@article{SchifferFerrein2018,
  author    = {Schiffer, Stefan and Ferrein, Alexander},
  title     = {ERIKA—Early Robotics Introduction at Kindergarten Age},
  series = {Multimodal Technologies Interact},
  volume    = {2},
  journal   = {Multimodal Technologies Interact},
  number    = {4},
  publisher = {MDPI},
  address   = {Basel},
  issn      = {2414-4088},
  doi       = {10.3390/mti2040064},
  pages     = {15},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {In this work, we report on our attempt to design and implement an early introduction to basic robotics principles for children at kindergarten age. One of the main challenges of this effort is to explain complex robotics contents in a way that pre-school children could follow the basic principles and ideas using examples from their world of experience. What sets apart our effort from other work is that part of the lecturing is actually done by a robot itself and that a quiz at the end of the lesson is done using robots as well. The humanoid robot Pepper from Softbank, which is a great platform for human-robot interaction experiments, was used to present a lecture on robotics by reading out the contents to the children making use of its speech synthesis capability. A quiz in a Runaround-game-show style after the lecture activated the children to recap the contents they acquired about how mobile robots work in principle. In this quiz, two LEGO Mindstorm EV3 robots were used to implement a strongly interactive scenario. Besides the thrill of being exposed to a mobile robot that would also react to the children, they were very excited and at the same time very concentrated. We got very positive feedback from the children as well as from their educators. To the best of our knowledge, this is one of only few attempts to use a robot like Pepper not as a tele-teaching tool, but as the teacher itself in order to engage pre-school children with complex robotics contents.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{SchwabedalSippelBrandtetal.2018,
  author    = {Schwabedal, Justus T. C. and Sippel, Daniel and Brandt, Moritz D. and Bialonski, Stephan},
  title     = {Automated Classification of Sleep Stages and EEG Artifacts in Mice with Deep Learning},
  doi       = {10.48550/arXiv.1809.08443},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {Sleep scoring is a necessary and time-consuming task in sleep studies. In animal models (such as mice) or in humans, automating this tedious process promises to facilitate long-term studies and to promote sleep biology as a data-driven f ield. We introduce a deep neural network model that is able to predict different states of consciousness (Wake, Non-REM, REM) in mice from EEG and EMG recordings with excellent scoring results for out-of-sample data. Predictions are made on epochs of 4 seconds length, and epochs are classified as artifactfree or not. The model architecture draws on recent advances in deep learning and in convolutional neural networks research. In contrast to previous approaches towards automated sleep scoring, our model does not rely on manually defined features of the data but learns predictive features automatically. We expect deep learning models like ours to become widely applied in different fields, automating many repetitive cognitive tasks that were previously difficult to tackle.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{TeumerCapitainRossJonesetal.2018,
  author    = {Teumer, T. and Capitain, C. and Ross-Jones, J. and Tippk{\"o}tter, Nils and R{\"a}dle, M. and Methner, F.-J.},
  title     = {In-line Haze Monitoring Using a Spectrally Resolved Back Scattering Sensor},
  series = {BrewingScience},
  volume    = {71},
  journal   = {BrewingScience},
  number    = {5/6},
  publisher = {Fachverlag Hans Carl},
  address   = {N{\"u}rnberg},
  issn      = {1613-2041},
  pages     = {49 -- 55},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {In the present work an optical sensor in combination with a spectrally resolved detection device for in-line particle-size-monitoring for quality control in beer production is presented. The principle relies on the size and wavelength dependent backscatter of growing particles in fluids. Measured interference structures of backscattered light are compared with calculated theoretical values, based on Mie-Theory, and fitted with a linear least square method to obtain particle size distributions. For this purpose, a broadband light source in combination with a process-CCD-spectrometer (charge ? coupled device spectrometer) and process adapted fiber optics are used. The goal is the development of an easy and flexible measurement device for in-line-monitoring of particle size. The presented device can be directly installed in product fill tubes or vessels, follows CIP- (cleaning in place) and removes the need of sample taking. A proof of concept and preliminary results, measuring protein precipitation, are presented.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{FissabreWilson2018,
