TY - JOUR A1 - Müller-Veggian, Mattea A1 - Beuscher, H. A1 - Haenni, D. R. A1 - Gono, Y. T1 - On-line experiments with the orange-β-spectrometer JF - Annual report 1977 / Institut für Kernphysik Kernforschungsanlage Jülich Y1 - 1978 N1 - Spezielle Berichte der Kernforschungsanlage Jülich ; 15 SP - 51 EP - 52 PB - Verlag des Forschungszentrums Jülich CY - Jülich ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Müller-Veggian, Mattea A1 - Mariscotti, M. A. J. A1 - Beuscher, H. A1 - Davidson, W. F. T1 - In-beam study of ¹⁴⁴ Gd JF - Nuclear physics / A. 311 (1978), H. 3 Y1 - 1978 SN - 0375-9474 SP - 395 EP - 412 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Müller-Veggian, Mattea A1 - Lieder, R. M. A1 - Neskakis, A T1 - Positive parity bands in ¹⁹⁵,¹⁹⁷ Tl JF - Proceedings of the International Conference on Nuclear Structure : Tokyo, Sept. 5 - 10, 1977 / ed. by T. Marumori. - Journal of the Physical Society of Japan ; Vol. 44, 1978 : Suppl. Y1 - 1978 N1 - International Conference on Nuclear Structure <1977, Tokyo> SP - 441 PB - Physical Soc. of Japan CY - Tokyo ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Müller-Veggian, Mattea A1 - Beuscher, H. A1 - Gono, Y. T1 - Isomeric 10⁺ states in nuclei with N=78 JF - Proceedings of the International Conference on Nuclear Structure : Tokyo, Sept. 5 - 10, 1977 / ed. by T. Marumori. - Journal of the Physical Society of Japan ; Vol. 44, 1978 : Suppl. Y1 - 1978 N1 - International Conference on Nuclear Structure <1977, Tokyo> SP - 861 PB - Physical Soc. of Japan CY - Tokyo ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Weber, Hans-Joachim A1 - Porschen, W. A1 - Dietzel, F. A1 - [u.a.], ED - Streffer, Christian T1 - In vivo analysis of the influence of combined hyperthermia and gamma irradiation on euoxic and hypoxic tumor cells T2 - Cancer therapy by hyperthermia and radiation : [proceedings of the 2. International Symposium on Cancer Therapy by Hyperthermia and Radiation, Essen, 2.-4.6.1977] Y1 - 1978 SN - 0-8067-1701-7 SN - 3-541-71701-7 SP - 276 EP - 277 PB - Urban and Schwarzenberg CY - Baltimore ; Munich [u.a.] ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Porschen, W. A1 - Gartzen, J. A1 - Gewehr, K. A1 - Mühlensiepen, H. A1 - Weber, Hans-Joachim A1 - [u.a.], T1 - In vivo assay of the radiation sensitivity of hypoxic tumour cells : influence of γ-rays, cyclotron neutrons, misonidazole, hyperthermia and mixed modalities JF - The British journal of cancer / Supplement N2 - Tumour cell death can be evaluated in the living mouse by externally measuring the rate of loss of tumour-bound DNA tracer. By sequentially labelling the tumour-bearing animals with ¹²⁵IUdR and ¹³¹IUdR 50 h apart, the average tumour cells at the time of the second injection are labelled by ¹²⁵IUdR and the euoxic tumour cells are specifically labelled with ¹³¹IUdR. Tumour treatment at this stage of labelling permits the observation of the reaction of euoxic cells and average tumour cells and finally yields data on hypoxic cells and thus on the oxygen enhancement ratio. This information adds to results from tumour control and growth delay. With this technique effects were analysed of 60-Co γ-rays, cyclotron neutrons (E = 6 MeV), misonidazole (500 mg/kg body wt) and hyperthermia (42°C water-bath), or combinations of these. Misonidazole (15 min before irradiation) altered the