TY  - JOUR
A1  - Arreola, Julio
A1  - Keusgen, Michael
A1  - Schöning, Michael Josef
T1  - Toward an immobilization method for spore-based biosensors in oxidative environment
JF  - Electrochimica Acta
Y1  - 2019
U6  - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2019.01.148
VL  - 302
SP  - 394
EP  - 401
PB  - Elsevier
CY  - Amsterdam
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Oberländer, Jan
A1  - Bromm, Alexander
A1  - Wendeler, Luisa
A1  - Iken, Heiko
A1  - Palomar Duran, Marlena
A1  - Greeff, Anton
A1  - Kirchner, Patrick
A1  - Keusgen, Michael
A1  - Schöning, Michael Josef
T1  - Towards a biosensor to monitor the sterilisation efficiency of aseptic filling machines
JF  - Physica status solidi (a)
N2  - Sterilisation processes are compulsory in medicine, pharmacy, and food industries to prevent infections of consumers and microbiological contaminations of products. Monitoring the sterilisation by conventional microbiological methods is time- and lab-consuming. To overcome this problem, in this work a novel biosensor has been proposed. The sensor enables a fast method to evaluate sterilisation processes. By means of thin-film technology the sensor's transducer structures in form of IDEs (interdigitated electrodes) have been fabricated on a silicon substrate. Physical characterisation of the developed sensor was done by AFM, SEM, and profilometry. Impedance analyses were conducted for the electrical characterisation. As microbiological layer spores of B. atrophaeus have been immobilised on the sensing structure; spores of this type are a well-known sterilisation test organism. Impedance measurements at a fixed frequency over time were performed to monitor the immobilisation process. A sterilisation process according to aseptic filling machines was applied to demonstrate the sensor functionality. After both, immobilisation and sterilisation, a change in impedance could successfully be detected.
Y1  - 2015
U6  - http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pssa.201431900
SN  - 1862-6319
VL  - 212
IS  - 6
SP  - 1299
EP  - 1305
PB  - Wiley
CY  - Weinheim
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Schöning, Michael Josef
A1  - Arzdorf, M.
A1  - Mulchandani, P.
A1  - Chen, W.
A1  - Mulchandani, A.
T1  - Towards a capacitive enzyme sensor for direct determination of organophosphorus pesticides: Fundamentals studies and aspects of development
JF  - Sensors. 3 (2003), H. 6
Y1  - 2003
SN  - 1424-8220
SP  - 119
EP  - 127
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Molinnus, Denise
A1  - Drinic, Aleksander
A1  - Iken, Heiko
A1  - Kröger, Nadja
A1  - Zinser, Max
A1  - Smeets, Ralf
A1  - Köpf, Marius
A1  - Kopp, Alexander
A1  - Schöning, Michael Josef
T1  - Towards a flexible electrochemical biosensor fabricated from biocompatible Bombyx mori silk
JF  - Biosensors and Bioelectronics
Y1  - 2021
U6  - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2021.113204
SN  - 0956-5663
VL  - 183
IS  - Art. 113204
PB  - Elsevier
CY  - Amsterdam
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Reisert, Steffen
A1  - Geissler, Hanno
A1  - Flörke, Rudolf
A1  - Näther, Niko
A1  - Wagner, Patrick
A1  - Schöning, Michael Josef
T1  - Towards a multi-sensor system for the evaluation of aseptic processes employing hydrogen peroxide vapour (H2O2)
JF  - Physica status solidi (a) : applications and material science. 208 (2011), H. 6
Y1  - 2011
SN  - 1862-6319
SP  - 1351
EP  - 1356
PB  - Wiley
CY  - Weinheim
ER  - 
TY  - CHAP
A1  - Bohrn, U.
A1  - Stütz, E.
A1  - Fleischer, M.
A1  - Schöning, Michael Josef
A1  - Wagner, P.
