TY - CHAP A1 - Atmane, Ilias A1 - Hirech, Kamal A1 - Kassmi, K. A1 - Mahdi, Zahra A1 - Alexopoulos, Spiros A1 - Schwarzer, Klemens A1 - Chayeb, H. A1 - Bachiri, N. ED - Omrane, Amina ED - Kassmi, Khalil ED - Akram, Muhammad Wasim ED - Khanna, Ashish ED - Mostafiz, Imtiaz T1 - Design and realization of a pilot solar desalination plant in Douar El Hamri in the province of Berkane (Morocco) T2 - Sustainable entrepreneurship, renewable energy-based projects, and digitalization N2 - Producing fresh water from saline water has become one of the most difficult challenges to overcome especially with the high demand and shortage of fresh water. In this context, as part of a collaboration with Germany, the authors propose a design and implementation of a pilot multi-stage solar desalination system (MSD), remotely controlled, at Douar Al Hamri in the rural town of Boughriba in the province of Berkane, Morocco. More specifically, they present their contribution on the remote control and supervision system, which makes the functioning of the MSD system reliable and guarantees the production of drinking water for the population of Douar. The results obtained show that the electronic cards and computer communication software implemented allow the acquisition of all electrical (currents, voltages, powers, yields), thermal (temperatures of each stage), and meteorological (irradiance and ambient temperature), remote control and maintenance (switching on, off, data transfer). By comparing with the literature carried out in the field of solar energy, the authors conclude that the MSD and electronic desalination systems realized during this work represent a contribution in terms of the reliability and durability of providing drinking water in rural and urban areas. Y1 - 2020 SN - 9781000292541 (E-Book) SN - 9781003097921 (E-Book) SN - 9780367468378 (Hardcover) PB - CRC Press CY - Boca Raton, Fa. ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Reger, Vitali A1 - Kuhnhenne, Markus A1 - Ebbert, Thiemo A1 - Hachul, Helmut A1 - Blanke, Tobias A1 - Döring, Bernd T1 - Nutzung erneuerbarer Energien durch thermische Aktivierung von Komponenten aus Stahl JF - Stahlbau N2 - Die Versorgung von Neubauten soll möglichst weitgehend unabhängig von fossilen Energieträgern erfolgen. Erneuerbare Energien spielen dafür eine gewichtige Rolle. Eine gute Möglichkeit, erneuerbare Energien ohne viel zusätzlichen Aufwand nutzbar zu machen, ist, bereits vorhandenen Komponenten im Gebäude zusätzliche Funktionen zu geben. Hier kann bspw. die Fassade oder das Dach solarthermisch aktiviert oder durch Fotovoltaikmodule ergänzt werden. Auch Tiefgründungen können neben der statischen Funktion noch eine geothermische Funktion zur Aufnahme oder Abgabe von Wärme erhalten. Neben der Erzeugung bietet sich auch für die Verteilung der Wärme oder Kälte im Gebäude die Integration in Bauteile an. Hier kann bspw. der Boden durch eine Fußbodenheizung oder die Decke durch Deckenstrahlplatten aktiviert werden. Im Rahmen der Veröffentlichung wird auf die thermische Aktivierung von Stahlkomponenten eingegangen. Es wird eine Lösung vorgestellt, die vorgehängte hinterlüftete Stahlfassade (VHF) solarthermisch zu aktivieren. Außerdem werden zwei Möglichkeiten zur geothermischen Aktivierung von Tiefgründungen mittels Stahlpfählen gezeigt. Zuletzt wird ein System zur thermischen Aktivierung von Stahltrapezprofilen an der Decke erläutert, welches Wärme zuführen oder bei Bedarf abführen kann. Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/stab.202000031 SN - 1437-1049 VL - 2020 IS - Volume 89, Issue 6512-519 SP - 512 EP - 519 PB - Ernst & Sohn CY - Berlin ER - TY - BOOK A1 - Labisch, Susanna A1 - Wählisch, Georg T1 - Technisches Zeichnen: Eigenständig lernen und effektiv üben Y1 - 2020 SN - 978-3-658-30650-2 (E-Book) SN - 978-3-658-30649-6 (Print) U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-30650-2 N1 - gedruckt in der Bereichsbibliothek Eupener Str. unter der Signatur 21 WBA 24(6) PB - Springer Vieweg CY - Wiesbaden ET - 6th ed. ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Sattler, Johannes Christoph A1 - Röger, Marc A1 - Schwarzbözl, Peter A1 - Buck, Reiner A1 - Macke, Ansgar A1 - Raeder, Christian A1 - Göttsche, Joachim T1 - Review of heliostat calibration and tracking control methods JF - Solar Energy N2 - Large scale central receiver systems typically deploy between thousands to more than a hundred thousand heliostats. During solar operation, each heliostat is aligned individually in such a way that the overall surface normal bisects the angle between the sun’s position and the aim point coordinate on the receiver. Due to various tracking error sources, achieving accurate alignment ≤1 mrad for all the heliostats with respect to the aim points on the receiver without a calibration system can be regarded as unrealistic. Therefore, a calibration system is necessary not only to improve the aiming accuracy for achieving desired flux distributions but also to reduce or eliminate spillage. An overview of current larger-scale central receiver systems (CRS), tracking error sources and the basic requirements of an ideal calibration system is presented. Leading up to the main topic, a description of general and specific terms on the topics heliostat calibration and tracking control clarifies the terminology used in this work. Various figures illustrate the signal flows along various typical components as well as the corresponding monitoring or measuring devices that indicate or measure along the signal (or effect) chain. The numerous calibration systems are described in detail and classified in groups. Two tables allow the juxtaposition of the calibration methods for a better comparison. In an assessment, the advantages and disadvantages of individual calibration methods are presented. Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2020.06.030 VL - 207 SP - 110 EP - 132 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Oetringer, Kerstin A1 - Dümmler, Andreas A1 - Göttsche, Joachim T1 - Neues Modell zur 1D-Simulation der indirekten Verdunstungskühlung T2 - DKV‐Tagung 2020, AA II.1 N2 - Im Projekt Coolplan‐ AIR geht es um die Fortentwicklung und Feld‐ Validierung eines Berechnungs‐ und Auslegungstools zur energieeffizienten Kühlung von Gebäuden mit luftgestützten Systemen. Neben dem Aufbau und der Weiterentwicklung von Simulationsmodellen erfolgen Vermessungen der Gesamtsysteme anhand von Praxisanlagen im Feld. Eine der betrachteten Anlagen arbeitet mit indirekter Verdunstung. Diese Veröffentlichung zeigt den Entwicklungsprozess und den Aufbau des Simulationsmodells zur Verdunstungskühlung in der Simulationsumgebung Matlab‐ Simulink mit der CARNOT‐ Toolbox. Das besondere Augenmerk liegt dabei auf dem physikalischen Modell des Wärmeübertragers, in dem die Verdunstung implementiert ist. Dem neuen Modellansatz liegt die Annahme einer aus der Enthalpie‐ Betrachtung hergeleiteten effektiven Wärmekapazität zugrunde. Des Weiteren wird der Befeuchtungsgrad als konstant angesehen und eine standardisierte Zunahme der Wärmeübertragung des feuchten gegenüber dem trockenen Wärmeübertrager angenommen. Die Validierung des Modells erfolgte anhand von Literaturdaten. Für den trockenen Wärmetauscher ist der maximale absolute Fehler der berechneten Austrittstemperatur (Zuluft) kleiner als ±0.1 K und für den nassen Wärmetauscher (Kühlfall) unter der Annahme eines konstanten Verdunstungsgrades kleiner als ±0.4 K. Y1 - 2020 N1 - Deutsche Kälte- und Klimatagung, 19-20 November 2020, online SP - 250 EP - 262 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Sattler, Johannes Christoph A1 - Chico Caminos, Ricardo Alexander A1 - Ürlings, Nicolas A1 - Dutta, Siddharth A1 - Ruiz, Victor A1 - Kalogirou, Soteris A1 - Ktistis, Panayiotis A1 - Agathokleous, Rafaela A1 - Jung, Christian A1 - Alexopoulos, Spiros A1 - Atti, Vikrama Naga Babu A1 - Teixeira Boura, Cristiano José A1 - Herrmann, Ulf T1 - Operational experience and behaviour of a parabolic trough collector system with concrete thermal energy storage for process steam generation in Cyprus T2 - AIP Conference Proceedings N2 - As part of the transnational research project EDITOR, a parabolic trough collector system (PTC) with concrete thermal energy storage (C-TES) was installed and commissioned in Limassol, Cyprus. The system is located on the premises of the beverage manufacturer KEAN Soft Drinks Ltd. and its function is to supply process steam for the factory's pasteurisation process [1]. Depending on the factory's seasonally varying capacity for beverage production, the solar system delivers between 5 and 25 % of the total steam demand. In combination with the C-TES, the solar plant can supply process steam on demand before sunrise or after sunset. Furthermore, the C-TES compensates the PTC during the day in fluctuating weather conditions. The parabolic trough collector as well as the control and oil handling unit is designed and manufactured by Protarget AG, Germany. The C-TES is designed and produced by CADE Soluciones de Ingeniería, S.L., Spain. In the focus of this paper is the description of the operational experience with the PTC, C-TES and boiler during the commissioning and operation phase. Additionally, innovative optimisation measures are presented. Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0029278 N1 - SOLARPACES 2019: International Conference on Concentrating Solar Power and Chemical Energy Systems, 1–4 October 2019, Daegu, South Korea IS - 2303 SP - 140004-1 EP - 140004-10 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Sattler, Johannes Christoph A1 - Chico Caminos, Ricardo Alexander A1 - Atti, Vikrama Naga Babu A1 - Ürlings, Nicolas A1 - Dutta, Siddharth A1 - Ruiz, Victor A1 - Kalogirou, Soteris A1 - Ktistis, Panayiotis A1 - Agathokleous, Rafaela A1 - Alexopoulos, Spiros A1 - Teixeira Boura, Cristiano José A1 - Herrmann, Ulf T1 - Dynamic simulation tool for a performance evaluation and sensitivity study of a parabolic trough collector system with concrete thermal energy storage T2 - AIP Conference Proceedings 2303 Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0029277 SN - 0094-243X N1 - SOLARPACES 2019: International Conference on Concentrating Solar Power and Chemical Energy Systems, 1–4 October 2019, Daegu, South Korea SP - 160004 PB - American Institute of Physics CY - Melville, NY ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Meyer, S. A1 - Hänel, Matthias A1 - Beeh, B. A1 - Dittmann-Gabriel, Sören A1 - Dluhosch, R. A1 - May, Martin A1 - Herrmann, Ulf T1 - Multifunktionaler thermischer Stromspeicher für die Strom- und Wärmeversorgung der Industrie von morgen JF - ETG Journal / Energietechnische Gesellschaft im VDE (ETG) Y1 - 2020 SN - 2625-9907 VL - 2020 IS - 1 SP - 6 EP - 9 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Neumann, Hannah A1 - Adam, Mario A1 - Backes, Klaus A1 - Börner, Martin A1 - Clees, Tanja A1 - Doetsch, Christian A1 - Glaeser, Susanne A1 - Herrmann, Ulf A1 - May, Johanna A1 - Rosenthal, Florian A1 - Sauer, Dirk Uwe A1 - Stadler, Ingo T1 - Development of open educational resources for renewable energy and the energy transition process T2 - ISES SWC 2021 N2 - The dissemination of knowledge about renewable energies is understood as a social task with the highest topicality. The transfer of teaching content on renewable energies into digital open educational resources offers the opportunity to significantly accelerate the implementation of the energy transition. Thus, in the here presented project six German universities create open educational resources for the energy transition. These materials are available to the public on the internet under a free license. So far there has been no publicly accessible, editable media that cover entire learning units about renewable energies extensively and in high technical quality. Thus, in this project, the content that remains up-to-date for a longer period is appropriately prepared in terms of media didactics. The materials enable lecturers to provide students with in-depth training about technologies for the energy transition. In a particular way, the created material is also suitable for making the general public knowledgeable about the energy transition with scientifically based material. KW - energy transition KW - renewable energies KW - open educational resources KW - dissemination KW - digitalization Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.18086/swc.2021.47.03 N1 - ISES Solar World Congress, virtual conference 25-29 October 2021 PB - International Solar Energy Society CY - Freiburg ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Blanke, Tobias A1 - Reger, Vitali A1 - Döring, Bernd A1 - Göttsche, Joachim A1 - Kuhnhenne, Markus T1 - Koaxiale Stahlenergiepfähle JF - Stahlbau N2 - Ein entscheidender Teil der Energiewende ist die Wärmewende im Gebäudesektor. Ein Schlüsselelement sind hier Wärmepumpen. Diese benötigen eine Wärmequelle, der sie Energie entziehen können, um sie auf ein höheres Temperaturniveau zu transformieren. Diese Wärmequelle kann bspw. das Erdreich sein, dessen Wärme durch Erdsonden erschlossen werden kann. In diesem Beitrag werden in Stahlpfähle integrierte Koaxialsonden mit dem Stand der Technik von Erdsonden gleichen Durchmessers bezüglich ihrer thermischen Leistungsmerkmale verglichen. Die Stahlenergiepfähle bieten neben der Wärmegewinnung weitere Vorteile, da sie auch eine statische Funktion übernehmen und rückstandsfrei zurückgebaut werden können. Es werden analytische und numerische Berechnungen vorgestellt, um die thermischen Potenziale beider Systeme zu vergleichen. Außerdem wird ein Testaufbau gezeigt, bei dem Stahlenergiepfähle in zwei verschiedenen Längen mit vorhandenen gängigen Erdsonden verglichen werden können. Die Berechnungen zeigen einen deutlichen thermischen Mehrertrag zwischen 26 % und 148 % der Stahlenergiepfähle gegenüber dem Stand der Technik abhängig vom Erdreich. Die Messergebnisse zeigen einen thermischen Mehrertrag von über 100 %. Es lässt sich also signifikante Erdsondenlänge einsparen. Dabei ist zu beachten, dass sich damit der thermisch genutzte Bereich des Erdreichs reduziert, wodurch die thermische Regeneration und/oder das Langzeitverhalten des Erdreichs an Bedeutung gewinnt. Y1 - 2021 VL - 90. 