TY  - CHAP
A1  - Fissabre, Anke
A1  - Wilson, Ariane
ED  - Di Teodoro, Francesco P.
ED  - Ferretti, Emanuela
ED  - Frommel, Sabine
ED  - Schlimme, Hermann
T1  - Hypotheses on the Tower of Monthoiron: A Built Design of Italian and Leonardian Inspiration in France
T2  - Leonardo da Vinci: l’architettura / Léonard de Vinci : l’architecture
Y1  - 2022
SN  - 979-12-80956-00-2
N1  - Sprachen laut Verlagsangaben: Italienisch, Englisch, Französisch
SP  - 287
EP  - 300
PB  - Campisano Editore
CY  - Roma
ER  - 
TY  - CHAP
A1  - Schopen, Oliver
A1  - Shabani, Bahman
A1  - Esch, Thomas
A1  - Kemper, Hans
A1  - Shah, Neel
ED  - Rahim, S.A.
ED  - As'arry, A.
ED  - Zuhri, M.Y.M.
ED  - Harmin, M.Y.
ED  - Rezali, K.A.M.
ED  - Hairuddin, A.A.
T1  - Quantitative evaluation of health management designs for fuel cell systems in transport vehicles
T2  - 2nd UNITED-SAIG International Conference Proceedings
N2  - Focusing on transport vehicles, mainly with regard to aviation applications, this paper presents compilation and subsequent quantitative evaluation of methods aimed at building an optimum integrated health management solution for fuel cell systems. The methods are divided into two different main types and compiled in a related scheme. Furthermore, different methods are analysed and evaluated based on parameters specific to the aviation context of this study. Finally, the most suitable method for use in fuel cell health management systems is identified and its performance and suitability is quantified.
KW  - aviation application
KW  - health management systems
KW  - fuel cell systems
Y1  - 2022
N1  - 2nd UNITED-SAIG International Conference, 23-24 May 2022, Putrajaya, Malaysia
SP  - 1
EP  - 3
ER  - 
TY  - CHAP
A1  - Veettil, Yadu Krishna Morassery
A1  - Rakshit, Shantam
A1  - Schopen, Oliver
A1  - Kemper, Hans
A1  - Esch, Thomas
A1  - Shabani, Bahman
ED  - Bin Abdollah, Mohd Fadzli
ED  - Amiruddin, Hilmi
ED  - Singh, Amrik Singh Phuman
ED  - Munir, Fudhail Abdul
ED  - Ibrahim, Asriana
T1  - Automated Control System Strategies to Ensure Safety of PEM Fuel Cells Using Kalman Filters
T2  - Proceedings of the 7th International Conference and Exhibition on Sustainable Energy and Advanced Materials (ICE-SEAM 2021), Melaka, Malaysia
N2  - Having well-defined control strategies for fuel cells, that can efficiently detect errors and take corrective action is critically important for safety in all applications, and especially so in aviation. The algorithms not only ensure operator safety by monitoring the fuel cell and connected components, but also contribute to extending the health of the fuel cell, its durability and safe operation over its lifetime. While sensors are used to provide peripheral data surrounding the fuel cell, the internal states of the fuel cell cannot be directly measured. To overcome this restriction, Kalman Filter has been implemented as an internal state observer.
Other safety conditions are evaluated using real-time data from every connected sensor and corrective actions automatically take place to ensure safety. The algorithms discussed in this paper have been validated thorough Model-in-the-Loop (MiL) tests as well as practical validation at a dedicated test bench.