ED  - Abdelghani, Adnane
ED  - Schöning, Michael Josef
T1  - Towards a paradigm change – mammalian cells as sensitive biosensor layers for the detection of unexpected toxic substances in air
T2  - Nanoscale Science and Technology (NS&T´12) : Proceedings Book Humboldt Kolleg ; Tunisia, 17-19 March, 2012
Y1  - 2012
SP  - 44
EP  - 44
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Kirchner, Patrick
A1  - Oberländer, Jan
A1  - Suso, Henri-Pierre
A1  - Rysstad, Gunnar
A1  - Keusgen, Michael
A1  - Schöning, Michael Josef
T1  - Towards a wireless sensor system for real-time H2O2 monitoring in aseptic food processes
JF  - Physica status solidi (a)
N2  - A wireless sensor system based on the industrial ZigBee standard for low-rate wireless networking was developed that enables real-time monitoring of gaseous H2O2 during the package sterilization in aseptic food processes. The sensor system consists of a remote unit connected to a calorimetric gas sensor, which was already established in former works, and an external base unit connected to a laptop computer. The remote unit was built up by an XBee radio frequency (RF) module for data communication and a programmable system-on-chip controller to read out the sensor signal and process the sensor data, whereas the base unit is a second XBee RF module. For the rapid H2O2 detection on various locations inside the package that has to be sterilized, a novel read-out strategy of the calorimetric gas sensor was established, wherein the sensor response is measured within the short sterilization time and correlated with the present H2O2 concentration. In an exemplary measurement application in an aseptic filling machinery, the suitability of the new, wireless sensor system was demonstrated, wherein the influence of the gas velocity on the H2O2 distribution inside a package was determined and verified with microbiological tests.
KW  - calorimetric gas sensor;hydrogen peroxide;wireless sensor system
Y1  - 2013
U6  - http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pssa.201200920
SN  - 1862-6319
VL  - 210
IS  - 5
SP  - 877
EP  - 883
PB  - Wiley
CY  - Weinheim
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Poghossian, Arshak
A1  - Werner, Frederik
A1  - Buniatyan, V. V.
A1  - Wagner, Torsten
A1  - Miamoto, K.
A1  - Yoshinobu, T.
A1  - Schöning, Michael Josef
T1  - Towards addressability of light-addressable potentiometric sensors: Shunting effect of non-illuminated region and cross-talk
JF  - Sensor and Actuators B: Chemical
N2  - The LAPS (light-addressable potentiometric sensor) platform is one of the most attractive approaches for chemical and biological sensing with many applications ranging from pH and ion/analyte concentration measurements up to cell metabolism detection and chemical imaging. However, although it is generally accepted that LAPS measurements are spatially resolved, the light-addressability feature of LAPS devices has not been discussed in detail so far. In this work, an extended electrical equivalent-circuit model of the LAPS has been presented, which takes into account possible cross-talk effects due to the capacitive coupling of the non-illuminated region. A shunting effect of the non-illuminated area on the measured photocurrent and addressability of LAPS devices has been studied. It has been shown, that the measured photocurrent will be determined not only by the local interfacial potential in the illuminated region but also by possible interfacial potential changes in the non-illuminated region, yielding cross-talk effects. These findings were supported by the experimental investigations of a penicillin-sensitive multi-spot LAPS and a metal-insulator-semiconductor LAPS as model systems.
Y1  - 2017
U6  - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2017.01.047
SN  - 0925-4005
IS  - 244
SP  - 1071
EP  - 1079
PB  - Elsevier
CY  - Amsterdam
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Molinnus, Denise
A1  - Sorich, Maren
A1  - Bartz, Alexander
A1  - Siegert, Petra
A1  - Willenberg, Holger S.
