TY  - CHAP
A1  - Schmidt, Thomas
A1  - Kasch, Susanne
A1  - Eichler, Fabian
A1  - Thurn, Laura
T1  - Process strategies on laser-based melting of glass powder
T2  - LiM 2021 proceedings
N2  - This paper presents the laser-based powder bed fusion (L-PBF) using various glass powders (borosilicate and quartz glass). Compared to metals, these require adapted process strategies. First, the glass powders were characterized with regard to their material properties and their processability in the powder bed. This was followed by investigations of the melting behavior of the glass powders with different laser wavelengths (10.6 µm, 1070 nm). In particular, the experimental setup of a CO2 laser was adapted for the processing of glass powder. An experimental setup with integrated coaxial temperature measurement/control and an inductively heatable build platform was created. This allowed the L-PBF process to be carried out at the transformation temperature of the glasses. Furthermore, the component’s material quality was analyzed on three-dimensional test specimen with regard to porosity, roughness, density and geometrical accuracy in order to evaluate the developed L-PBF parameters and to open up possible applications.
KW  - 3D-printing
KW  - glass
KW  - additive manufactureing
KW  - laser based powder fusion
Y1  - 2021
N1  - LiM (Lasers in Manufacturing) 2021, June 21 - 24, 2021, online
ER  - 
TY  - CHAP
A1  - Rings, René
A1  - Ludowicy, Jonas
A1  - Finger, Felix
A1  - Braun, Carsten
A1  - Bil, Cees
T1  - Sensitivity Analysis of General Aviation Aircraft with Parallel Hybrid-Electric Propulsion Systems
T2  - Asia Pacific International Symposium on Aerospace Technology. APISAT 2019
Y1  - 2019
ER  - 
TY  - CHAP
A1  - Engel, Mareike
A1  - Thieringer, Julia
A1  - Tippkötter, Nils
T1  - Linking bioprocess engineering and electrochemistry for sustainable biofuel production
T2  - Young Researchers Symposium, YRS 2016. Proceedings
N2  - Electromicrobial engineering is an emerging, highly interdisciplinary research area linking bioprocesses with electrochemistry. In this work, microbial electrosynthesis (MES) of biobutanol is carried out during acetone-butanol-ethanol (ABE) fermentations with Clostridium acetobutylicum. A constant electric potential of −600mV (vs. Ag/AgCl) with simultaneous addition of the soluble redox mediator neutral red is used in order to study the electron transfer between the working electrode and the bacterial cells. The results show an earlier initiation of solvent production for all fermentations with applied potential compared to the conventional ABE fermentation. The f inal butanol concentration can be more than doubled by the application of a negative potential combined with addition of neutral red. Moreover a higher biofilm formation on the working electrode compared to control cultivations has been observed. In contrast to previous studies, our results also indicate that direct electron transfer (DET) might be possible with C. acetobutylicum. The presented results make microbial butanol production economically attractive and therefore support the development of sustainable production processes in the chemical industry aspired by the “Centre for resource-efficient chemistry and raw material change” as well as the the project “NanoKat” working on nanostructured catalysts in Kaiserslautern.
Y1  - 2016
N1  - Young Researchers Symposium, YRS 2016, 14th - 15th April 2016, Fraunhofer-Zentrum Kaiserslautern
SP  - 49
EP  - 53
PB  - Fraunhofer Verlag
CY  - Karlsruhe
ER  - 
TY  - CHAP
A1  - Tullis, Blake P.
A1  - Crookston, Brian M.
A1  - Bung, Daniel Bernhard
T1  - Weir head-discharge relationships: A multi-lab exercise
T2  - E-proceedings of the 38th IAHR World Congress  September 1-6, 2019, Panama City, Panama
Y1  - 2019
SP  - 1
EP  - 15
ER  - 
TY  - CHAP
A1  - Sauerborn, Markus
A1  - Klimek, J.
A1  - Hoffschmidt, Bernhard
A1  - Essen, H.
A1  - Sieger, S.
A1  - Biegel, G.