  author    = {Fissabre, Anke and Wilson, Ariane},
  title     = {Der Turm mit zehn Spornen - Ein in Monthoiron gebauter Entwurf von Leonardo Da Vinci?},
  series = {In situ: Zeitschrift f{\"u}r Architekturgeschichte},
  journal   = {In situ: Zeitschrift f{\"u}r Architekturgeschichte},
  number    = {1},
  publisher = {Wernersche Verlagsgesellschaft},
  address   = {Worms},
  issn      = {1866-959X},
  pages     = {65 -- 82},
  year      = {2018},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{deBloisdeZangerPaulssenetal.2018,
  author    = {de Blois, Eric and de Zanger, Rory M. S. and Paulßen, Elisabeth and Sze Chan, Ho and Breeman, Wouter A. P.},
  title     = {Semi-automated system for concentrating 68Ga-eluate to obtain high molar and volume concentration of 68Ga-Radiopharmaca for preclinical applications},
  series = {Nuclear Medicine and Biology},
  volume    = {64-65},
  journal   = {Nuclear Medicine and Biology},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {Amsterdam},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2018.06.006},
  pages     = {16 -- 21},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {68Ga-radiopharmaceuticals are common in the field of Nuclear Medicine to visualize receptor-mediated processes. In contrast to straightforward labeling procedures for clinical applications, preclinical in vitro and in vivo applications are hampered for reasons like e.g. volume restriction, activity concentration, molar activity and osmolality. Therefore, we developed a semiautomatic system specifically to overcome these problems. A difficulty appeared unexpectedly, as intrinsic trace metals derived from eluate (Zn, Fe and Cu) are concentrated as well in amounts that influence radiochemical yield and thus lower molar activity.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{KeutmannStaatLaack2018,
  author    = {Keutmann, Sabine and Staat, Manfred and Laack, Walter van},
  title     = {Untersuchung der thermischen Auswirkung von therapeutischem Ultraschall},
  volume    = {7},
  number    = {10},
  publisher = {Deutscher {\"A}rzte-Verl.},
  address   = {K{\"o}ln},
  issn      = {2193-5793},
  pages     = {518 -- 522},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {Zusammenfassung: In der Orthop{\"a}die z{\"a}hlt der therapeutische Ultraschall als Mittel zur Pr{\"a}vention und Therapiebegleitung. Er hat mechanische, thermische und physiko-chemische Auswirkungen auf den menschlichen K{\"o}rper. Um mehr Erkenntnisse {\"u}ber die thermischen Auswirkungen zu erlangen, wurden Versuche an einem Hydrogel-Phantom und an Probanden durchgef{\"u}hrt. Dabei entstand eine signifikante Erw{\"a}rmung des Gewebes, welche beim Probandenversuch an der Oberfl{\"a}che und beim Hydrogelversuch in der Tiefe gemessen wurde. Summary: In orthopaedics, therapeutic ultrasound is a tool of prevention and therapy support. It has mechanical, thermal and physico-chemical effects on the human body. Tests with a hydrogel phantom and with human probands have been performed in order to obtain more knowledge about their thermal effects. Both tests measured temperature increases in cell tissue, on the surface with the human proband test and in depth with the hydrogel phantom test.},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{Olbertz2018,
  author    = {Olbertz, Klaus},
  title     = {{\"U}berwachung von Arbeitnehmern als Ausdruck von Compliance - Grunds{\"a}tze sowie Zul{\"a}ssigkeit und Grenzen einzelner Maßnahmen},
  series = {NWB - Steuer- und Wirtschaftsrecht},
  journal   = {NWB - Steuer- und Wirtschaftsrecht},
  number    = {21},
  publisher = {NWB-Verl.},
  address   = {Herne},
  issn      = {1860-9449},
  pages     = {1547 -- 1555},
  year      = {2018},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{Olbertz2018,
  author    = {Olbertz, Klaus},
  title     = {Das rechtssichere Arbeitszeugnis - Erlaubte und nicht erlaubte Formulierungen und anderes Wissenswertes},
  series = {NWB - Steuer- und Wirtschaftsrecht},
  journal   = {NWB - Steuer- und Wirtschaftsrecht},
  number    = {12},
  publisher = {NWB-Verl.},
  address   = {Herne},
  issn      = {1860-9449},
  pages     = {802 -- 813},
  year      = {2018},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{HueningHeuermannWache2018,