2021 IS - 6 SP - 417 EP - 424 PB - Wiley CY - Weinheim ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Schulze-Buxloh, Lina A1 - Groß, Rolf Fritz T1 - Interdisciplinary Course Smart Building Engineering: A new approach of teaching freshmen in remote teamwork project under pandemic restrictions T2 - New Perspectives in Science Education - International Conference N2 - In the context of the Corona pandemic and its impact on teaching like digital lectures and exercises a new concept especially for freshmen in demanding courses of Smart Building Engineering became necessary. As there were hardly any face-to-face events at the university, the new teaching concept should enable a good start into engineering studies under pandemic conditions anyway and should also replace the written exam at the end. The students should become active themselves in small teams instead of listening passively to a lecture broadcast online with almost no personal contact. For this purpose, a role play was developed in which the freshmen had to work out a complete solution to the realistic problem of designing, construction planning and implementing a small guesthouse. Each student of the team had to take a certain role like architect, site manager, BIM-manager, electrician and the technitian for HVAC installations. Technical specifications must be complied with, as well as documentation, time planning and cost estimate. The final project folder had to contain technical documents like circuit diagrams for electrical components, circuit diagrams for water and heating, design calculations and components lists. On the other hand construction schedule, construction implementation plan, documentation of the construction progress and minutes of meetings between the various trades had to be submitted as well. In addition to the project folder, a model of the construction project must also be created either as a handmade model or as a digital 3D-model using Computer-aided design (CAD) software. The first steps in the field of Building information modelling (BIM) had also been taken by creating a digital model of the building showing the current planning status in real time as a digital twin. This project turned out to be an excellent training of important student competencies like teamwork, communication skills, and self -organisation and also increased motivation to work on complex technical questions. The aim of giving the student a first impression on the challenges and solutions in building projects with many different technical trades and their points of view was very well achieved and should be continued in the future. KW - Freshmen KW - roleplay KW - Smart Building Engineering KW - BIM KW - remote teamwork Y1 - 2021 N1 - New Perspectives in Science Education - 10th Edition, 18-19 March 2021, Fully Virtual Conference PB - Filodiritto CY - Bologna ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Schulze-Buxloh, Lina A1 - Groß, Rolf Fritz T1 - Miniature urban farming plant: a complex educational “Toy” for engineering students T2 - The Future of Education 11th Edition 2021 N2 - Urban farming is an innovative and sustainable way of food production and is becoming more and more important in smart city and quarter concepts. It also enables the production of certain foods in places where they usually dare not produced, such as production of fish or shrimps in large cities far away from the coast. Unfortunately, it is not always possible to show students such concepts and systems in real life as part of courses: visits of such industry plants are sometimes not possible because of distance or are permitted by the operator for hygienic reasons. In order to give the students the opportunity of getting into contact with such an urban farming system and its complex operation, an industrial urban farming plant was set up on a significantly smaller scale. Therefore, all needed technical components like water aeriation, biological and mechanical filtration or water circulation have been replaced either by aquarium components or by self-designed parts also using a 3D-printer. Students from different courses like mechanical engineering, smart building engineering, biology, electrical engineering, automation technology and civil engineering were involved in this project. This “miniature industrial plant” was also able