TY  - CHAP
A1  - Dachwald, Bernd
A1  - Kahle, Ralph
A1  - Wie, Bong
T1  - Solar sail Kinetic Energy Impactor (KEI) mission design tradeoffs for impacting and deflecting asteroid 99942 Apophis
T2  - AIAA/AAS Astrodynamics Specialist Conference and Exhibit
N2  - Near-Earth asteroid 99942 Apophis provides a typical example for the evolution of asteroid orbits that lead to Earth-impacts after a close Earth-encounter that results in a resonant return. Apophis will have a close Earth-encounter in 2029 with potential very close subsequent Earth-encounters (or even an impact) in 2036 or later, depending on whether it passes through one of several so-called gravitational keyholes during its 2029-encounter. Several pre-2029-deflection scenarios to prevent Apophis from doing this have been investigated so far. Because the keyholes are less than 1 km in size, a pre-2029 kinetic impact is clearly the best option because it requires only a small change in Apophis' orbit to nudge it out of a keyhole. A single solar sail Kinetic Energy Impactor (KEI) spacecraft that impacts Apophis from a retrograde trajectory with a very high relative velocity (75-80 km/s) during one of its perihelion passages at about 0.75 AU would be a feasible option to do this. The spacecraft consists of a 160 m x 160 m, 168 kg solar sail assembly and a 150 kg impactor. Although conventional spacecraft can also achieve the required minimum deflection of 1 km for this approx. 320 m-sized object from a prograde trajectory, our solar sail KEI concept also allows the deflection of larger objects. In this paper, we also show that, even after Apophis has flown through one of the gravitational keyholes in 2029, solar sail Kinetic Energy Impactor (KEI) spacecraft are still a feasible option to prevent Apophis from impacting the Earth, but many KEIs would be required for consecutive impacts to increase the total Earth-miss distance to a safe value. In this paper, we elaborate potential pre- and post-2029 KEI impact scenarios for a launch in 2020, and investigate tradeoffs between different mission parameters.
KW  - Solar Sail
KW  - Asteroid Deflection
KW  - Planetary Protection
KW  - Trajectory Optimization
Y1  - 2006
U6  - https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2006-6178
N1  - AIAA/AAS Astrodynamics Specialist Conference and Exhibit, 21 August 2006 - 24 August 2006, Keystone, Colorado(USA).
SP  - 1
EP  - 20
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Grajewski, Matthias
A1  - Hron, Jaroslav
A1  - Turek, Stefan
T1  - Numerical analysis for a new non-conforming linear finite element on quadrilaterals
JF  - Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics
Y1  - 2006
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cam.2005.05.024
SN  - 0377-0427
VL  - 193
IS  - 1
SP  - 38
EP  - 50
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Stanley, Lesley A.
A1  - Horsburgh, Brian C.
A1  - Ross, Jillian
A1  - Scheer, Nico
A1  - Wolf, C. Roland
T1  - Nuclear Receptors which play a pivotal role in drug disposition and chemical toxicity
JF  - Drug Metabolism Reviews
Y1  - 2006
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1080/03602530600786232
SN  - 1097-9883
VL  - 38
IS  - 3
SP  - 515
EP  - 597
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Reugels, Alexander M.
A1  - Boggetti, Barbara
A1  - Scheer, Nico
A1  - Campos-Ortega, José A.
T1  - Asymmetric localization of Numb:EGFP in dividing neuroepithelial cells during neurulation in Danio rerio
JF  - Developmental Dynamics
Y1  - 2006
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1002/dvdy.20699
SN  - 1097-0177
VL  - 235
IS  - 4
SP  - 934
EP  - 948
ER  - 
TY  - CHAP
A1  - Drumm, Christian
A1  - Lemcke, Jens
A1  - Oberle, Daniel
T1  - Integrating Semantic Web Services and Business Process Management: A Real Use Case
T2  - Proceedings of the ESWC 2006 Workshop Semantics for Business Process Management 2006 (SBPM 2006), June 2006
Y1  - 2006
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Dethloff, Nina
A1  - Kroll-Ludwigs, Kathrin
T1  - The Constitutional Court as Driver of Reforms in German Family Law
JF  - International Survey of Family Law
Y1  - 2018
SP  - 217
EP  - 234
ER  - 
TY  - CHAP
A1  - Kroll-Ludwigs, Kathrin
ED  - Staake, Marco
T1  - Selbstverantwortung oder Vertrauenshaftung? – Anwendung von § 311 II Nr. 1 BGB (c.i.c.) auf Eheverträge und Angehörigenbürgschaften
T2  - Verantwortung und Haftung : Leipziger Tagung, 6. bis 9. September 2006 ; Jahrbuch Junger Zivilrechtswissenschaftler 2006 ; [17. Tagung der Gesellschaft Junger Zivilrechtswissenschaftler e.V.]
Y1  - 2006
SP  - 118
EP  - 145
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Bialonski, Stephan
A1  - Wellmer, Jörg
A1  - Elger, Christian E.
A1  - Lehnertz, Klaus
T1  - Interictal focus localization in neocortical lesional epilepsies with synchronization cluster analysis
JF  - Epilepsia
Y1  - 2006
SN  - 0013-9580
VL  - 47
SP  - 36
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Bialonski, Stephan
A1  - Lehnertz, Klaus
T1  - Identifying phase synchronization clusters in spatially extended dynamical systems
JF  - Physical Review E
Y1  - 2006
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.74.051909
SN  - 2470-0053
VL  - 74
IS  - 5
SP  - 051909
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Wilke, Thomas
T1  - [Tagungsbericht zu:] Bourbon – Habsburg – Oranien 1700 (Marburg, 19. - 21.10.2006).
JF  - ArtHist.net
Y1  - 2006
ER  -