A1  - Lisdat, Fred
A1  - Poghossian, Arshak
A1  - Keusgen, Michael
A1  - Schöning, Michael Josef
T1  - Towards an adrenaline biosensor based on substrate recycling amplification in combination with an enzyme logic gate
JF  - Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical
N2  - An amperometric biosensor using a substrate recycling principle was realized for the detection of low adrenaline concentrations (1 nM) by measurements in phosphate buffer and Ringer’s solution at pH 6.5 and pH 7.4, respectively. In proof-of-concept experiments, a Boolean logic-gate principle has been applied to develop a digital adrenaline biosensor based on an enzyme AND logic gate. The obtained results demonstrate that the developed digital biosensor is capable for a rapid qualitative determination of the presence/absence of adrenaline in a YES/NO statement. Such digital biosensor could be used in clinical diagnostics for the control of a correct insertion of a catheter in the adrenal veins during adrenal venous-sampling procedure.
Y1  - 2016
U6  - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2016.06.064
SN  - 0925-4005
VL  - 237
SP  - 190
EP  - 195
PB  - Elsevier
CY  - Amsterdam
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Schöning, Michael Josef
A1  - Abouzar, Maryam H.
A1  - Ingebrandt, Sven
A1  - Platen, Johannes
A1  - Offenhäusser, Andreas
A1  - Poghossian, Arshak
ED  - Comini, Elisabetta
T1  - Towards label-free detection of charged macromolecules using field-effect-based structures : Scaling down from capacitive EIS sensor over ISFET to nano-scale devices
JF  - Nanostructured materials and hybrid composites for gas sensors and biomedical applications : symposium held April 18-20, 2006, San Francisco , California, U.S.A.
Y1  - 2006
SN  - 9781558998711
IS  - paper 0915-R05-04
SP  - 89
EP  - 94
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Breuer, Lars
A1  - Pilas, Johanna
A1  - Guthmann, Eric
A1  - Schöning, Michael Josef
A1  - Thoelen, Ronald
A1  - Wagner, Torsten
T1  - Towards light-addressable flow control: responsive hydrogels with incorporated graphene oxide as laser-driven actuator structures within microfluidic channels
JF  - Sensor and Actuators B: Chemical
Y1  - 2019
U6  - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2019.02.086
SN  - 0925-4005
VL  - 288
SP  - 579
EP  - 585
PB  - Elsevier
CY  - Amsterdam
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Poghossian, Arshak
A1  - Platen, J.
A1  - Schöning, Michael Josef
T1  - Towards self-aligned nanostructures by means of layerexpansion technique
JF  - Electrochimica Acta. 51 (2005), H. 5
Y1  - 2005
SN  - 0013-4686
SP  - 838
EP  - 843
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Glück, O.
A1  - Schöning, Michael Josef
A1  - Lüth, H.
A1  - Otto, A.
A1  - Emons, H.
T1  - Trace metal determination by dc resistance changes of microstructured thin gold film electrodes
JF  - Electrochimica Acta. 44 (1999), H. 21-22
Y1  - 1999
SN  - 0013-4686
SP  - 3761
EP  - 3768
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Glück, O.
A1  - Schöning, Michael Josef
A1  - Lüth, H.
A1  - Emons, H.
A1  - Hanewinkel, C.
A1  - Schumacher, D.
A1  - Otto, A.
T1  - Trace metal determination with gold microelectrodes fabricated by silicon technology
JF  - Proceedings of the 11th European Conference on Solid-State Transducers / Eurosensors XI, September 21 - 24, 1997, Warsaw, Poland. [Organised by] Warsaw University of Technology. Vol 2.
Y1  - 1997
SN  - 83-908335-0-6
N1  - Eurosensors ; (11, 1997, Warszawa) ; Eurosensors - European Conference on Solid-State Transducers ; (11 : ; 1997.09.21-24 : ; Warsaw)
SP  - 615
EP  - 618
PB  - Sensor Lab Sp.
CY  - Warsaw
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Gun, Jenny
A1  - Gutkin, Vitaly
A1  - Lev, Ovadia
A1  - Boyen, Hans-Gerd
A1  - Saitner, Marc
A1  - Wagner, Patrick
A1  - Olieslaeger, Marc D´
A1  - Abouzar, Maryam H.
