TY  - CHAP
A1  - Kern, Alexander
A1  - Krichel, Frank
A1  - Müller, Klaus-Peter
T1  - Lightning protection design of a renewable energy hybrid-system without power mains connection
N2  - In the year 2000 a direct lightning strike to the hybridsystem without power mains connection VATALI on the Greek island Crete results in the destruction and damage of some mechanical and electrical components. The hybrid-system VATALI was not lightning protected at that time. The hardware damage costs are approx. 60,000 €. The exposed site of the hybrid-system on top of a mountain was and still is the reason for a high risk of lightning strikes. Also in the future further lightning strikes have to be taken into consideration. In the paper a fundamental lightning protection design concept for renewable energy hybrid-systems without power mains connection and protection measures against direct strikes and overvoltages are shown in detail. The design concept was realized exemplarily for the hybrid-system VATALI. The hardware costs for the protection measures were about 15,000 €. About 50% of the costs are due to protection measures against direct strikes, 50% are due to overvoltage protection. Future extensions, new installations, or modifications have to be included into the lightning protection design concept of the hybrid-system.
KW  - Blitzschutz
KW  - Erneuerbare Energien
KW  - Hybridsystem
KW  - Lightning protection
KW  - Renewable energy
KW  - hybrid-system
Y1  - 2001
ER  - 
TY  - CHAP
A1  - Blanke, Tobias
A1  - Schmidt, Katharina S.
A1  - Göttsche, Joachim
A1  - Döring, Bernd
A1  - Frisch, Jérôme
A1  - van Treeck, Christoph
ED  - Weidlich, Anke
ED  - Neumann, Dirk
ED  - Gust, Gunther
ED  - Staudt, Philipp
ED  - Schäfer, Mirko
T1  - Time series aggregation for energy system design: review and extension of modelling seasonal storages
T2  - Energy Informatics
N2  - Using optimization to design a renewable energy system has become a computationally demanding task as the high temporal fluctuations of demand and supply arise within the considered time series. The aggregation of typical operation periods has become a popular method to reduce effort. These operation periods are modelled independently and cannot interact in most cases. Consequently, seasonal storage is not reproducible. This inability can lead to a significant error, especially for energy systems with a high share of fluctuating renewable energy. The previous paper, “Time series aggregation for energy system design: Modeling seasonal storage”, has developed a seasonal storage model to address this issue. Simultaneously, the paper “Optimal design of multi-energy systems with seasonal storage” has developed a different approach. This paper aims to review these models and extend the first model. The extension is a mathematical reformulation to decrease the number of variables and constraints. Furthermore, it aims to reduce the calculation time while achieving the same results.
KW  - Energy system
KW  - Renewable energy
KW  - Mixed integer linear programming (MILP)
KW  - Typical periods
KW  - Time-series aggregation
Y1  - 2022
U6  - http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s42162-022-00208-5
SN  - 2520-8942
N1  - Proceedings of the 11th DACH+ Conference on Energy Informatics, 15-16 September 2022, Freiburg, Germany.
VL  - 5
IS  - 1, Article number: 17
SP  - 1
EP  - 14
PB  - Springer Nature
ER  -