TY - JOUR A1 - Rupp, Matthias A1 - Handschuh, Nils A1 - Rieke, Christian A1 - Kuperjans, Isabel T1 - Contribution of country-specific electricity mix and charging time to environmental impact of battery electric vehicles: A case study of electric buses in Germany JF - Applied Energy Y1 - 2019 U6 - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.01.059 SN - 0306-2619 VL - 237 SP - 618 EP - 634 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rupp, Matthias A1 - Rieke, Christian A1 - Handschuh, Nils A1 - Kuperjans, Isabel T1 - Economic and ecological optimization of electric bus charging considering variable electricity prices and CO₂eq intensities JF - Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment N2 - In many cities, diesel buses are being replaced by electric buses with the aim of reducing local emissions and thus improving air quality. The protection of the environment and the health of the population is the highest priority of our society. For the transport companies that operate these buses, not only ecological issues but also economic issues are of great importance. Due to the high purchase costs of electric buses compared to conventional buses, operators are forced to use electric vehicles in a targeted manner in order to ensure amortization over the service life of the vehicles. A compromise between ecology and economy must be found in order to both protect the environment and ensure economical operation of the buses. In this study, we present a new methodology for optimizing the vehicles’ charging time as a function of the parameters CO₂eq emissions and electricity costs. Based on recorded driving profiles in daily bus operation, the energy demands of conventional and electric buses are calculated for the passenger transportation in the city of Aachen in 2017. Different charging scenarios are defined to analyze the influence of the temporal variability of CO₂eq intensity and electricity price on the environmental impact and economy of the bus. For every individual day of a year, charging periods with the lowest and highest costs and emissions are identified and recommendations for daily bus operation are made. To enable both the ecological and economical operation of the bus, the parameters of electricity price and CO₂ are weighted differently, and several charging periods are proposed, taking into account the priorities previously set. A sensitivity analysis is carried out to evaluate the influence of selected parameters and to derive recommendations for improving the ecological and economic balance of the battery-powered electric vehicle. In all scenarios, the optimization of the charging period results in energy cost savings of a maximum of 13.6% compared to charging at a fixed electricity price. The savings potential of CO₂eq emissions is similar, at 14.9%. From an economic point of view, charging between 2 a.m. and 4 a.m. results in the lowest energy costs on average. The CO₂eq intensity is also low in this period, but midday charging leads to the largest savings in CO₂eq emissions. From a life cycle perspective, the electric bus is not economically competitive with the conventional bus. However, from an ecological point of view, the electric bus saves on average 37.5% CO₂eq emissions over its service life compared to the diesel bus. The reduction potential is maximized if the electric vehicle exclusively consumes electricity from solar and wind power. Y1 - 2020 U6 - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2020.102293 SN - 1361-9209 VL - 81 IS - Article 102293 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Sabitova, A. A1 - Ebert, Ph. A1 - Lenz, A. A1 - Schaafhausen, S. A1 - Ivanova, L. A1 - Dähne, M. A1 - Hoffmann, A. A1 - Dunin-Borkowski, R. E. A1 - Förster, Arnold A1 - Grandidier, B. A1 - Eisele, H. T1 - Intrinsic bandgap of cleaved ZnO(112¯0) surfaces JF - Applied physics letters Y1 - 2013 SN - 