oxygen enhancement ratio by a factor of 1·5 for γ-rays and of 1·1 for neutrons; when evaluated from tumour-growth delay and TCD-50 misonidazole gave a dose modifying factor of 1·47 for γ-rays and of 1·2-1·3 for neutrons. Based on percentage tumour regression 100 days after treatment, the enhancement ratio from hyperthermia (after irradiation) was 2·75 for γ-rays (at 10 Gray) and 2·2 for neutrons (at 3·2 Gray). For neutrons combined with misonidazole and hyperthermia the ratio was 2·4. These results demonstrate that effects of neutron irradiation may be modified by electron-affinic substances and/or hyperthermia. Y1 - 1978 SN - 0306-9443 N1 - Section 6: Sensitization and Hypoxic Cytotoxicity: Effects of Hyperthermia and High Let IS - 3 SP - 194 EP - 197 PB - Lewis CY - London ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Müller-Veggian, Mattea A1 - Neskakis, A. A1 - Lieder, R. M. T1 - Observation of rotation-aligned bands in the odd-odd nuclei ¹⁹⁰,¹⁹²,¹⁹⁴ Au JF - Physics letters / B. 80 (1979), H. 3 Y1 - 1979 SN - 0031-9163 N1 - 2. ISSN: 0370-2693 SP - 194 EP - 197 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Müller-Veggian, Mattea A1 - Beuscher, H. A1 - Haenni, D. R. T1 - Investigations of high spin states in ¹³⁸,¹³⁹ Nd JF - Annual report 1978 / Kernforschungsanlage Jülich Institut für Kernphysik / Hrsg.: A. Fässler. - (Spezielle Berichte der Kernforschungsanlage Jülich ; 36) Y1 - 1979 SP - 24 PB - Kernforschungsanlage CY - Jülich ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Müller-Veggian, Mattea A1 - Beuscher, H. A1 - Haenni, D. R. A1 - Bochev, B. T1 - New isomers in ¹⁴² Sm JF - Annual report 1978 / Kernforschungsanlage Jülich Institut für Kernphysik / Hrsg.: A. Fässler. - (Spezielle Berichte der Kernforschungsanlage Jülich ; 36) Y1 - 1979 SP - 24 PB - Kernforschungsanlage CY - Jülich ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Müller-Veggian, Mattea A1 - Haenni, D. R. A1 - Beuscher, H. A1 - Lieder, R. M. T1 - New isomeric state in ¹⁴⁵ Eu JF - Annual report 1978 / Kernforschungsanlage Jülich Institut für Kernphysik / Hrsg.: A. Fässler. - (Spezielle Berichte der Kernforschungsanlage Jülich ; 36) Y1 - 1979 SP - 26 PB - Kernforschungsanlage CY - Jülich ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Müller-Veggian, Mattea A1 - Haenni, D. R. A1 - Beuscher, H. A1 - Lieder, R. M. T1 - In-beam study of ¹⁴⁵ Gd JF - Annual report 1978 / Kernforschungsanlage Jülich Institut für Kernphysik / Hrsg.: A. Fässler. - (Spezielle Berichte der Kernforschungsanlage Jülich ; 36) Y1 - 1979 SP - 27 PB - Kernforschungsanlage CY - Jülich ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Müller-Veggian, Mattea A1 - Gono, Y. A1 - Lieder, R. M. T1 - In-beam γ-ray study of ¹⁸⁹,¹⁹¹,¹⁹³ Au JF - Nuclear physics / A. 327 (1979), H. 2 Y1 - 1979 SN - 0375-9474 SP - 269 EP - 287 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Müller-Veggian, Mattea A1 - Haenni, D. R. A1 - Beuscher, H. A1 - Lieder, R. M. T1 - Weak coupling and high-spin states in ¹⁴⁵ Eu JF - Nuclear physics / A. 331 (1979), H. 1 Y1 - 1979 SN - 0375-9474 SP - 141 EP - 154 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Müller-Veggian, Mattea A1 - Neskakis, A. A1 - Beuscher, H. A1 - Haenni, D. R. T1 - High-spin states in ¹⁸⁰ Os JF - Annual report 1978 / Kernforschungsanlage Jülich Institut für Kernphysik / Hrsg.: A. Fässler. - (Spezielle