak and Wagner, Patrick and Sch{\"o}ning, Michael Josef}, title = {Biopolymer-degradation monitoring by chip-­based impedance spectroscopy technique}, series = {Nanoscale Science and Technology (NS\&T´12) : Proceedings Book Humboldt Kolleg ; Tunisia, 17-19 March, 2012}, booktitle = {Nanoscale Science and Technology (NS\&T´12) : Proceedings Book Humboldt Kolleg ; Tunisia, 17-19 March, 2012}, editor = {Abdelghani, Adnane and Sch{\"o}ning, Michael Josef}, pages = {47 -- 47}, year = {2012}, language = {en} } @article{SchusserLeinhosBaeckeretal.2013, author = {Schusser, Sebastian and Leinhos, Marcel and B{\"a}cker, Matthias and Poghossian, Arshak and Wagner, Patrick and Sch{\"o}ning, Michael Josef}, title = {Impedance spectroscopy: A tool for real-time in situ monitoring of the degradation of biopolymers}, series = {Physica Status Solidi (A)}, volume = {210}, journal = {Physica Status Solidi (A)}, number = {5}, publisher = {Wiley}, address = {Weinheim}, issn = {1521-396X ; 0031-8965}, doi = {10.1002/pssa.201200941}, pages = {905 -- 910}, year = {2013}, abstract = {Investigation of the degradation kinetics of biodegradable polymers is essential for the development of implantable biomedical devices with predicted biodegradability. In this work, an impedimetric sensor has been applied for real-time and in situ monitoring of degradation processes of biopolymers. The sensor consists of two platinum thin-film electrodes covered by a polymer film to be studied. The benchmark biomedical polymer poly(D,L-lactic acid) (PDLLA) was used as a model system. PDLLA films were deposited on the sensor structure from a polymer solution by using the spin-coating method. The degradation kinetics of PDLLA films have been studied in alkaline solutions of pH 9 and 12 by means of an impedance spectroscopy (IS) method. Any changes in a polymer capacitance/resistance induced by water uptake and/or polymer degradation will modulate the global impedance of the polymer-covered sensor that can be used as an indicator of the polymer degradation. The degradation rate can be evaluated from the time-dependent impedance spectra. As expected, a faster degradation has been observed for PDLLA films exposed to pH 12 solution.}, language = {en} } @article{SchusserKrischerBaeckeretal.2015, author = {Schusser, Sebastian and Krischer, Maximillian and B{\"a}cker, Matthias and Poghossian, Arshak and Wagner, Patrick and Sch{\"o}ning, Michael Josef}, title = {Monitoring of the Enzymatically Catalyzed Degradation of Biodegradable Polymers by Means of Capacitive Field-Effect Sensors}, series = {Analytical Chemistry}, volume = {87}, journal = {Analytical Chemistry}, number = {13}, publisher = {ACS Publications}, address = {Washington, DC}, issn = {1520-6882}, doi = {10.1021/acs.analchem.5b00617}, pages = {6607 -- 6613}, year = {2015}, abstract = {Designing novel or optimizing existing biodegradable polymers for biomedical applications requires numerous tests on the effect of substances on the degradation process. In the present work, polymer-modified electrolyte-insulator-semiconductor (PMEIS) sensors have been applied for monitoring an enzymatically catalyzed degradation of polymers for the first time. The thin films of biodegradable polymer poly(d,l-lactic acid) and enzyme lipase were used as a model system. During degradation, the sensors were read-out by means of impedance spectroscopy. In order to interpret the data obtained from impedance measurements, an electrical equivalent circuit model was developed. In addition, morphological investigations of the polymer surface have been performed by means of in situ atomic force microscopy. The sensor signal change, which reflects the progress of degradation, indicates an accelerated degradation in the presence of the enzyme compared to hydrolysis in neutral pH buffer media. The degradation rate increases with increasing enzyme concentration. The obtained results demonstrate the potential of PMEIS sensors as a very promising tool for in situ and real-time monitoring of degradation of polymers.}, language = {en} } @article{SchusserKrischerMolinetal.2015, author = {Schusser, Sebastian and Krischer, M. and Molin, D. G. M. and Akker, N. M. S. van den and B{\"a}cker, Matthias and Poghossian, Arshak and Sch{\"o}ning, Michael Josef}, title = {Sensor System for in-situ and Real-time Monitoring of Polymer (bio) degradation}, series = {Procedia Engineering}, volume = {120}, journal = {Procedia Engineering}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {Amsterdam}, issn = {1877-7058}, doi = {10.1016/j.proeng.2015.08.815}, pages = {948 -- 951}, year = {2015}, abstract = {A sensor system for investigating (bio)degradationprocesses of polymers is presented. The system utilizes semiconductor field-effect sensors and is capable of monitoring the degradation process in-situ and in real-time. The degradation of the polymer poly(d,l-lactic acid) is exemplarily monitored in solutions with different pH value, pH-buffer solution containing the model enzyme lipase from Rhizomucormiehei and cell-culture medium containing supernatants from stimulated and non-stimulated THP-1-derived macrophages mimicking activation of the immune system.}, language = {en} } @article{SchusserBaeckerKrischeretal.2014, author = {Schusser, Sebastian and B{\"a}cker, Matthias and Krischer, M. and Wenzel, L. and Leinhos, Marcel and Poghossian, Arshak and Biselli, Manfred and Wagner, P. and Sch{\"o}ning, Michael Josef}, title = {Enzymatically catalyzed degradation of biodegradable polymers investigated by means of a semiconductor-based field-effect sensor}, series = {Procedia Engineering}, volume = {87}, journal = {Procedia Engineering}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {Amsterdam}, issn = {1877-7058}, doi = {10.1016/j.proeng.2014.11.689}, pages = {1314 -- 1317}, year = {2014}, abstract = {A semiconductor field-effect device has been used for an enzymatically catalyzed degradation of biopolymers for the first time. This novel technique is capable to monitor the degradation process of multiple samples in situ and in real-time. As model system, the degradation of the biopolymer poly(D, L-lactic acid) has been monitored in the degradation medium containing the enzyme lipase from Rhizomucor miehei. The obtained results demonstrate the potential of capacitive field-effect sensors for degradation studies of biodegradable polymers.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Schusser2015, author = {Schusser, Sebastian}, title = {Sensor-based degradation monitoring for the evaluation of (bio)degradable polymers}, publisher = {Universiteit Hasselt ; FH Aachen}, address = {Hasselt ; Aachen}, pages = {145 Seiten}, year = {2015}, language = {en} }