KW  - control system
KW  - PEM fuel cells
KW  - Kalman filter
Y1  - 2022
SN  - 978-981-19-3178-9
SN  - 978-981-19-3179-6 (E-Book)
U6  - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-3179-6_55
SN  - 2195-4356
N1  - The 7th International Conference and Exhibition on Sustainable Energy and Advanced Material (ICE-SEAM 2021) was organized by Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM), Malaysia, in association with the Universitas Sebelas Maret (UNS), Indonesia, on 23 November 2021
SP  - 296
EP  - 299
PB  - Springer Nature
CY  - Singapore
ER  - 
TY  - CHAP
A1  - Tamaldin, Noreffendy
A1  - Mansor, Muhd Rizuan
A1  - Mat Yamin, Ahmad Kamal
A1  - Bin Abdollah, Mohd Fazli
A1  - Esch, Thomas
A1  - Tonoli, Andrea
A1  - Reisinger, Karl Heinz
A1  - Sprenger, Hanna
A1  - Razuli, Hisham
ED  - Bin Abdollah, Mohd Fadzli
ED  - Amiruddin, Hilmi
ED  - Singh, Amrik Singh Phuman
ED  - Munir, Fudhail Abdul
ED  - Ibrahim, Asriana
T1  - Development of UTeM United Future Fuel Design Training Center Under Erasmus+ United Program
T2  - Proceedings of the 7th International Conference and Exhibition on Sustainable Energy and Advanced Materials (ICE-SEAM 2021), Melaka, Malaysia
N2  - The industrial revolution IR4.0 era have driven many states of the art technologies to be introduced especially in the automotive industry. The rapid development of automotive industries in Europe have created wide industry gap between European Union (EU) and developing countries such as in South-East Asia (SEA). Indulging this situation, FH Joanneum, Austria together with European partners from FH Aachen, Germany and Politecnico Di Torino, Italy is taking initiative to close the gap utilizing the Erasmus+ United grant from EU. A consortium was founded to engage with automotive technology transfer using the European  ramework to Malaysian, Indonesian and Thailand Higher Education Institutions (HEI) as well as automotive industries. This could be achieved by establishing Engineering Knowledge Transfer Unit (EKTU) in respective SEA institutions guided by the industry partners in their respective countries. This EKTU could offer updated, innovative, and high-quality training courses to increase graduate’s employability in higher education institutions and strengthen relations between HEI and the wider economic and social environment by addressing Universityindustry cooperation which is the regional priority for Asia. It is expected that, the Capacity Building Initiative would improve the quality of higher education and enhancing its relevance for the labor market and society in the SEA partners. The outcome of this project would greatly benefit the partners in strong and complementary partnership targeting the automotive industry and enhanced larger scale international cooperation between the European and SEA partners. It would also prepare the SEA HEI in sustainable partnership with Automotive industry in the region as a mean of income generation in the future.
KW  - Erasmus+ United
KW  - technology transfer
KW  - UTeM Engineering Knowledge Transfer Unit
KW  - Malaysian automotive industry
Y1  - 2022
SN  - 978-981-19-3178-9
SN  - 978-981-19-3179-6 (E-Book)
U6  - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-3179-6_50
SN  - 2195-4356
N1  - The 7th International Conference and Exhibition on Sustainable Energy and Advanced Material (ICE-SEAM 2021) was organized by Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM), Malaysia, in association with the Universitas Sebelas Maret (UNS), Indonesia, on 23 November 2021.
SP  - 274
EP  - 278
PB  - Springer Nature
CY  - Singapore
ER  - 
TY  - THES
A1  - Rouenhoff, Saskia
T1  - Blind – invisible connection : ein Spiel zur kritischen
Auseinandersetzung mit den sozialen Medien.
N2  - Im Computerspiel „blind – invisible connection“ taucht der Spieler in eine Fantasiewelt ein, die die sozialen Medien widerspiegelt und von einer Maschine beherrscht wird. Um zu erfahren, was in dieser Welt geschehen ist, muss die Geschichte Schritt für Schritt erspielt und wie ein Puzzle zusammengesetzt werden. Dabei interagieren die Spieler:innen mittels Dialogen mit den Bewohner:innen der Fantasiewelt und lösen Rätsel, die die Geschichte enthüllen. Durch Analogien zwischen der Fantasiewelt und den sozialen Medien wird die Funktionsweise und der Einfluss der Plattformen auf die Menschen und die Gesellschaft verdeutlicht. So wird eine Reflexion des eigenen Umgangs mit den sozialen Medien angeregt und Gesprächsstoff für Diskussionen unter den Spieler:innen und Mitmenschen geliefert.
KW  - Spiel
KW  - Computerspiel
KW  - App
KW  - Geschichte
KW  - Soziale Medien
Y1  - 2022
PB  - FH Aachen
CY  - Aachen
ER  - 
TY  - CHAP
A1  - Blanke, Tobias
A1  - Schmidt, Katharina S.