Berichte der Kernforschungsanlage Jülich ; 36) Y1 - 1979 SP - 33 PB - Kernforschungsanlage CY - Jülich ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Müller-Veggian, Mattea A1 - Neskakis, A. A1 - Beuscher, H. A1 - Gono, Y. T1 - Observations of rotation-aligned bands in the odd-odd nuclei ¹⁹⁰,¹⁹²,¹⁹⁴ Au JF - Annual report 1978 / Kernforschungsanlage Jülich Institut für Kernphysik / Hrsg.: A. Fässler. - (Spezielle Berichte der Kernforschungsanlage Jülich ; 36) Y1 - 1979 SP - 34 PB - Kernforschungsanlage CY - Jülich ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Müller-Veggian, Mattea A1 - Neskakis, A. A1 - Beuscher, H. A1 - Haenni, D. R. T1 - Band structure in ¹⁹⁴ Au JF - Annual report 1978 / Kernforschungsanlage Jülich Institut für Kernphysik / Hrsg.: A. Fässler. - (Spezielle Berichte der Kernforschungsanlage Jülich ; 36) Y1 - 1979 SP - 36 PB - Kernforschungsanlage CY - Jülich ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Müller-Veggian, Mattea A1 - Didelez, J. P. A1 - Lieder, R. M. A1 - Beuscher, H. T1 - Study of the exitation functions of ²¹¹,²¹² Po JF - Annual report 1978 / Kernforschungsanlage Jülich Institut für Kernphysik / Hrsg.: A. Fässler. - (Spezielle Berichte der Kernforschungsanlage Jülich ; 36) Y1 - 1979 SP - 37 PB - Kernforschungsanlage CY - Jülich ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Müller-Veggian, Mattea A1 - Lieder, R. M. A1 - Didelez, J. P. A1 - Beuscher, H. T1 - Observation of a New Isomer in ²¹² Po JF - Annual report 1978 / Kernforschungsanlage Jülich Institut für Kernphysik / Hrsg.: A. Fässler. - Y1 - 1979 N1 - Spezielle Berichte der Kernforschungsanlage Jülich ; 36 SP - 38 PB - Kernforschungsanlage CY - Jülich ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Müller-Veggian, Mattea A1 - Beuscher, H. A1 - Haenni, D. R. A1 - Lieder, R. M. T1 - Measurement of low-energy conversion eclectrons with the orange-ß-spectrometer JF - Annual report 1978 / Kernforschungsanlage Jülich Institut für Kernphysik / Hrsg.: A. Fässler. - (Spezielle Berichte der Kernforschungsanlage Jülich ; 36) Y1 - 1979 SP - 39 PB - Kernforschungsanlage CY - Jülich ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Müller-Veggian, Mattea A1 - Beuscher, H. A1 - Lieder, R. M. T1 - 10+ isomers observed in even-even 78-neutron nuclei JF - Zeitschrift für Physik / A, Hadrons and nuclei. 290 (1979), H. 1 Y1 - 1979 SN - 0340-2193 N1 - 2. ISSN: 0930-1151 ; 3. ISSN: 0939-7922 SP - 43 EP - 46 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Müller-Veggian, Mattea A1 - Haenni, D. R. A1 - Beuscher, H. A1 - Lieder, R. M. T1 - In-beam studies of ¹⁴⁵ Gd and ¹⁴⁵ Eu JF - Frühjahrstagung ... des Fachausschusses Kernphysik und Hochenergiephysik der DPG (Sektion A: Kernphysik) / Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft (1979) Y1 - 1979 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hillen, Walter T1 - Evidence for planar events in e+e− annihilation at high energies. TASSO Collaboration JF - Physics Letters B. 86 (1979), H. 2 Y1 - 1979 SN - 0370-2693 SP - 243 EP - 249 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hillen, Walter T1 - Energy scan for narrow states in e+e− annihilation at C.M. energies between 29.90 and 31.46 GeV. TASSO Collaboration JF - Physics Letters B. 88 (1979), H. 1-2 Y1 - 1979 SN - 0370-2693 SP - 199 EP - 202 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hillen, Walter T1 - Properties of hadron final states in e+e− annihilation at 13 GeV and 17 GeV center of mass energies. TASSO Collaboration JF - Physics Letters B. 83 (1979), H. 2 Y1 - 1979 SN - 0370-2693 SP - 261 EP - 266 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Sponagel, Stefan A1 - Akbay, U. A1 - Becker, E. A1 - Krozer, S. T1 - Instability of slow viscometric flow JF - Mechanics Research Communications. 