  author    = {H{\"u}ning, Felix and Heuermann, Holger and Wache, Franz-Josef},
  title     = {Wireless CAN},
  series = {Etz: Elektrotechnik \& Automation},
  volume    = {139},
  journal   = {Etz: Elektrotechnik \& Automation},
  number    = {10},
  publisher = {VDE-Verlag},
  address   = {Wuppertal},
  issn      = {0170-1711},
  pages     = {22 -- 26},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {In modernen elektronischen und mechatronischen Systemen, z. B. im industriellen oder automobil Bereich, kommunizieren eingebettete Steuerger{\"a}te und Sensoren vielfach {\"u}ber Bussysteme wie CAN oder LIN. Die Kommunikation findet in der Regel drahtgebunden statt, so dass der Kabelbaum f{\"u}r die Kommunikation sehr groß werden kann. Daher ist es naheliegend, Leitungen und dazugeh{\"o}rige Stecker, z. B. f{\"u}r nicht-sicherheitskritische Komfortsysteme, einzusparen und diese durch gerichtete Funkstrecken f{\"u}r kurze Entfernungen zu ersetzen. Somit k{\"o}nnten Komponenten wie ECUs oder Sensoren kabel- und steckerlos in ein Bussystem integriert werden. Zudem ist eine einfache galvanische und mechanische Trennung zu erreichen. Funk{\"u}bertragung wird bei diesen Bussystemen derzeit nicht eingesetzt, da insbesondere die Echtzeitf{\"a}higkeit und die Robustheit der vorhandenen Funksysteme nicht den Anforderungen der Anwendungen entspricht. Zudem sind bestehende Funksysteme wie WLAN oder Bluetooth im Vergleich zur konventionellen Verkabelung teuer und es besteht hierbei die M{\"o}glichkeit, dass sie ausspioniert werden k{\"o}nnen und so sensible Daten entwendet werden k{\"o}nnen. In dieser Arbeit wird eine alternative Realisierung zu den bestehenden Funksystemen vorgestellt, die aus wenigen Komponenten aufzubauen ist. Es ist eine protokolllose, echtzeitf{\"a}hige {\"U}bertragung m{\"o}glich und somit die transparente Integration in ein Bussystem wie CAN.},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{Olbertz2018,
  author    = {Olbertz, Klaus},
  title     = {Der Interimsmanager als Selbst{\"a}ndiger oder Arbeitnehmer : Vertragliche Varianten des Interimsmanagements im Faktencheck},
  series = {NWB - Steuer- und Wirtschaftsrecht},
  journal   = {NWB - Steuer- und Wirtschaftsrecht},
  number    = {31},
  publisher = {NWB-Verl.},
  address   = {Herne},
  issn      = {1860-9449},
  pages     = {2260 -- 2266},
  year      = {2018},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{Olbertz2018,
  author    = {Olbertz, Klaus},
  title     = {Bindung des Betriebserwerbers an zuk{\"u}nftige Tariflohnerh{\"o}hungen : Auswirkungen eines Betriebs{\"u}bergangs auf Bezugnahmeklauseln in {\"u}bernommenen Arbeitsvertr{\"a}gen},
  series = {NWB - Steuer- und Wirtschaftsrecht},
  journal   = {NWB - Steuer- und Wirtschaftsrecht},
  number    = {39},
  publisher = {NWB-Verl.},
  address   = {Herne},
  issn      = {1860-9449},
  pages     = {2864 -- 2869},
  year      = {2018},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{Lind2018,
  author    = {Lind, Thorsten Patric},
  title     = {Neues zur Gesch{\"a}ftsf{\"u}hrerhaftung nach \S 64 GmbHG - Zugleich Anmerkung zu BGH vom 19.12.2017 - II ZR 88/16, DB 2018 S. 307, und vom 04.07.2017 - II ZR 319/15, DB 2017 S. 1959 -},
  series = {Der Betrieb},
  journal   = {Der Betrieb},
  number    = {17},
  publisher = {Fachmedien Otto Schmidt},
  address   = {D{\"u}sseldorf},
  issn      = {0005-9935},
  pages     = {1003 -- 1008},
  year      = {2018},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{RittwegerAlbrachtFluecketal.2018,
  author    = {Rittweger, J{\"o}rn and Albracht, Kirsten and Fl{\"u}ck, Martin and Ruoss, Severin and Brocca, Lorenza and Longa, Emanuela and Moriggi, Manuela and Seynnes, Olivier and Di Giulio, Irene and Tenori, Leonardo and Vignoli, Alessia and Capri, Miriam and Gelfi, Cecilia and Luchinat, Claudio and Franceschi, Claudio and Bottinelli, Roberto and Cerretelli, Paolo and Narici, Marco},
  title     = {Sarcolab pilot study into skeletal muscle's adaptation to longterm spaceflight},
  series = {npj Microgravity},
  volume    = {4},
  journal   = {npj Microgravity},
  number    = {1},
  publisher = {Nature Portfolio},
  issn      = {2373-8065},
  doi       = {10.1038/s41526-018-0052-1},
  pages     = {1 -- 9},
  year      = {2018},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{MiyamotoSekiSutoetal.2018,
  author    = {Miyamoto, Koichiro and Seki, Kosuke and Suto, Takeyuki and Werner, Frederik and Wagner, Torsten and Sch{\"o}ning, Michael Josef and Yoshinobu, Tatsuo},