1077-3118 (E-Journal); 0003-6951 (Print) VL - Vol. 102 SP - 021608 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Sattler, Johannes, Christoph A1 - Röger, Marc A1 - Schwarzbözl, Peter A1 - Buck, Reiner A1 - Macke, Ansgar A1 - Raeder, Christian A1 - Göttsche, Joachim T1 - Review of heliostat calibration and tracking control methods JF - Solar Energy N2 - Large scale central receiver systems typically deploy between thousands to more than a hundred thousand heliostats. During solar operation, each heliostat is aligned individually in such a way that the overall surface normal bisects the angle between the sun’s position and the aim point coordinate on the receiver. Due to various tracking error sources, achieving accurate alignment ≤1 mrad for all the heliostats with respect to the aim points on the receiver without a calibration system can be regarded as unrealistic. Therefore, a calibration system is necessary not only to improve the aiming accuracy for achieving desired flux distributions but also to reduce or eliminate spillage. An overview of current larger-scale central receiver systems (CRS), tracking error sources and the basic requirements of an ideal calibration system is presented. Leading up to the main topic, a description of general and specific terms on the topics heliostat calibration and tracking control clarifies the terminology used in this work. Various figures illustrate the signal flows along various typical components as well as the corresponding monitoring or measuring devices that indicate or measure along the signal (or effect) chain. The numerous calibration systems are described in detail and classified in groups. Two tables allow the juxtaposition of the calibration methods for a better comparison. In an assessment, the advantages and disadvantages of individual calibration methods are presented. Y1 - 2020 U6 - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2020.06.030 VL - 207 SP - 110 EP - 132 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Scheibe, Klaus A1 - Kern, Alexander T1 - Aktueller Stand der Normung zum Überspannungschutz JF - 9. VDE/ABB-Blitzschutztagung : Vorträge der 9. VDE/ABB-Fachtagung vom 27. bis 28. Oktober 2011 in Neu-Ulm / Veranst.: Ausschuss für Blitzschutz und Blitzforschung (ABB) im VDE Verband der Elektrotechnik Elektronik Informationstechnik e.V. Wiss. Tagungsleitung: K. Stimper Y1 - 2011 SN - 978-3-8007-3380-4 N1 - VDE/ABB-Blitzschutztagung ; (9 ; 2011.10.27-28 ; Neu-Ulm) SP - 13 EP - 17 PB - VDE-Verl. CY - Berlin ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schmidt, R. A1 - Tonnesmann, A. A1 - Förster, Arnold A1 - Grimm, M. A1 - Kordos, P. A1 - Lüth, H. T1 - Metamorphic InAlAs/InGaAs HEMT's on GaAs substrates using an InP buffer layer JF - 8th IEEE International Symposium on High Performance Electron Devices for Microwave and Optoelectronic Applications : EDMO 2000 ; [13 - 14 November 2000, University of Glasgow] / organised by Department of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow Scotland. MTT/ED/AP/LEO Societies Joint Chapter, United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland Section. With technical co-sponsorship from IEEE Electron Device Society Y1 - 2000 SN - 0-7803-6550-X N1 - EDMO <8, 2000, Glasgow> ; University / Department of Electronics and Electrical Engineering ; IEEE catalog number 00TH8534 SP - 95 EP - 98 PB - IEEE Operations Center CY - Piscataway, NJ ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schult, O. W. B. A1 - Sistemich, K. A1 - Hardt, Arno T1 - Plans for investigations of subthreshold K+ production in p+A collisions / O. W. B. Schult [u.a.] JF - Nuclear Physics A. Vol. 583 Y1 - 1995 SN - 1873-1554 (E-journal); 0375-9474 (Print) SP - 629 EP - 632 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schwager, Christian A1 - Flesch, Robert A1 - Schwarzbözl, Peter A1 - Herrmann, Ulf A1 - Teixeira Boura, Cristiano