to start operation and has now been running for two years successfully. Due to Corona pandemic, home office and remote online lectures, the automation of this miniature plant should be brought to a higher level in future for providing a good control over the system and water quality remotely. The aim of giving the student a chance to get to know the operation of an urban farming plant was very well achieved and the students had lots of fun in “playing” and learning with it in a realistic way. KW - urban farming KW - food production KW - smart engineering KW - 3D printing KW - sustainability Y1 - 2021 N1 - FOE 2021 : The Future of Education International Conference – Fully Virtual Edition; 01.07.2021-02.07.2021; Florence, Italy ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Schulze-Buxloh, Lina A1 - Groß, Rolf Fritz A1 - Ulbrich, Michelle T1 - Digital planning using building information modelling and virtual reality: new approach for students’ remote practical training under lockdown conditions in the course of smart building engineering T2 - Proceedings of International Conference on Education in Mathematics, Science and Technology 2021 N2 - The worldwide Corona pandemic has severely restricted student projects in the higher semesters of engineering courses. In order not to delay the graduation, a new concept had to be developed for projects under lockdown conditions. Therefore, unused rooms at the university should be digitally recorded in order to develop a new usage concept as laboratory rooms. An inventory of the actual state of the rooms was done first by taking photos and listing up all flaws and peculiarities. After that, a digital site measuring was done with a 360° laser scanner and these recorded scans were linked to a coherent point cloud and transferred to a software for planning technical building services and supporting Building Information Modelling (BIM). In order to better illustrate the difference between the actual and target state, two virtual reality models were created for realistic demonstration. During the project, the students had to go through the entire digital planning phases. Technical specifications had to be complied with, as well as documentation, time planning and cost estimate. This project turned out to be an excellent alternative to on-site practical training under lockdown conditions and increased the students’ motivation to deal with complex technical questions. KW - smart building engineering KW - building information modelling KW - virtual reality KW - lockdown conditions KW - emote practical training Y1 - 2021 SN - 978-1-952092-17-6 N1 - International Conference on Education in Mathematics, Science and Technology 2021, April 1-4, 2021 in Antalya, Turkey SP - 118 EP - 123 PB - ISTES Organization CY - San Antonio, TX ER - TY - CHAP A1 - El Moussaoui, Noureddine A1 - Kassmi, Khalil A1 - Alexopoulos, Spiros A1 - Schwarzer, Klemens A1 - Chayeb, Hamid A1 - Bachiri, Najib T1 - Simulation studies on a new innovative design of a hybrid solar distiller MSDH alimented with a thermal and photovoltaic energy T2 - Materialstoday: Proceedings N2 - In this paper, we present the structure, the simulation the operation of a multi-stage, hybrid solar desalination system (MSDH), powered by thermal and photovoltaic (PV) (MSDH) energy. The MSDH system consists of a lower basin, eight horizontal stages, a field of four flat thermal collectors with a total area of 8.4 m2, 3 Kw PV panels and solar batteries. During the day the system is heated by thermal energy, and at night by heating resistors, powered by solar batteries. These batteries are charged by the photovoltaic panels during the day. More specifically, during the day and at night, we analyse the temperature of the stages and the production of distilled water according to the solar irradiation intensity and the electric heating power, supplied by the solar batteries. The simulations were carried out in the meteorological conditions of the winter month (February 2020), presenting intensities of irradiance and ambient temperature reaching 824 W/m2 and 23 °C respectively. The results obtained show that during the day the system is heated by the thermal collectors, the temperature of the stages and the quantity of water produced reach 80 °C and 30 Kg respectively. At night, from 6p.m. the system is heated by the electric energy stored in the batteries, the temperature of the stages and the quantity of water produced reach respectively 90 °C and 104 Kg for an electric heating power of 2 Kw. Moreover, when the electric power varies from 1 Kw to 3 Kw the quantity of water produced varies from 92 Kg to 134 Kg. The analysis of these results and their comparison with conventional solar thermal desalination systems shows a clear improvement both in the heating of the stages, by 10%, and in the quantity of water produced by a factor of 3. Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.03.115 SN - 2214-7853 N1 - The Fourth edition of the International Conference on Materials & Environmental Science (ICMES 2020), virtual conference, November 18-28, 2020, Morocco VL - 45 IS - 8 SP - 7653 EP - 7660 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Hoffschmidt, Bernhard A1 - Alexopoulos, Spiros A1 - Rau, Christoph A1 - Sattler, Johannes Christoph A1 - Anthrakidis, Anette A1 - Teixeira Boura, Cristiano José A1 - O’Connor, B. A1 - Chico Caminos, Ricardo Alexander A1 - Rendón, C. A1 - Hilger, P. T1 - Concentrating Solar Power T2 - Earth systems and environmental sciences N2 - The focus of this chapter is the production of power and the use of the heat produced from concentrated solar thermal power (CSP) systems. The chapter starts with the general theoretical principles of concentrating systems including the description of the concentration ratio, the energy and mass balance. The power conversion systems is the main part where solar-only operation and the increase in operational hours. Solar-only operation include the use of steam turbines, gas turbines, organic Rankine cycles and solar dishes. The operational hours can be increased with hybridization and with storage. Another important topic is the cogeneration where solar cooling, desalination and of heat usage is described. Many examples of commercial CSP power plants as well as research facilities from the past as well as current installed and in operation are described in detail. The chapter closes with economic and environmental aspects and with the future potential of the development of CSP around the world. KW - Central receiver power plant KW - Concentrated systems KW - Concentrating solar power KW - Fresnel power plant KW - Gas turbine Y1 - 2021 SN - 978-0-12-409548-9 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-819727-1.00089-3 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Gorzalka, Philip A1 - Schmiedt, Jacob Estevam A1 - Schorn, Christian T1 - Automated Generation of an Energy Simulation Model for an Existing Building from UAV Imagery JF - Buildings N2 - An approach to automatically generate a dynamic energy simulation model in Modelica for a single existing building is presented. It aims at collecting data about the status quo in the preparation of energy retrofits with low effort and costs. The proposed method starts from a polygon model of the outer building envelope obtained from photogrammetrically generated point clouds. The open-source tools TEASER and AixLib are used for data enrichment and model generation. A case study was conducted on a single-family house. The resulting model can accurately reproduce the internal air temperatures during synthetical heating up and cooling down. Modelled and measured whole building heat transfer coefficients (HTC) agree within a 12% range. A sensitivity analysis emphasises the importance of accurate window characterisations and justifies the use of a very simplified interior geometry. Uncertainties arising from the use of archetype U-values are estimated by comparing different typologies, with best- and worst-case estimates showing differences in pre-retrofit heat demand of about ±20% to the average; however, as the assumptions made are permitted by some national standards, the method is already close to practical applicability and opens up a path to quickly estimate possible financial and energy savings after refurbishment. KW - Modelica KW - heat transfer coefficient KW - heat demand KW - building energy modelling KW - building energy simulation Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings11090380 SN - 2075-5309 N1 - This article belongs to the Special Issue "Application of Computer Technology in Buildings" VL - 11 IS - 9 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Mohan, Nijanthan A1 - Groß, Rolf Fritz A1 - Menzel, Karsten A1 - Theis, Fabian T1 - Opportunities and Challenges in the Implementation of Building Information Modeling for Prefabrication of Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning Systems in Small and Medium-Sized Contracting Companies in Germany – A Case Study T2 - WIT Transactions on The Built Environment, Vol. 205 N2 - Even though BIM (Building Information Modelling) is successfully implemented in most of the world, it is still in the early stages in Germany, since the stakeholders are sceptical of its reliability and efficiency. The