  title     = {Improved spatial resolution of the chemical imaging sensor with a hybrid illumination that suppresses lateral diffusion of photocarriers},
  series = {Sensor and Actuators B: Chemical},
  volume    = {273},
  journal   = {Sensor and Actuators B: Chemical},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {Amsterdam},
  issn      = {0925-4005},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.snb.2018.07.016},
  pages     = {1328 -- 1333},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {The chemical imaging sensor is a semiconductor-based chemical sensor capable of visualizing pH and ion distributions. The spatial resolution depends on the lateral diffusion of photocarriers generated by illumination of the semiconductor substrate. In this study, two types of optical setups, one based on a bundle of optical fibers and the other based on a binocular tube head, were developed to project a hybrid illumination of a modulated light beam and a ring-shaped constant illumination onto the sensor plate. An improved spatial resolution was realized by the ring-shaped constant illumination, which suppressed lateral diffusion of photocarriers by enhanced recombination due to the increased carrier concentration.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{BungValero2018,
  author    = {Bung, Daniel B. and Valero, Daniel},
  title     = {Re-aeration on stepped spillways with special consideration of entrained and entrapped air},
  series = {Geosciences},
  volume    = {8},
  journal   = {Geosciences},
  number    = {9},
  publisher = {MDPI},
  address   = {Basel},
  issn      = {2076-3263},
  pages     = {Article number 333},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {As with most high-velocity free-surface flows, stepped spillway flows become self-aerated when the drop height exceeds a critical value. Due to the step-induced macro-roughness, the flow field becomes more turbulent than on a similar smooth-invert chute. For this reason, cascades are oftentimes used as re-aeration structures in wastewater treatment. However, for stepped spillways as flood release structures downstream of deoxygenated reservoirs, gas transfer is also of crucial significance to meet ecological requirements. Prediction of mass transfer velocities becomes challenging, as the flow regime differs from typical previously studied flow conditions. In this paper, detailed air-water flow measurements are conducted on stepped spillway models with different geometry, with the aim to estimate the specific air-water interface. Re-aeration performances are determined by applying the absorption method. In contrast to earlier studies, the aerated water body is considered a continuous mixture up to a level where 75\% air concentration is reached. Above this level, a homogenous surface wave field is considered, which is found to significantly affect the total air-water interface available for mass transfer. Geometrical characteristics of these surface waves are obtained from high-speed camera investigations. The results show that both the mean air concentration and the mean flow velocity have influence on the mass transfer. Finally, an empirical relationship for the mass transfer on stepped spillway models is proposed.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{EckertRudolphGuoetal.2018,
  author    = {Eckert, Alexander and Rudolph, Tobias and Guo, Jiaqi and Mang, Thomas and Walther, Andreas},
  title     = {Exceptionally Ductile and Tough Biomimetic Artificial Nacre with Gas Barrier Function},
  series = {Advanced Materials},
  volume    = {30},
  journal   = {Advanced Materials},
  number    = {32},
  publisher = {Wiley-VCH},
  doi       = {10.1002/adma.201802477},
  pages     = {Article number 1802477},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {Synthetic mimics of natural high-performance structural materials have shown great and partly unforeseen opportunities for the design of multifunctional materials. For nacre-mimetic nanocomposites, it has remained extraordinarily challenging to make ductile materials with high stretchability at high fractions of reinforcements, which is however of crucial importance for flexible barrier materials. Here, highly ductile and tough nacre-mimetic nanocomposites are presented, by implementing weak, but many hydrogen bonds in a ternary nacre-mimetic system consisting of two polymers (poly(vinyl amine) and poly(vinyl alcohol)) and natural nanoclay (montmorillonite) to provide efficient energy dissipation and slippage at high nanoclay content (50 wt\%). Tailored interactions enable exceptional combinations of ductility (close to 50\% strain) and toughness (up to 27.5 MJ m⁻³). Extensive stress whitening, a clear sign of high internal dynamics at high internal cohesion, can be observed during mechanical deformation, and the materials can be folded like paper into origami planes without fracture. Overall, the new levels of ductility and toughness are unprecedented in highly reinforced bioinspired nanocomposites and are of critical importance to future applications, e.g., as barrier materials needed for encapsulation and as a printing substrate for flexible organic electronics.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{LapitanRogatkinPersheyevetal.2018,