7 (1980), H. 4 Y1 - 1980 SN - 0093-6413 SP - 199 EP - 204 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Sponagel, Stefan A1 - Adbay, U. A1 - Becker, E. A1 - Krozer, S. T1 - A possible cause of viscoelastic turbulence JF - Rheology : proceedings of the 8th International Congress of Rheology, held in Naples, Italy, September 1 - 5, 1980 / Hrsg. von Giovanni Astarita, Vol. 2 Y1 - 1980 SN - 0-306-40465-6 SP - 79 EP - 84 PB - Plenum Pr. CY - New York ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Müller-Veggian, Mattea A1 - Didelez, J.-P. A1 - Lieder, R. M. A1 - Beuscher, H. T1 - Experimental study of excitation functions and isomer ratios for ²¹¹,²¹² Po JF - Nuclear physics / A, Nuclear and hadronic physics. 341 (1980), H. 3 Y1 - 1980 SN - 0375-9474 SP - 421 EP - 439 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Müller-Veggian, Mattea A1 - Beuscher, H. A1 - Haenni, D. R. A1 - lieder, R. M. T1 - Investigation of high-spin states in ¹³⁸,¹³⁹ Nd JF - Nuclear physics / A. 344 (1980), H. 1 Y1 - 1980 SN - 0375-9474 SP - 89 EP - 108 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Müller-Veggian, Mattea A1 - Beuscher, H. A1 - Haenni, D. R. A1 - Bochev, B. T1 - New isomers in ¹⁴² Sm JF - Structure of medium-heavy nuclei, 1979 : proceedings of the 6. European Physical Soc. Nuclear Divisional Conference on the Structure of Medium-Heavy Nuclei held in Rhodes, Greece, 1-4 May 1979 / ed. Committee: G. S. Anagnostatos ... - (Conference series / Institute of Physics London, Bristol ; 49) Y1 - 1980 SN - 0-85498-140-3 N1 - Conference on the Structure of Medium Heavy Nuclei <6, 1979, Rodos> ; European Physical Society / Nuclear Physics Division SP - 126 PB - Inst. of Physics CY - Bristol ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Müller-Veggian, Mattea A1 - Haenni, D. R. A1 - Beuscher, H. A1 - Lieder, R. M. T1 - In-beam study of levels in ¹⁴⁵ Eu JF - Structure of medium-heavy nuclei, 1979 : proceedings of the 6. European Physical Soc. Nuclear Divisional Conference on the Structure of Medium-Heavy Nuclei held in Rhodes, Greece, 1-4 May 1979 / ed. Committee: G. S. Anagnostatos ... - (Conference series / Institute of Physics London, Bristol ; 49) Y1 - 1980 SN - 0-85498-140-3 N1 - Conference on the Structure of Medium Heavy Nuclei <6, 1979, Rodos> ; European Physical Society / Nuclear Physics Division SP - 131 PB - Inst. of Physics CY - Bristol ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Müller-Veggian, Mattea A1 - Haenni, D. R. A1 - Beuscher, H. A1 - Lieder, R. M. T1 - Weak coupling of a neutron hole to a ¹⁴⁶ Gd core ; an in-beam study of ¹⁴⁵ Gd T2 - Structure of medium-heavy nuclei, 1979 : proceedings of the 6. European Physical Soc. Nuclear Divisional Conference on the Structure of Medium-Heavy Nuclei held in Rhodes, Greece, 1-4 May 1979 / ed. Committee: G. S. Anagnostatos ... - (Conference series / Institute of Physics London, Bristol ; 49) Y1 - 1980 SN - 