A1  - Göttsche, Joachim
A1  - Hilger, Patrick
T1  - Eurosun 2012 : radar technology for heliostat posititon control
T2  - Eurosun 2012 : Solar energy for a brighter future : conference proceedings : Rijeka, 18.-22.09.2012
Y1  - 2012
SP  - ID 80
CY  - Rijeka
ER  - 
TY  - CHAP
A1  - Duong, Minh Tuan
A1  - Nguyen, Nhu Hunyh
A1  - Staat, Manfred
T1  - Finite Element Implementation of a 3D Fung-type Model
T2  - ESMC-2012 - 8th European Solid Mechanics Conference, Graz, Austria, July 9-13, 2012
Y1  - 2012
SN  - 978-3-85125-223-1
PB  - Verlag d. Technischen Universität Graz
CY  - Graz
ER  - 
TY  - CHAP
A1  - Dachwald, Bernd
A1  - Mengali, Giovanni
A1  - Quarta, Alessandro A
A1  - Macdonald, Malcolm
A1  - McInnes, Colin R
T1  - Optical solar sail degradation modelling
T2  - 1st International Symposium on Solar Sailing
N2  - We propose a simple parametric OSSD model that describes the variation of the sail film's optical coefficients with time, depending on the sail film's environmental history, i.e., the radiation dose. The primary intention of our model is not to describe the exact behavior of specific film-coating combinations in the real space environment, but to provide a more general parametric framework for describing the general optical degradation behavior of solar sails.
Y1  - 2007
N1  - 1st International Symposium on Solar Sailing 27–29 June 2007, Herrsching, Germany
SP  - 1
EP  - 27
ER  - 
TY  - CHAP
A1  - Schildt, Philipp
A1  - Marzocca, Pier
A1  - Braun, Carsten
A1  - Dahmann, Peter
A1  - Keimer, Jona
T1  - Effects of atmospheric excitation on vibration based condition monitoring methods for hybrid-electric aircraft propulsion systems
T2  - AIAC 2018: 18th Australian International Aerospace Congress: HUMS - 11th Defence Science and Technology (DST) International Conference on Health and Usage Monitoring (HUMS 2019): ISSFD - 27th International Symposium on Space Flight Dynamics (ISSFD)
Y1  - 2019
SN  - 9781925627213
SP  - 923
EP  - 928
ER  - 
TY  - CHAP
A1  - Göttsche, Joachim
A1  - Schwarzer, Klemens
A1  - Röther, Sascha
A1  - Jellinghaus, Sabine
A1  - Helten, G.
A1  - Wittmann, R.
T1  - Efficient daylighting, heating and shading with rooflight heliostats
T2  - Renewables in a changing climate : from Nano to Urban Scale : CISBAT 2009 : 2-3 September 2009, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland : proceedings
Y1  - 2009
SP  - 243
EP  - 246
PB  - Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne
CY  - Lausanne
ER  - 
TY  - CHAP
A1  - Duran Paredes, Ludwin
A1  - Mottaghy, Darius
A1  - Herrmann, Ulf
A1  - Groß, Rolf Fritz
T1  - Online ground temperature and soil moisture monitoring of a shallow geothermal system with non-conventional components
T2  - EGU General Assembly 2020
N2  - We present first results from a newly developed monitoring station for a closed loop geothermal heat pump test installation at our campus, consisting of helix coils and plate heat exchangers, as well as an ice-store system. There are more than 40 temperature sensors and several soil moisture content sensors distributed around the system, allowing a detailed monitoring under different operating conditions.In the view of the modern development of renewable energies along with the newly concepts known as Internet of Things and Industry 4.0 (high-tech strategy from the German government), we created a user-friendly web application, which will connect the things (sensors) with the open network (www). Besides other advantages, this allows a continuous remote monitoring of the data from the numerous sensors at an arbitrary sampling rate.Based on the recorded data, we will also present first results from numerical simulations, taking into account all relevant heat transport processes.The aim is to improve the understanding of these processes and their influence on the thermal behavior of shallow geothermal systems in the unsaturated zone. This will in turn facilitate the prediction of the performance of these systems and therefore yield an improvement in their dimensioning when designing a specific shallow geothermal installation.
Y1  - 2020
N1  - EGU General Assembly 2020, Online, 4–8 May 2020
ER  - 
TY  - CHAP
A1  - Kronhardt, Valentina
A1  - Alexopoulos, Spiros
A1  - Reißel, Martin
A1  - Latzke, Markus
A1  - Rendon, C.