  author    = {Lapitan, Denis G. and Rogatkin, Dmitrii A. and Persheyev, Sydulla K. and Kotliar, Konstantin},
  title     = {False spectra formation in the differential two-channel scheme of the laser Doppler flowmeter},
  series = {Biomedizinische Technik},
  volume    = {63},
  journal   = {Biomedizinische Technik},
  number    = {4},
  publisher = {De Gruyter},
  address   = {Berlin},
  issn      = {0013-5585},
  doi       = {10.1515/bmt-2017-0060},
  pages     = {439 -- 444},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {Noise in the differential two-channel scheme of a classic laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF) instrument was studied. Formation of false spectral components in the output signal due to beating of electrical signals in the differential amplifier was found out. The improved block-diagram of the flowmeter was developed allowing to reduce the noise.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{MuellerBeckersMussmannetal.2018,
  author    = {M{\"u}ller, Janina and Beckers, Mario and Mußmann, Nina and Bongaerts, Johannes and B{\"u}chs, Jochen},
  title     = {Elucidation of auxotrophic deficiencies of Bacillus pumilus DSM 18097 to develop a defined minimal medium},
  series = {Microbial Cell Factories},
  volume    = {17},
  journal   = {Microbial Cell Factories},
  number    = {1},
  publisher = {BioMed Central},
  issn      = {1475-2859},
  doi       = {10.1186/s12934-018-0956-1},
  pages     = {Article No. 106},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {Background Culture media containing complex compounds like yeast extract or peptone show numerous disadvantages. The chemical composition of the complex compounds is prone to significant variations from batch to batch and quality control is difficult. Therefore, the use of chemically defined media receives more and more attention in commercial fermentations. This concept results in better reproducibility, it simplifies downstream processing of secreted products and enable rapid scale-up. Culturing bacteria with unknown auxotrophies in chemically defined media is challenging and often not possible without an extensive trial-and-error approach. In this study, a respiration activity monitoring system for shake flasks and its recent version for microtiter plates were used to clarify unknown auxotrophic deficiencies in the model organism Bacillus pumilus DSM 18097. Results Bacillus pumilus DSM 18097 was unable to grow in a mineral medium without the addition of complex compounds. Therefore, a rich chemically defined minimal medium was tested containing basically all vitamins, amino acids and nucleobases, which are essential ingredients of complex components. The strain was successfully cultivated in this medium. By monitoring of the respiration activity, nutrients were supplemented to and omitted from the rich chemically defined medium in a rational way, thus enabling a systematic and fast determination of the auxotrophic deficiencies. Experiments have shown that the investigated strain requires amino acids, especially cysteine or histidine and the vitamin biotin for growth. Conclusions The introduced method allows an efficient and rapid identification of unknown auxotrophic deficiencies and can be used to develop a simple chemically defined tailor-made medium. B. pumilus DSM 18097 was chosen as a model organism to demonstrate the method. However, the method is generally suitable for a wide range of microorganisms. By combining a systematic combinatorial approach based on monitoring the respiration activity with cultivation in microtiter plates, high throughput experiments with high information content can be conducted. This approach facilitates media development, strain characterization and cultivation of fastidious microorganisms in chemically defined minimal media while simultaneously reducing the experimental effort.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{RoehlenPilasDahmenetal.2018,
  author    = {R{\"o}hlen, Desiree and Pilas, Johanna and Dahmen, Markus and Keusgen, Michael and Selmer, Thorsten and Sch{\"o}ning, Michael Josef},