0-85498-140-3 N1 - Conference on the Structure of Medium Heavy Nuclei <6, 1979, Rodos> ; European Physical Society / Nuclear Physics Division SP - 133 PB - Inst. of Physics CY - Bristol ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Müller-Veggian, Mattea A1 - Beuscher, H. A1 - Haenni, D. R. T1 - Investigation of high-spin states in ¹³⁸,¹³⁹ Nd JF - Structure of medium-heavy nuclei, 1979 : proceedings of the 6. European Physical Soc. Nuclear Divisional Conference on the Structure of Medium-Heavy Nuclei held in Rhodes, Greece, 1-4 May 1979 / ed. Committee: G. S. Anagnostatos ... - (Conference series / Institute of Physics London, Bristol ; 49) Y1 - 1980 SN - 0-85498-140-3 N1 - Conference on the Structure of Medium Heavy Nuclei <6, 1979, Rodos> ; European Physical Society / Nuclear Physics Division SP - 112 PB - Inst. of Physics CY - Bristol ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Müller-Veggian, Mattea T1 - Investigation of the preequilibrium reaction mechanism through the study of the isomer ratios ²¹¹,²¹² Po JF - Annual report 1979 / Kernforschungsanlage Jülich Institut für Kernphysik / Hrsg.: A. Fässler. - (Spezielle Berichte der Kernforschungsanlage Jülich ; 72) Y1 - 1980 SP - 32 PB - Verlag des Forschungszentrums Jülich CY - Jülich ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Müller-Veggian, Mattea A1 - Bochev, B. A1 - Lieder, R. M. A1 - Didelez, J. P. T1 - Study of ²⁰⁹ Bi (a,charged parzicle Xn) reactions JF - Annual report 1979 / Kernforschungsanlage Jülich Institut für Kernphysik / Hrsg.: A. Fässler. - (Spezielle Berichte der Kernforschungsanlage Jülich ; 72) Y1 - 1980 SP - 33 PB - Verlag des Forschungszentrums Jülich CY - Jülich ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Müller-Veggian, Mattea A1 - Morek, T. A1 - Beuscher, H. A1 - Haenni, D. R. T1 - High-spin states in ¹³³ La JF - Annual report 1979 / Kernforschungsanlage Jülich Institut für Kernphysik / Hrsg.: A. Fässler. - (Spezielle Berichte der Kernforschungsanlage Jülich ; 72) Y1 - 1980 SP - 44 PB - Kernforschungsanlage CY - Jülich ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Müller-Veggian, Mattea A1 - Morek, T. A1 - Beuscher, H. A1 - Bochev, B. T1 - Isomeric states in ¹³⁴ Ba JF - Annual report 1979 / Kernforschungsanlage Jülich Institut für Kernphysik / Hrsg.: A. Fässler. - (Spezielle Berichte der Kernforschungsanlage Jülich ; 72) Y1 - 1980 SP - 44 PB - Kernforschungsanlage CY - Jülich ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Müller-Veggian, Mattea A1 - Beuscher, H. A1 - Haenni, D. R. T1 - In-beam study of the light transitional nucleus ¹³⁸ Nd JF - Annual report 1979 / Kernforschungsanlage Jülich Institut für Kernphysik / Hrsg.: A. Fässler. - (Spezielle Berichte der Kernforschungsanlage Jülich ; 72) Y1 - 1980 SP - 45 PB - Kernforschungsanlage CY - Jülich ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Müller-Veggian, Mattea A1 - Beuscher, H. A1 - Haenni, D. R. T1 - Investigation of high-spin states in ¹³⁹ Nd JF - Annual report 1979 / Kernforschungsanlage Jülich Institut für Kernphysik / Hrsg.: A. Fässler. - (Spezielle Berichte der Kernforschungsanlage Jülich ; 72) Y1 - 1980 SP - 46 PB - Kernforschungsanlage CY - Jülich ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Müller-Veggian, Mattea A1 - Haenni, D. R. A1 - Beuscher, H. A1 - Bochev, B. T1 - New isomeric state in ¹⁴⁴ Eu JF - Annual