purpose of this paper is to analyse the opportunities and obstacles to implementing BIM for prefabrication. Among all other advantages of BIM, prefabrication is chosen for this paper because it plays a vital role in creating an impact on the time and cost factors of a construction project. The project stakeholders and participants can explicitly observe the positive impact of prefabrication, which enables the breakthrough of the scepticism factor among the small-scale construction companies. The analysis consists of the development of a process workflow for implementing prefabrication in building construction followed by a practical approach, which was executed with two case studies. It was planned in such a way that, the first case study gives a first-hand experience for the workers at the site on the BIM model so that they can make much use of the created BIM model, which is a better representation compared to the traditional 2D plan. The main aim of the first case study is to create a belief in the implementation of BIM Models, which was succeeded by the execution of offshore prefabrication in the second case study. Based on the case studies, the time analysis was made and it is inferred that the implementation of BIM for prefabrication can reduce construction time, ensures minimal wastes, better accuracy, less problem-solving at the construction site. It was observed that this process requires more planning time, better communication between different disciplines, which was the major obstacle for successful implementation. This paper was carried out from the perspective of small and medium-sized mechanical contracting companies for the private building sector in Germany. KW - building information modelling KW - HVAC KW - prefabrication KW - construction KW - small and medium scaled companies Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.2495/BIM210101 SN - 1743-3509 N1 - 4th International Conference on Building Information Modelling (BIM) in Design, Construction and Operations, 1–3 September 2021. Santiago de Compostela, Spain SP - 117 EP - 126 PB - WIT Press CY - Southampton ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Mahdi, Zahra A1 - Dersch, Jürgen A1 - Schmitz, Pascal A1 - Dieckmann, Simon A1 - Chico Caminos, Ricardo Alexander A1 - Teixeira Boura, Cristiano José A1 - Herrmann, Ulf A1 - Schwager, Christian A1 - Schmitz, Mark A1 - Gielen, Hans A1 - Gedle, Yibekal A1 - Büscher, Rauno T1 - Technical assessment of Brayton cycle heat pumps for the integration in hybrid PV-CSP power plants T2 - SOLARPACES 2020 N2 - The hybridization of Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) and Photovoltaics (PV) systems is a promising approach to reduce costs of solar power plants, while increasing dispatchability and flexibility of power generation. High temperature heat pumps (HT HP) can be utilized to boost the salt temperature in the thermal energy storage (TES) of a Parabolic Trough Collector (PTC) system from 385 °C up to 565 °C. A PV field can supply the power for the HT HP, thus effectively storing the PV power as thermal energy. Besides cost-efficiently storing energy from the PV field, the power block efficiency of the overall system is improved due to the higher steam parameters. This paper presents a technical assessment of Brayton cycle heat pumps to be integrated in hybrid PV-CSP power plants. As a first step, a theoretical analysis was carried out to find the most suitable working fluid. The analysis included the fluids Air, Argon (Ar), Nitrogen (N2) and Carbon dioxide (CO2). N2 has been chosen as the optimal working fluid for the system. After the selection of the ideal working medium, different concepts for the arrangement of a HT HP in a PV-CSP hybrid power plant were developed and simulated in EBSILON®Professional. The concepts were evaluated technically by comparing the number of components required, pressure losses and coefficient of performance (COP). KW - Solar thermal technologies KW - Hybrid energy system KW - Concentrated solar power KW - Power plants KW - Energy storage Y1 - 2022 SN - 978-0-7354-4195-8 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0086269 SN - 1551-7616 (online) SN - 0094-243X (print) N1 - SOLARPACES 2020: 26th International Conference on Concentrating Solar Power and Chemical Energy Systems, 28 September–2 October 2020, Freiburg, Germany IS - 2445 / 1 PB - AIP conference proceedings / American Institute of Physics CY - Melville, NY ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Zahra, Mahdi A1 - Phani Srujan, Merige A1 - Chico Caminos, Ricardo Alexander A1 - Schmitz, Pascal A1 - Herrmann, Ulf A1 - Teixeira