  title     = {Toward a Hybrid Biosensor System for Analysis of Organic and Volatile Fatty Acids in Fermentation Processes},
  series = {Frontiers in Chemistry},
  journal   = {Frontiers in Chemistry},
  number    = {6},
  publisher = {Frontiers},
  address   = {Lausanne},
  doi       = {10.3389/fchem.2018.00284},
  pages     = {Artikel 284},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {Monitoring of organic acids (OA) and volatile fatty acids (VFA) is crucial for the control of anaerobic digestion. In case of unstable process conditions, an accumulation of these intermediates occurs. In the present work, two different enzyme-based biosensor arrays are combined and presented for facile electrochemical determination of several process-relevant analytes. Each biosensor utilizes a platinum sensor chip (14 × 14 mm²) with five individual working electrodes. The OA biosensor enables simultaneous measurement of ethanol, formate, d- and l-lactate, based on a bi-enzymatic detection principle. The second VFA biosensor provides an amperometric platform for quantification of acetate and propionate, mediated by oxidation of hydrogen peroxide. The cross-sensitivity of both biosensors toward potential interferents, typically present in fermentation samples, was investigated. The potential for practical application in complex media was successfully demonstrated in spiked sludge samples collected from three different biogas plants. Thereby, the results obtained by both of the biosensors were in good agreement to the applied reference measurements by photometry and gas chromatography, respectively. The proposed hybrid biosensor system was also used for long-term monitoring of a lab-scale biogas reactor (0.01 m³) for a period of 2 months. In combination with typically monitored parameters, such as gas quality, pH and FOS/TAC (volatile organic acids/total anorganic carbonate), the amperometric measurements of OA and VFA concentration could enhance the understanding of ongoing fermentation processes.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{RodriguesMoraisNordietal.2018,
  author    = {Rodrigues, Raul T. and Morais, Paulo V. and Nordi, Cristina S. F. and Sch{\"o}ning, Michael Josef and Siqueira Jr., Jos{\´e} R. and Caseli, Luciano},
  title     = {Carbon Nanotubes and Algal Polysaccharides To Enhance the Enzymatic Properties of Urease in Lipid Langmuir-Blodgett Films},
  series = {Langmuir},
  volume    = {34},
  journal   = {Langmuir},
  number    = {9},
  publisher = {ACS Publications},
  address   = {Washington, DC},
  issn      = {1520-5827},
  doi       = {10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b04317},
  pages     = {3082 -- 3093},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {Algal polysaccharides (extracellular polysaccharides) and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were adsorbed on dioctadecyldimethylammonium bromide Langmuir monolayers to serve as a matrix for the incorporation of urease. The physicochemical properties of the supramolecular system as a monolayer at the air-water interface were investigated by surface pressure-area isotherms, surface potential-area isotherms, interfacial shear rheology, vibrational spectroscopy, and Brewster angle microscopy. The floating monolayers were transferred to hydrophilic solid supports, quartz, mica, or capacitive electrolyte-insulator-semiconductor (EIS) devices, through the Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) technique, forming mixed films, which were investigated by quartz crystal microbalance, fluorescence spectroscopy, and field emission gun scanning electron microscopy. The enzyme activity was studied with UV-vis spectroscopy, and the feasibility of the thin film as a urea sensor was essayed in an EIS sensor device. The presence of CNT in the enzyme-lipid LB film not only tuned the catalytic activity of urease but also helped to conserve its enzyme activity. Viability as a urease sensor was demonstrated with capacitance-voltage and constant capacitance measurements, exhibiting regular and distinctive output signals over all concentrations used in this work. These results are related to the synergism between the compounds on the active layer, leading to a surface morphology that allowed fast analyte diffusion owing to an adequate molecular accommodation, which also preserved the urease activity. This work demonstrates the feasibility of employing LB films composed of lipids, CNT, algal polysaccharides, and enzymes as EIS devices for biosensing applications.},
  language  = {en}
}