A1  - Göttsche, Joachim
A1  - Döring, Bernd
A1  - Frisch, Jérôme
A1  - van Treeck, Christoph
ED  - Weidlich, Anke
ED  - Neumann, Dirk
ED  - Gust, Gunther
ED  - Staudt, Philipp
ED  - Schäfer, Mirko
T1  - Time series aggregation for energy system design: review and extension of modelling seasonal storages
T2  - Energy Informatics
N2  - Using optimization to design a renewable energy system has become a computationally demanding task as the high temporal fluctuations of demand and supply arise within the considered time series. The aggregation of typical operation periods has become a popular method to reduce effort. These operation periods are modelled independently and cannot interact in most cases. Consequently, seasonal storage is not reproducible. This inability can lead to a significant error, especially for energy systems with a high share of fluctuating renewable energy. The previous paper, “Time series aggregation for energy system design: Modeling seasonal storage”, has developed a seasonal storage model to address this issue. Simultaneously, the paper “Optimal design of multi-energy systems with seasonal storage” has developed a different approach. This paper aims to review these models and extend the first model. The extension is a mathematical reformulation to decrease the number of variables and constraints. Furthermore, it aims to reduce the calculation time while achieving the same results.
KW  - Energy system
KW  - Renewable energy
KW  - Mixed integer linear programming (MILP)
KW  - Typical periods
KW  - Time-series aggregation
Y1  - 2022
U6  - http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s42162-022-00208-5
SN  - 2520-8942
N1  - Proceedings of the 11th DACH+ Conference on Energy Informatics, 15-16 September 2022, Freiburg, Germany.
VL  - 5
IS  - 1, Article number: 17
SP  - 1
EP  - 14
PB  - Springer Nature
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Peere, Wouter
A1  - Blanke, Tobias
ED  - Vernon, Chris
T1  - GHEtool: An open-source tool for borefield sizing in Python
JF  - Journal of Open Source Software
N2  - GHEtool is a Python package that contains all the functionalities needed to deal with borefield design. It is developed for both researchers and practitioners. The core of this package is the automated sizing of borefield under different conditions. The sizing of a borefield is typically slow due to the high complexity of the mathematical background. Because this tool has a lot of precalculated data, GHEtool can size a borefield in the order of tenths of milliseconds. This sizing typically takes the order of minutes. Therefore, this tool is suited for being implemented in typical workflows where iterations are required. 

GHEtool also comes with a graphical user interface (GUI). This GUI is prebuilt as an exe-file because this provides access to all the functionalities without coding. A setup to install the GUI at the user-defined place is also implemented and available at: https://www.mech.kuleuven.be/en/tme/research/thermal_systems/tools/ghetool.
KW  - geothermal
KW  - energy
KW  - borefields
KW  - sizing
Y1  - 2022
U6  - http://dx.doi.org/10.21105/joss.04406
SN  - 2475-9066
VL  - 7
IS  - 76
SP  - 1
EP  - 4, 4406
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Funke, Harald
A1  - Esch, Thomas
A1  - Roosen, Petra
T1  - Powertrain Adaptions for LPG Usage in General Aviation
JF  - MTZ worldwide
N2  - In general aviation, too, it is desirable to be able to operate existing internal combustion engines with fuels that produce less CO₂ than Avgas 100LL being widely used today It can be assumed that, in comparison, the fuels CNG, LPG or LNG, which are gaseous under normal conditions, produce significantly lower emissions. Necessary propulsion system adaptations were investigated as part of a research project at Aachen University of Applied Sciences.
Y1  - 2022
U6  - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s38313-021-0756-6
VL  - 2022
IS  - 83
SP  - 58
EP  - 62
PB  - Springer Nature
CY  - Basel
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Funke, Harald
A1  - Esch, Thomas
A1  - Roosen, Petra
T1  - Antriebssystemanpassungen zur Verwendung von LPG als Flugkraftstoff
JF  - Motortechnische Zeitschrift (MTZ)
N2  - Auch in der allgemeinen Luftfahrt wäre es wünschenswert, die bereits vorhandenen Verbrennungsmotoren mit weniger CO₂-trächtigen Kraftstoffen als dem heute weit verbreiteten Avgas 100LL betreiben zu können. Es ist anzunehmen, dass im Vergleich die unter Normalbedingungen gasförmigen Kraftstoffe CNG, LPG oder LNG deutlich weniger Emissionen produzieren. Erforderliche Antriebssystemanpassungen wurden im Rahmen eines Forschungsprojekts an der FH Aachen untersucht.