A1  - Poghossian, Arshak
A1  - Schöning, Michael Josef
T1  - Tracing gold nanoparticle charge by electrolyte-insulator-semiconductor devices
JF  - Journal of Physical Chemistry C. 115 (2011), H. 11
Y1  - 2011
SN  - 1932-7455
SP  - 4439
EP  - 4445
PB  - American Cemical Society
CY  - Washington, DC
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Näther, Niko
A1  - Rolka, David
A1  - Poghossian, Arshak
A1  - Koudelka-Hep, M.
A1  - Schöning, Michael Josef
T1  - Two microcell flow-injection analysis (FIA) platforms for capacitive silicon-based field-effect sensors
JF  - Electrochimica Acta. 51 (2005), H. 5
Y1  - 2005
SN  - 0013-4686
U6  - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2005.04.066
SP  - 924
EP  - 929
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Siqueira, Jose R.
A1  - Maki, Rafael M.
A1  - Paulovich, Fernando V.
A1  - Werner, Frederik
A1  - Poghossian, Arshak
A1  - Oliveira, Maria C. F. de
A1  - Zucolotto, Valtencir
A1  - Oliveira, Osvaldo N. Jr.
A1  - Schöning, Michael Josef
T1  - Use of Information Visualization Methods Eliminating Cross Talk in Multiple Sensing Units Investigated for a Light-Addressable Potentiometric Sensor
JF  - Analytical Chemistry  (2010)
Y1  - 2010
SN  - 0003-2700
SP  - 61
EP  - 65
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Bohrn, Ulrich
A1  - Stütz, Evamaria
A1  - Fleischer, Maximilian
A1  - Schöning, Michael Josef
A1  - Wagner, Patrick
T1  - Using a cell-based gas biosensor for investigation of adverse effects of acetone vapors in vitro
JF  - Biosensors and Bioelectronics. 40 (2013), H. 1
Y1  - 2013
SN  - 0956-5663
SP  - 393
EP  - 400
PB  - Elsevier
CY  - Amsterdam
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Wagner, Torsten
A1  - Miyamoto, K.
A1  - Werner, Frederik
A1  - Schöning, Michael Josef
A1  - Yoshinobu, T.
T1  - Utilising Digital Micro-Mirror Device (DMD) as Scanning Light Source for Light-Addressable Potentiometric Sensors (LAPS)
Y1  - 2011
U6  - http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/sl.2011.1620
VL  - 9
IS  - 2
SP  - 812
EP  - 815
PB  - American Scientific Publishers
CY  - Stevenson Ranch, Calif.
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Miyamoto, Ko-ichiro
A1  - Bing, Yu
A1  - Wagner, Torsten
A1  - Yoshinobu, Tatsuo
A1  - Schöning, Michael Josef
T1  - Visualization of Defects on a Cultured Cell Layer by Utilizing Chemical Imaging Sensor
JF  - Procedia Engineering
N2  - The chemical imaging sensor is a field-effect sensor which is able to visualize both the distribution of ions (in LAPS mode) and the distribution of impedance (in SPIM mode) inthe sample. In this study, a novel wound-healing assay is proposed, in which the chemical imaging sensor operated in SPIM mode is applied to monitor the defect of a cell layer brought into proximity of the sensing surface.A reduced impedance inside the defect, which was artificially formed ina cell layer, was successfully visualized in a photocurrent image.