A1  - Sattler, Johannes Christoph
A1  - Herrmann, Ulf
T1  - Simulation of operational management for the Solar Thermal Test and Demonstration Power Plant Jülich using optimized control strategies of the storage system
T2  - Energy procedia
Y1  - 2015
SN  - 1876-6102
SP  - 1
EP  - 6
ER  - 
TY  - CHAP
A1  - Finger, Felix
A1  - Götten, Falk
A1  - Braun, Carsten
A1  - Bil, Cees
T1  - Mass, Primary Energy, and Cost - The Impact of Optimization Objectives on the Initial Sizing of Hybrid-Electric General Aviation Aircraft
T2  - Deutscher Luft- und Raumfahrtkongress 2019, DLRK 2019. Darmstadt, Germany
Y1  - 2019
U6  - https://doi.org/10.25967/490012
SP  - 1
EP  - 17
ER  - 
TY  - CHAP
A1  - Eggert, Mathias
T1  - Understanding the acceptance of smart home-based insurances
T2  - Proceedings of the 27th European Conference on Information Systems (ECIS), Stockholm & Uppsala, Sweden, June 8-14, 2019
Y1  - 2019
SN  - 978-1-7336325-0-8
SP  - 1
EP  - 15
ER  - 
TY  - CHAP
A1  - Baader, Fabian
A1  - Reiswich, M.
A1  - Bartsch, M.
A1  - Keller, D.
A1  - Tiede, E.
A1  - Keck, G.
A1  - Demircian, A.
A1  - Friedrich, M.
A1  - Dachwald, Bernd
A1  - Schüller, K.
A1  - Lehmann, R.
A1  - Chojetzki, R.
A1  - Durand, C.
A1  - Rapp, L.
A1  - Kowalski, Julia
A1  - Förstner, R.
T1  - VIPER - Student research on extraterrestrical ice penetration technology
T2  - Proceedings of the 2nd Symposium on Space Educational Activities
N2  - Recent analysis of scientific data from Cassini and earth-based observations gave evidence for a global ocean under a surrounding solid ice shell on Saturn's moon Enceladus. Images of Enceladus' South Pole showed several fissures in the ice shell with plumes constantly exhausting frozen water particles, building up the E-Ring, one of the outer rings of Saturn. In this southern region of Enceladus, the ice shell is considered to be as thin as 2 km, about an order of magnitude thinner than on the rest of the moon. Under the ice shell, there is a global ocean consisting of liquid water. Scientists are discussing different approaches the possibilities of taking samples of water, i.e. by melting through the ice using a melting probe. FH Aachen UAS developed a prototype of maneuverable melting probe which can navigate through the ice that has already been tested successfully in a terrestrial environment. This means no atmosphere and or ambient pressure, low ice temperatures of around 100 to 150K (near the South Pole) and a very low gravity of 0,114 m/s^2 or 1100 μg. Two of these influencing measures are about to be investigated at FH Aachen UAS in 2017, low ice temperature and low ambient pressure below the triple point of water. Low gravity cannot be easily simulated inside a large experiment chamber, though. Numerical simulations of the melting process at RWTH Aachen however are showing a gravity dependence of melting behavior. Considering this aspect, VIPER provides a link between large-scale experimental simulations at FH Aachen UAS and numerical simulations at RWTH Aachen. To analyze the melting process, about 90 seconds of experiment time in reduced gravity and low ambient pressure is provided by the REXUS rocket. In this time frame, the melting speed and contact force between ice and probes are measured, as well as heating power and a two-dimensional array of ice temperatures. Additionally, visual and infrared cameras are used to observe the melting process.
Y1  - 2018
SP  - 1
EP  - 6
ER  - 
TY  - CHAP
A1  - Schiffer, Stefan
A1  - Ferrein, Alexander
A1  - Lakemeyer, Gerhard
T1  - Fuzzy representations and control for domestic service robots in Golog
T2  - Intelligent robotics and applications : 4th International conference, ICIRA 2011, Aachen, Germany, December 6-8, 2011, proceedings, part I. (Lecture notes in computer science ; 7102)
Y1  - 2011
SN  - 978-3-642-25486-4
SP  - 241
EP  - 250
ER  - 
TY  - CHAP
A1  - Dersch, Jürgen
A1  - Geyer, Michael
A1  - Herrmann, Ulf
A1  - Jones, Scott A.