report 1979 / Kernforschungsanlage Jülich Institut für Kernphysik / Hrsg.: A. Fässler. - (Spezielle Berichte der Kernforschungsanlage Jülich ; 72) Y1 - 1980 SP - 48 PB - Kernforschungsanlage CY - Jülich ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Müller-Veggian, Mattea A1 - Haenni, D. R. A1 - Beuscher, H. A1 - Bochev, B. T1 - Selectivity of a sum spectrometer for (a,xn) reaction JF - Annual report 1979 / Kernforschungsanlage Jülich Institut für Kernphysik / Hrsg.: A. Fässler. - (Spezielle Berichte der Kernforschungsanlage Jülich ; 72) Y1 - 1980 SP - 49 PB - Kernforschungsanlage CY - Jülich ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Müller-Veggian, Mattea A1 - Morek, T. A1 - Beuscher, H. A1 - Bochev, B. T1 - Isomeric states in ¹³⁴ Ba JF - Zeitschrift für Physik / A, Hadrons and nuclei. 298 (1980), H. 4 Y1 - 1980 SN - 1431-5831 SP - 267 EP - 271 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Müller-Veggian, Mattea A1 - Beuscher, H. A1 - Bochev, B. A1 - Haenni, D. R. T1 - Study of reactions ²⁰⁹ Bi (a,charged particle Xn) At Ea= 45 Mev and 75 Mev JF - Frühjahrstagung ... des Fachausschusses Kernphysik und Hochenergiephysik der DPG (Sektion A: Kernphysik) / Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft (1980) Y1 - 1980 N1 - Verhandlungen der Deutschen Physikalischen Gesellschaft ; 1980=6.R.15,8 SP - 1088 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hillen, Walter T1 - Charged pion, kaon, proton and antiproton production in high energy e+e− annihilations. TASSO Collaboration JF - Physics Letters B. 94 (1980), H. 3 Y1 - 1980 SN - 0370-2693 SP - 444 EP - 449 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hillen, Walter T1 - Comparison of e+e− annihilation with QCD and determination of the strong coupling constant . TASSO Collaboration JF - Physics Letters B. 94 (1980), H. 3 Y1 - 1980 SN - 0370-2693 SP - 437 EP - 443 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hillen, Walter T1 - K0 production in e+e− annihilations at 30 GeV center of mass energy. TASSO Collaboration JF - Physics Letters B. 94 (1980), H. 1 Y1 - 1980 SN - 0370-2693 SP - 91 EP - 95 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hillen, Walter T1 - Test of QED in e+e− annihilation at energies between 12 and 31.6 GeV. TASSO Collaboration JF - Physics Letters B. 94 (1980), H. 2 Y1 - 1980 SN - 0370-2693 SP - 259 EP - 265 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hillen, Walter T1 - Rapid growth of charged particle multiplicity in high energy e+e− annihilations. TASSO Collaboration JF - Physics Letters B. 89 (1980), H. 3-4 Y1 - 1980 SN - 0370-2693 SP - 418 EP - 422 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hillen, Walter T1 - Production and properties of the τ-lepton in e+e− annihilation at C.M. energies from 12 to 31.6 GeV. TASSO Collaboration JF - Physics Letters B. 92 (1980), H. 1-2 Y1 - 1980 SN - 0370-2693 SP - 199 EP - 205 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hillen, Walter T1 - Evidence for a spin-1 gluon in three-jet events. TASSO Collaboration JF - Physics Letters B. 97 (1980), H. 3-4 Y1 - 1980 SN - 0370-2693 SP - 453 EP - 458 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hillen, Walter T1 - RHO-RHO production by two photon scattering. TASSO Collaboration JF - Physics Letters B. 97 (1980), H. 3-4 Y1 - 1980 SN - 0370-2693 SP - 448 EP - 452 ER -