Y1  - 2015
U6  - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2015.08.806
SN  - 1877-7058
N1  - Part of special issue "Eurosensors 2015"
VL  - 120
SP  - 936
EP  - 939
PB  - Elsevier
CY  - Amsterdam
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Miyamoto, Ko-ichiro
A1  - Hirayama, Yuji
A1  - Wagner, Torsten
A1  - Schöning, Michael Josef
A1  - Yoshinobu, Tatsuo
T1  - Visualization of enzymatic reaction in a microfluidic channel using chemical imaging sensor
JF  - Electrochimica acta
Y1  - 2013
SN  - 1873-3859 (E-Journal); 0013-4686 (Print)
SP  - Publ. online
PB  - Elsevier
CY  - Amsterdam
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Miyamoto, Ko-ichiro
A1  - Yu, Bing
A1  - Isoda, Hiroko
A1  - Wagner, Torsten
A1  - Schöning, Michael Josef
A1  - Yoshinobu, Tatsuo
T1  - Visualization of the recovery process of defects in a cultured cell layer by chemical imaging sensor
JF  - Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical
N2  - The chemical imaging sensor is a field-effect sensor which is able to visualize both the distribution of ions (in LAPS mode) and the distribution of impedance (in SPIM mode) in the sample. In this study, a novel cell assay is proposed, in which the chemical imaging sensor operated in SPIM mode is applied to monitor the recovery of defects in a cell layer brought into proximity of the sensing surface. A reduced impedance at a defect formed artificially in a cell layer was successfully visualized in a photocurrent image. The cell layer was cultured over two weeks, during which the temporal change of the photocurrent distribution corresponding to the recovery of the defect was observed.
Y1  - 2016
U6  - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2016.04.018
SN  - 0925-4005
VL  - 236
SP  - 965
EP  - 969
PB  - Elsevier
CY  - Amsterdam
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Emons, H.
A1  - Baade, A.
A1  - Schöning, Michael Josef
T1  - Voltammetric determination of heavy metals in microvolumes of rain water
JF  - Electroanalysis. 12 (2000), H. 15
Y1  - 2000
SN  - 1040-0397
SP  - 1171
EP  - 1176
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Hüllenkremer, B.
A1  - Glück, O.
A1  - Emons, H.
A1  - Lüth, H.
A1  - Schöning, Michael Josef
T1  - Voltohmmetrie an polykristallinen Goldelektroden
JF  - Gesellschaft Mess- und Automatisierungstechnik: Sensoren und Meßsysteme 2000 : Tagung Ludwigsburg, 13. und 14. März 2000 / VDI/VDE-Gesellschaft Meß- und Automatisierungstechnik
Y1  - 2000
SN  - 3-18-091530-7
N1  - VDI-Berichte; 1530
SP  - 45
EP  - 54
PB  - VDI-Verl.
CY  - Düsseldorf:
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Emons, H.
A1  - Glück, O.
A1  - Hüllenkremer, B.
A1  - Schöning, Michael Josef
T1  - Voltohmmetry as an alternative detection method at polycrystalline metal film electrodes
JF  - Electroanalysis. 13 (2001), H. 8-9
Y1  - 2001
SN  - 1040-0397
SP  - 677
EP  - 680
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Schöning, Michael Josef
A1  - Hüllenkremer, B.
A1  - Glück, O.
A1  - Lüth, H.
A1  - Emons, H.
T1  - Voltohmmetry – a novel sensing principle for heavy metal determination in aqueous solutions
JF  - Sensors and Actuators B. 78 (2001), H. 1-3
Y1  - 2001
SN  - 0925-4005
SP  - 275
EP  - 280
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Emons, H.
A1  - Glück, O.
A1  - Schöning, Michael Josef
T1  - Voltohmmetry – An alternative detection principle at ultrathin metal electrodes in solution
JF  - Chemical and biological sensors and analytical methods : proceedings of the international symposium / Sensor, Physical Electrochemistry, and Organic and Biological Electrochemistry Divisions. Ed.: M. Butler
Y1  - 2001
SN  - 1-56677-351-2
N1  - International Symposium: Chemical and Biological Sensors and Analytical Methods ; (2 : 2001.)
SP  - 1
EP  - 3
PB  - Electrochemical Society
CY  - Pennington, NJ
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Malzahn, Kerstin
A1  - Windmiller, Joshua Ray
A1  - Valdés-Ramírez, Gabriela
A1  - Wang, Joseph
A1  - Schöning, Michael Josef
T1  - Wearable electrochemical sensors for in situ analysis in marine environments
JF  - Analyst. 136 (2011), H. 14
Y1  - 2011
SN  - 0003-2654
SP  - 2912
EP  - 2917
PB  - Royal Society of Chemistry
CY  - Cambridge
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Doll, T.