José T1 - Advanced two phase flow model for transient molten salt receiver system simulation JF - Solar Energy N2 - In order to realistically predict and optimize the actual performance of a concentrating solar power (CSP) plant sophisticated simulation models and methods are required. This paper presents a detailed dynamic simulation model for a Molten Salt Solar Tower (MST) system, which is capable of simulating transient operation including detailed startup and shutdown procedures including drainage and refill. For appropriate representation of the transient behavior of the receiver as well as replication of local bulk and surface temperatures a discretized receiver model based on a novel homogeneous two-phase (2P) flow modelling approach is implemented in Modelica Dymola®. This allows for reasonable representation of the very different hydraulic and thermal properties of molten salt versus air as well as the transition between both. This dynamic 2P receiver model is embedded in a comprehensive one-dimensional model of a commercial scale MST system and coupled with a transient receiver flux density distribution from raytracing based heliostat field simulation. This enables for detailed process prediction with reasonable computational effort, while providing data such as local salt film and wall temperatures, realistic control behavior as well as net performance of the overall system. Besides a model description, this paper presents some results of a validation as well as the simulation of a complete startup procedure. Finally, a study on numerical simulation performance and grid dependencies is presented and discussed. KW - Molten salt solar tower KW - Molten salt receiver system KW - Dynamic simulation KW - Two-phase modelling KW - Transient flux distribution Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2021.12.065 SN - 0038-092X (print) SN - 1471-1257 (online) VL - 232 SP - 362 EP - 375 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schwarzer, Klemens T1 - Anwendung solarer Hochtemperaturwärme am Beispiel eines Solarkochers JF - Wege in die Solargesellschaft 4 : Dokumentation zur Vortragsreihe an der Fachhochschule Darmstadt in Zusammenarbeit mit dem IKU-Institut für kommunale Wirtschaft und Umweltplanung im Sommersemester 1993 / [Hrsg.: Projektgruppe Solarenergie an der Fachhochschule Darmstadt ; IKU-Inst. für Kommunale Wirtschaft u. Umweltplanung. Red.: Helmut C. Büscher] Y1 - 1993 N1 - Ringvorlesung Wege in die Solargesellschaft <4, 1993, Darmstadt> SP - 13 EP - 24 PB - FHD CY - Darmstadt ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schwarzer, Klemens A1 - Bieger, A. A1 - Meer, A. von T1 - Ein neuartiger effizienter Solarkocher mit temporärem Speicher JF - Energie und unsere Umwelt : 30. Juni bis 3. Juli 1992 ; [Tagungsbericht 2] ; 8. Internationales Sonnenforum '92 / [Hrsg.: Deutsche Gesellschaft für Sonnenenergie e.V., DGS. Red.: A. Hohmann ...]. - (Internationales Sonnenforum ; 8,2) Y1 - 1992 N1 - Internationales Sonnenforum <8, 1992, Berlin> SP - 1321 EP - 1326 PB - DGS-Sonnenenergie CY - München ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schwarzer, Klemens A1 - Bieger, A. A1 - Späte, F. T1 - Leistungsfähigkeit von solaren Warmwasserbereitungsanlagen : Ergebnisse des Forschungsprojektes VELS I JF - Energie und unsere Umwelt : 30. Juni bis 3. Juli 1992 ; [Tagungsbericht 1] ; 8. Internationales Sonnenforum '92 / [Hrsg.: Deutsche Gesellschaft für Sonnenenergie e.V., DGS. Red.: A. Hohmann ...]