Y1  - 2022
U6  - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s35146-021-0778-2
VL  - 2022
IS  - 83
SP  - 58
EP  - 62
PB  - Springer Nature
CY  - Basel
ER  - 
TY  - CHAP
A1  - Maurer, Florian
T1  - Framework to provide a simulative comparison of different energy market designs
T2  - Energy Informatics
N2  - Useful market simulations are key to the evaluation of diferent market designs existing of multiple market mechanisms or rules. Yet a simulation framework which has a comparison of diferent market mechanisms in mind was not found. The need to create an objective view on different sets of market rules while investigating meaningful agent strategies concludes that such a simulation framework is needed to advance the research on this subject. An overview of diferent existing market simulation models is given which also shows the research gap and the missing capabilities of those systems. Finally, a methodology is outlined how a novel market simulation which can answer the research questions can be developed.
Y1  - 2022
U6  - http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s42162-022-00215-6
SN  - 2520-8942
VL  - 5
IS  - 2
SP  - 18
EP  - 20
PB  - Springer Nature
ER  - 
TY  - GEN
A1  - Wiegner, J.
A1  - Volker, H.
A1  - Mainz, F.
A1  - Backes, A.
A1  - Löken, M.
A1  - Hüning, Felix
T1  - Wiegand-Effect-Powered Wireless IT Sensor Node
N2  - With the growing interest in small distributed sensors for the “Internet of Things”, more attention is being paid to energy harvesting techologies. Reducing or eliminating the need for external power sources or batteries make devices more self-sufficient, more reliable, and reduces maintenance requirements. The Wiegand effect is a proven technology for harvesting small amounts of electrical power from mechanical motion.
Y1  - 2022
N1  - PSMA International Energy Harvesting Workshop ~ 5-7 April 2022, Raleigh, NC, USA
ER  - 
TY  - CHAP
A1  - Tran, Ngoc Trinh
A1  - Trinh, Tu Luc
A1  - Dao, Ngoc Tien
A1  - Giap, Van Tan
A1  - Truong, Manh Khuyen
A1  - Dinh, Thuy Ha
A1  - Staat, Manfred
T1  - Limit and shakedown analysis of structures under random strength
T2  - Proceedings of (NACOME2022) The 11th National Conference on Mechanics, Vol. 1. Solid Mechanics, Rock Mechanics, Artificial Intelligence, Teaching and Training, Hanoi, December 2-3, 2022
N2  - Direct methods comprising limit and shakedown analysis is a branch of computational mechanics. It plays a significant role in mechanical and civil engineering design. The concept of direct method aims to determinate the ultimate load bearing capacity of structures beyond the elastic range. For practical problems, the direct methods lead to nonlinear convex optimization problems with a large number of variables and onstraints. If strength and loading are random quantities, the problem of shakedown analysis is considered as stochastic programming. This paper presents a method so called chance constrained programming, an effective method of stochastic programming, to solve shakedown analysis problem under random condition of strength. In this our investigation, the loading is deterministic, the strength is distributed as normal or lognormal variables.
KW  - Reliability of structures
KW  - Stochastic programming
KW  - Chance constrained programming
KW  - Shakedown analysis
KW  - Limit analysis
Y1  - 2022
SN  - 978-604-357-084-7
SP  - 510
EP  - 518
PB  - Nha xuat ban Khoa hoc tu nhien va Cong nghe (Verlag Naturwissenschaft und Technik)
CY  - Hanoi
ER  - 
TY  - CHAP
A1  - Horikawa, Atsushi
A1  - Ashikaga, Mitsugu
A1  - Yamaguchi, Masato
A1  - Ogino, Tomoyuki
A1  - Aoki, Shigeki
A1  - Wirsum, Manfred
A1  - Funke, Harald
A1  - Kusterer, Karsten
T1  - Combined heat and power supply demonstration of Micro-Mix Hydrogen Combustion Applied to M1A-17 Gas Turbine
T2  - Proceedings of ASME Turbo Expo 2022: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition (GT2022) (Volume 3A)
N2  - Kawasaki Heavy Industries, Ltd. (KHI), Aachen University of Applied Sciences, and B&B-AGEMA GmbH have investigated the potential of low NOx micro-mix (MMX) hydrogen combustion and its application to an industrial gas turbine combustor. Engine demonstration tests of a MMX combustor for the M1A-17 gas turbine with a co-generation system were conducted in the hydrogen-fueled power generation plant in Kobe City, Japan.