A1  - Scharnagl, K.
A1  - Winter, R.
A1  - Bögner, M.
A1  - Eisele, I.
A1  - Ostrik, B.
A1  - Schöning, Michael Josef
T1  - Work function gas sensors - reference layers and signal analysis
JF  - Eurosensors XII : proceedings of the 12th European Conference on Solid-State Transducers and the 9th UK Conference on Sensors and their Applications, Southampton, UK, 13 - 16 September 1998 / ed. by N. M. White ; Vol. 1
Y1  - 1998
SN  - 0-7503-0595-9
N1  - Eurosensors ; (12, 1998, Southampton) ; UK Conference on Sensors and Their Applications ; (9, 1998, Southampton)
SP  - 143
EP  - 146
PB  - Inst. of Physics Publ.
CY  - Bristol [u.a.]
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Werner, Frederik
A1  - Groebel, Simone
A1  - Wagner, Torsten
A1  - Yoshinobu, Tatsuo
A1  - Selmer, Thorsten
A1  - Baumann, Marcus
A1  - Schöning, Michael Josef
T1  - Überwachung der metabolischen Aktivität von Mikroorganismen zur Kontrolle des biologischen Prozesses im Biogasfermenter
JF  - Biogas 2011 : Energieträger der Zukunft ; 6. Fachtagung, Fachtagung Braunschweig, 08. und 09. Juni 2011 / VDI Energie und Umwelt
Y1  - 2011
SN  - 978-3-18-092121-1
N1  - Gesellschaft Energie und Umwelt ; Fachtagung Biogas ; (6 : ; 2011.06.08-09 : ; Braunschweig) ; 	VDI-Berichte ; 2121
SP  - 285
EP  - 286
PB  - VDI-Verl.
CY  - Düsseldorf
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Wagner, Torsten
A1  - Rao, C.
A1  - Kloock, Joachim P.
A1  - Yoshinobu, T.
A1  - Otto, R.
A1  - Keusgen, M.
A1  - Schöning, Michael Josef
T1  - “LAPS Card”—A novel chip card-based light-addressable potentiometric sensor (LAPS)
JF  - Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical. 118 (2006), H. 1-2
Y1  - 2006
SN  - 0925-4005
N1  - Eurosensors XIX - Eurosensors XIX - The 19th European Conference on Solid-State Transducers
SP  - 33
EP  - 40
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Wagner, Torsten
A1  - Yoshinobu, T.
A1  - Rao, C.
A1  - Otto, R.
A1  - Schöning, Michael Josef
T1  - „All-in-one“ solid-state device based on a lightaddressable potentiometric sensor platform
JF  - Transducers '05 : the 13th International Conference on Solid-State Sensors, Actuators and Microsystems ; Seoul, Korea, [June 5 - 9, 2005] ; digest of technical papers / sponsored by Korean Sensors Society. Technical co-sponsors: IEEE Electron Devices Society
Y1  - 2005
SN  - 0-7803-83995-6
N1  - International Conference on Solid State Sensors, Actuators and Microsystems ; (13, 2005, Seoul)
SP  - 1872
EP  - 1875
PB  - IEEE Operations Center
CY  - Piscataway, NJ
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Poghossian, Arshak
A1  - Berndsen, L.
A1  - Schultze, J. W.
A1  - Lüth, H.
A1  - Schöning, Michael Josef
T1  - „High order“ hybrid sensor module based on an identical transducer principle
JF  - Chemical and biological sensors and analytical methods : proceedings of the international symposium / Sensor, Physical Electrochemistry, and Organic and Biological Electrochemistry Divisions. Ed.: M. Butler
Y1  - 2001
SN  - 1-56677-351-2
N1  - International Symposium: Chemical and Biological Sensors and Analytical Methods ; (2 : 2001.)
SP  - 143
EP  - 152
PB  - Electrochemical Society
CY  - Pennington, NJ
ER  -