. - (Internationales Sonnenforum ; 8,1) Y1 - 1992 N1 - Internationales Sonnenforum <8, 1992, Berlin> SP - 307 EP - 312 PB - DGS-Sonnenenergie CY - München ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schwarzer, Klemens A1 - Bieger, W. T1 - Tests von solaren Brauchwassersystemen / W. Bieger ; K. Schwarzer JF - Erneuerbare Energiequellen : Aktivitäten deutscher Hochschulen / zsgest. von F. A. Peuser ... Y1 - 1987 SP - 6 EP - 7 PB - Zentralstelle für Solartechnik CY - Hilden ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schwarzer, Klemens A1 - Bieger, W. T1 - Entwicklung von solaren Unterrichtsmessplätzen fuer Indonesien / W. Bieger ; K. Schwarzer JF - Erneuerbare Energiequellen : Aktivitäten deutscher Hochschulen / zsgest. von F. A. Peuser ... Y1 - 1987 SP - 4 EP - 5 PB - Zentralstelle für Solartechnik CY - Hilden ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schwarzer, Klemens A1 - Bieger, W. T1 - Entwicklung eines solaren Kochers JF - Erneuerbare Energiequellen : Aktivitäten deutscher Hochschulen / zsgest. von F. A. Peuser ... Y1 - 1987 SP - 2 EP - 3 PB - Zentralstelle für Solartechnik CY - Hilden ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schwarzer, Klemens A1 - Bieger, W. A1 - Ricking, N. T1 - Solares Kochen JF - Rationelle Energieverwendung und Nutzung erneuerbarer Energiequellen im regionalen und kommunalen Bereich : welchen Beitrag können sie zur Abwehr der Klimabedrohung leisten? / 7. Internationales Sonnenforum, Frankfurt, 9. - 12. Oktober 1990. [Hrsg.: Deutsche Gesellschaft für Sonnenenergie e.V. - DGS. Red.: A. Hohmann ...] - Bd. 2 Y1 - 1990 N1 - Internationales Sonnenforum <7, 1990, Frankfurt, Main> ; Deutsche Gesellschaft für Sonnenenergie SP - 1002 EP - 1007 PB - DGS-Sonnenenergie-Verl. CY - München ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schwarzer, Klemens A1 - Bieger, W. A1 - Späte, F. T1 - Untersuchungen zur Leistungsfähigkeit von solaren Warmwasserbereitungsanlagen / W. Bieger ; C. Schwarzer ; F. Späte ... JF - Rationelle Energieverwendung und Nutzung erneuerbarer Energiequellen im regionalen und kommunalen Bereich : welchen Beitrag können sie zur Abwehr der Klimabedrohung leisten? / 7. Internationales Sonnenforum, Frankfurt, 9. - 12. Oktober 1990. [Hrsg.: Deutsche Gesellschaft für Sonnenenergie e.V. - DGS. Red.: A. Hohmann ...] - Bd. 1 Y1 - 1990 N1 - Internationales Sonnenforum <7, 1990, Frankfurt, Main> ; Deutsche Gesellschaft für Sonnenenergie SP - 615 EP - 620 PB - DGS-Sonnenenergie-Verl. CY - München ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schwarzer, Klemens A1 - da Silva, Vieira E. A1 - Hoffschmidt, Bernhard A1 - Schwarzer, T. T1 - A new solar desalination system with heat recovery for decentralised drinking water production JF - Desalination. 248 (2009), H. 1-3 Y1 - 2009 SN - 0011-9164 N1 - Water and Sanitation in International Development and Disaster Relief (WSIDDR) International Workshop Edinburgh, Scotland, UK, 28–30 May 2008 SP - 204 EP - 211 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schwarzer, Klemens A1 - Ehrhardt, J. A1 - Bayer, A. A1 - Kroeger, W. T1 - Unfallfolgen- und Risikoabschätzung für die probabilistische HTR-1160-Sicherheitsstudie / J. Ehrhardt ; A. Bayer ; W. Kroeger ; K. Schwarzer JF - Atomwirtschaft - Atomtechnik. 27 (1982), H. 10 Y1 - 1982 SN - 0004-721x N1 - 2. ISSN: 0365-8414 SP - 527 EP - 529 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schwarzer, Klemens A1 - Faber, C. A1 - Stracke, T. T1 - Teststelle fuer Warmwasser-Kollektoren und -Systeme JF - Energiewirtschaftliche Tagesfragen. 44 (1994), H. 9 Y1 - 1994 SN - 0720-6240 N1 - Zusammenarbeit mit dem tunesischen Forschungsinstitut INRST SP - 41 EP - 43 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schwarzer, Klemens A1 - Göttsche, Joachim A1 - Jellinghaus, Sabine T1 - FORSCHUNG UND TECHNIK - Messtechnik - Was will der Nutzer? - Eine langfristige Studie hat Nutzer zu einer Farblichtsteuerung befragt. Teil 1: Untersuchungsdesign, Leuchtenentwicklung und Messwerterfassung JF - Licht : Planung, Design, Technik, Handel ; Organ der Deutschen Lichttechnischen Gesellschaft e.V. (LiTG) ; Organ des Normenausschusses Lichttechnik (FNL) im DIN Deutsches Institut für Normung e.V. ; Organ des Verbandes Wohnraumleuchten-, Lampenschirm und . 58 (2006), H. 7-8 Y1 - 2006 SN - 0024-2861 SP - 754 EP - 759 ER -