Boura, Cristiano José A1 - Schmitz, Mark A1 - Gielen, Hans A1 - Gedle, Yibekal A1 - Dersch, Jürgen T1 - Modeling the thermal behavior of solar salt in electrical resistance heaters for the application in PV-CSP hybrid power plants T2 - SOLARPACES 2020 N2 - Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) systems are able to store energy cost-effectively in their integrated thermal energy storage (TES). By intelligently combining Photovoltaics (PV) systems with CSP, a further cost reduction of solar power plants is expected, as well as an increase in dispatchability and flexibility of power generation. PV-powered Resistance Heaters (RH) can be deployed to raise the temperature of the molten salt hot storage from 385 °C up to 565 °C in a Parabolic Trough Collector (PTC) plant. To avoid freezing and decomposition of molten salt, the temperature distribution in the electrical resistance heater is investigated in the present study. For this purpose, a RH has been modeled and CFD simulations have been performed. The simulation results show that the hottest regions occur on the electric rod surface behind the last baffle. A technical optimization was performed by adjusting three parameters: Shell-baffle clearance, electric rod-baffle clearance and number of baffles. After the technical optimization was carried out, the temperature difference between the maximum temperature and the average outlet temperature of the salt is within the acceptable limits, thus critical salt decomposition has been avoided. Additionally, the CFD simulations results were analyzed and compared with results obtained with a one-dimensional model in Modelica. KW - Solar thermal technologies KW - Hybrid energy system KW - Concentrated solar power KW - Energy storage KW - Photovoltaics Y1 - 2022 SN - 978-0-7354-4195-8 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0086268 SN - 1551-7616 (online) SN - 0094-243X (print) N1 - SOLARPACES 2020: 26th International Conference on Concentrating Solar Power and Chemical Energy Systems, 28 September–2 October 2020, Freiburg, Germany IS - 2445 / 1 PB - AIP conference proceedings / American Institute of Physics CY - Melville, NY ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Gedle, Yibekal A1 - Schmitz, Mark A1 - Gielen, Hans A1 - Schmitz, Pascal A1 - Herrmann, Ulf A1 - Teixeira Boura, Cristiano José A1 - Mahdi, Zahra A1 - Chico Caminos, Ricardo Alexander A1 - Dersch, Jürgen T1 - Analysis of an integrated CSP-PV hybrid power plant T2 - SOLARPACES 2020 N2 - In the past, CSP and PV have been seen as competing technologies. Despite massive reductions in the electricity generation costs of CSP plants, PV power generation is - at least during sunshine hours - significantly cheaper. If electricity is required not only during the daytime, but around the clock, CSP with its inherent thermal energy storage gets an advantage in terms of LEC. There are a few examples of projects in which CSP plants and PV plants have been co-located, meaning that they feed into the same grid connection point and ideally optimize their operation strategy to yield an overall benefit. In the past eight years, TSK Flagsol has developed a plant concept, which merges both solar technologies into one highly Integrated CSP-PV-Hybrid (ICPH) power plant. Here, unlike in simply co-located concepts, as analyzed e.g. in [1] – [4], excess PV power that would have to be dumped is used in electric molten salt heaters to increase the storage temperature, improving storage and conversion efficiency. The authors demonstrate the electricity cost sensitivity to subsystem sizing for various market scenarios, and compare the resulting optimized ICPH plants with co-located hybrid plants. Independent of the three feed-in tariffs that have been assumed, the ICPH plant shows an electricity cost advantage of almost 20% while maintaining a high degree of flexibility in power dispatch as it is characteristic for CSP power plants. As all components of such an innovative concept are well proven, the system is ready for commercial market implementation. A first project is already contracted and in early engineering execution. KW - Hybrid energy system KW - Power plants KW - Electricity generation KW - Energy storage KW - Associated liquids Y1 - 2022 SN - 978-0-7354-4195-8 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0086236 SN - 1551-7616 (online) SN - 0094-243X (print) N1 - SOLARPACES 2020: 26th International Conference on Concentrating Solar Power and Chemical Energy Systems, 28 September–2 October 2020, Freiburg, Germany IS - 2445 / 1 PB - AIP conference proceedings / American Institute of Physics CY - Melville, NY ER -