This paper presents the results of the commissioning test and the combined heat and power (CHP) supply demonstration. In the commissioning test, grid interconnection, loading tests and load cut-off tests were successfully conducted. All measurement results satisfied the Japanese environmental regulation values. Dust and soot as well as SOx were not detected. The NOx emissions were below 84 ppmv at 15 % O2. The noise level at the site boundary was below 60 dB. The vibration at the site boundary was below 45 dB.
During the combined heat and power supply demonstration, heat and power were supplied to neighboring public facilities with the MMX combustion technology and 100 % hydrogen fuel. The electric power output reached 1800 kW at which the NOx emissions were 72 ppmv at 15 % O2, and 60 %RH. Combustion instabilities were not observed. The gas turbine efficiency was improved by about 1 % compared to a non-premixed type combustor with water injection as NOx reduction method. During a total equivalent operation time of 1040 hours, all combustor parts, the M1A-17 gas turbine as such, and the co-generation system were without any issues.
KW  - industrial gas turbine
KW  - combustor development
KW  - fuels
KW  - hydrogen
KW  - emission
Y1  - 2022
SN  - 978-0-7918-8599-4
U6  - http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/GT2022-81620
N1  - ASME Turbo Expo 2022: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition
June 13–17, 2022 Rotterdam, Netherlands
PB  - American Society of Mechanical Engineers
CY  - Fairfield
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Funke, Harald
A1  - Beckmann, Nils
T1  - Flexible fuel operation of a Dry-Low-NOx Micromix Combustor with Variable Hydrogen Methane Mixture
JF  - International Journal of Gas Turbine, Propulsion and Power Systems
N2  - The role of hydrogen (H2) as a carbon-free energy carrier is discussed since decades for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. As bridge technology towards a hydrogen-based energy supply, fuel mixtures of natural gas or methane (CH4) and hydrogen are possible.
The paper presents the first test results of a low-emission Micromix combustor designed for flexible-fuel operation with variable H2/CH4 mixtures. The numerical and experimental approach for considering variable fuel mixtures instead of recently investigated pure hydrogen is described.
In the experimental studies, a first generation FuelFlex Micromix combustor geometry is tested at atmospheric pressure at gas turbine operating conditions corresponding to part- and full-load. The H2/CH4 fuel mixture composition is varied between 57 and 100 vol.% hydrogen content.
Despite the challenges flexible-fuel operation poses onto the design of a combustion system, the evaluated FuelFlex Micromix prototype shows a significant low NOx performance
Y1  - 2022
SN  - 1882-5079
VL  - 13
IS  - 2
SP  - 1
EP  - 7
ER  - 
TY  - BOOK
A1  - Laack, Walter van
T1  - Aufruf zum Nachdenken: Corona und neue Kriege – Wie kann die Menschheit überleben?
T1  - Call for Reflection: Corona and New Wars – How can Mankind survive?
Y1  - 2022
SN  - 978-3-936624-56-4
N1  - Dritter Band der Buchreihe “Vorträge & Einsichten – Lectures & Insights” und hier das zweite “Upside-Down-Buch”: Deutsche und englische Version in einem Buch.
PB  - van Laack GmbH
CY  - Aachen
ER  - 
TY  - BOOK
A1  - Laack, Walter van
T1  - Schnittstelle Tod: Was lernen wir durch Corona über Leben und Tod?
Y1  - 2022
SN  - 978-3-936624-53-3
N1  - Siebter Tagungsband aus der Buchreihe “Schnittstelle Tod”
PB  - van Laack GmbH
CY  - Aachen
ER  - 
TY  - BOOK
A1  - Laack, Walter van
T1  - Greater Than the Entire Universe
Y1  - 2022
SN  - 978-3-936624-52-6
PB  - van Laack GmbH
CY  - Aachen
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Welden, Melanie
A1  - Poghossian, Arshak
A1  - Vahidpour, Farnoosh
A1  - Wendlandt, Tim
A1  - Keusgen, Michael
A1  - Wege, Christina
A1  - Schöning, Michael Josef
T1  - Towards multi-analyte detection with field-effect capacitors modified with tobacco mosaic virus bioparticles as enzyme nanocarriers
JF  - Biosensors
N2  - Utilizing an appropriate enzyme immobilization strategy is crucial for designing enzyme-based biosensors. Plant virus-like particles represent ideal nanoscaffolds for an extremely dense and precise immobilization of enzymes, due to their regular shape, high surface-to-volume ratio and high density of surface binding sites. In the present work, tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) particles were applied for the co-immobilization of penicillinase and urease onto the gate surface of a field-effect electrolyte-insulator-semiconductor capacitor (EISCAP) with a p-Si-SiO₂-Ta₂O₅ layer structure for the sequential detection of penicillin and urea. The TMV-assisted bi-enzyme EISCAP biosensor exhibited a high urea and penicillin sensitivity of 54 and 85 mV/dec, respectively, in the concentration range of 0.1–3 mM. For comparison, the characteristics of single-enzyme EISCAP biosensors modified with TMV particles immobilized with either penicillinase or urease were also investigated. The surface morphology of the TMV-modified Ta₂O₅-gate was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy. Additionally, the bi-enzyme EISCAP was applied to mimic an XOR (Exclusive OR) enzyme logic gate.
KW  - urease
KW  - enzyme-logic gate
KW  - bi-enzyme biosensor
KW  - capacitive field-effect sensor
KW  - tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)
KW  - penicillinase
Y1  - 2022
U6  - http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios12010043
SN  - 2079-6374
N1  - This article belongs to the Special Issue "Biosensors: 10th Anniversary Feature Papers"
VL  - 12
IS  - 1
PB  - MDPI
CY  - Basel
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Zhantlessova, Sirina
A1  - Savitskaya, Irina
A1  - Kistaubayeva, Aida
A1  - Ignatova, Ludmila
A1  - Talipova, Aizhan
A1  - Pogrebnjak, Alexander
A1  - Digel, Ilya
T1  - Advanced “Green” prebiotic composite of bacterial cellulose/pullulan based on synthetic biology-powered microbial coculture strategy
JF  - Polymers
N2  - Bacterial cellulose (BC) is a biopolymer produced by different microorganisms, but in biotechnological practice, Komagataeibacter xylinus is used. The micro- and nanofibrillar structure of BC, which forms many different-sized pores, creates prerequisites for the introduction of other polymers into it, including those synthesized by other microorganisms. The study aims to develop a cocultivation system of BC and prebiotic producers to obtain BC-based composite material with prebiotic activity. In this study, pullulan (PUL) was found to stimulate the growth of the probiotic strain Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG better than the other microbial polysaccharides gellan and xanthan. BC/PUL biocomposite with prebiotic properties was obtained by cocultivation of Komagataeibacter xylinus and Aureobasidium pullulans, BC and PUL producers respectively, on molasses medium. The inclusion of PUL in BC is proved gravimetrically by scanning electron microscopy and by Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy. Cocultivation demonstrated a composite effect on the aggregation and binding of BC fibers, which led to a significant improvement in mechanical properties. The developed approach for “grafting” of prebiotic activity on BC allows preparation of environmentally friendly composites of better quality.
KW  - coculture
KW  - pullulan
KW  - exopolysaccharides
KW  - prebiotic
KW  - bacterial cellulose
Y1  - 2022
U6  - http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14153224
SN  - 2073-4360
N1  - This article belongs to the Special Issue "Cellulose Based Composites"
VL  - 14
IS  - 15
PB  - MDPI
CY  - Basel
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Ojovan, Michael I.
A1  - Steinmetz, Hans-Jürgen
T1  - Approaches to Disposal of Nuclear Waste
JF  - Energies
N2  - We present a concise mini overview on the approaches to the disposal of nuclear waste currently used or deployed. The disposal of nuclear waste is the end point of nuclear waste management (NWM) activities and is the emplacement of waste in an appropriate facility without the intention to retrieve it. The IAEA has developed an internationally accepted classification scheme based on the end points of NWM, which is used as guidance. Retention times needed for safe isolation of waste radionuclides are estimated based on the radiotoxicity of nuclear waste. Disposal facilities usually rely on a multi-barrier defence system to isolate the waste from the biosphere, which comprises the natural geological barrier and the engineered barrier system. Disposal facilities could be of a trench type, vaults, tunnels, shafts, boreholes, or mined repositories. A graded approach relates the depth of the disposal facilities’ location with the level of hazard. Disposal practices demonstrate the reliability of nuclear waste disposal with minimal expected impacts on the environment and humans.
KW  - borehole disposal
KW  - geological disposal
KW  - disposal facility
KW  - retention time
KW  - nuclear waste
Y1  - 2022
U6  - http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15207804
SN  - 1996-1073
N1  - This article belongs to the Special Issue "Treatment of Radioactive Waste and Sustainability Energy"
VL  - 15
IS  - 20
PB  - MDPI
CY  - Basel
ER  -