A1  - Kelly, Bruce
A1  - Kistner, Rainer
A1  - Ortmanns, Winfried
A1  - Pitz-Paal, Robert
A1  - Price, Henry
ED  - Pearson, J. Boise
T1  - Solar Trough Integration Into Combined Cycle Systems
T2  - Solar engineering 2002 : proceedings of the International Solar Energy Conference ; presented at the 2002 International Solar Energy Conference, a part of Solar 2002 - Sunrise on the Reliable Energy Economy, June 15 - 20, 2002, Reno, Nevada
Y1  - 2002
SN  - 0-7918-1689-3
U6  - https://doi.org/doi:10.1115/SED2002-1072
SP  - 351
EP  - 359
PB  - ASME
ER  - 
TY  - CHAP
A1  - Ahmed, H.
A1  - Schlenkhoff, A.
A1  - Bung, Daniel Bernhard
T1  - Hydrodynamic characteristics of vertical slotted wall breakwaters
T2  - Balance and uncertainty - water in a changing world :  proceedings of the 34th IAHR world congress ; 33rd Hydrology and Water Resources Symposium ; 10th Conference on Hydraulics in Water Engineering ; 26 June - 1 July 2011, Brisbane, Australia
Y1  - 2011
SN  - 978-0-85825-868-6
SP  - 1179
EP  - 1186
ER  - 
TY  - CHAP
A1  - Steuer-Dankert, Linda
A1  - Leicht-Scholten, Carmen
T1  - Innovation and Diversity : Integrating new perspectives into research associations
T2  - 12th European Conference on Innovation and Entrepreneurship (ECIE 2017) : Paris, France, 21-22 September 2017
N2  - The link between diversity and innovation is broadly discussed in the context of research and innovation processes. Many institutions and enterprises, specifically in commerce, have already tried to establish sustainable diversity management concepts, in order to increase the diversity of their workforce in addition to establishing a corporate culture of openness. Alongside the creation of a working place where different experiences and skills are valued equally, the entrepreneurial intention is to transfer diversity into economically relevant advantages. Taking into account the potential of diversity in research and innovation processes, the project “Diversity- and Innovation Management” was incorporated within a large interdisciplinary research Cluster. The project’s purpose was to study the context between diversity and innovation in research associations and to later develop a customised management concept into an interdisciplinary research Cluster on integrative production technology with full integration. The challenge of such research associations lays in an organisational structure which is often described as being decentralised. Researchers coming from different academic disciplines, while having diverse habits, conduct research on large scientific issues and challenges. In addition, these researchers are socialised in different institutions and university chairs. Theses differences in leadership styles, business cultures and organisational strategies, follow into their research team work. Taking a closer look into the management of human resources suggests that decentral organised recruitment processes, as well as allocation of human resources, lead to a lacking overview in regard to missing competencies, perspectives and backgrounds in research networks. These circumstances are comparable to big corporate groups. While developing a management concept for research associations, these characteristics must be considered. To ensure this, the project follows a human-centred approach, which considers top-down, as well as bottom-up perspectives. This paper presents the applied mixed-method approach in the scientific issue described above. In the frame of the Cluster of Excellence “Integrative Production Technology for High-Wage Countries” research results based on quantitative, as well as qualitative studies, were presented as an application example. This paper provides a new perspective on the innovation and diversity context. Against the background of complex research organisations, the development approach of a management concept is particularly interesting.
KW  - Innovation
KW  - Diversity
KW  - Innovation Management
KW  - Diversity Management
KW  - Leadership
Y1  - 2017
SN  - 978-1-911218-54-8
SP  - 767
EP  - 776
ER  - 
TY  - CHAP
A1  - Simsek, Beril
A1  - Krause, Hans-Joachim
A1  - Engelmann, Ulrich M.
ED  - Digel, Ilya
ED  - Staat, Manfred
ED  - Trzewik, Jürgen
ED  - Sielemann, Stefanie
ED  - Erni, Daniel
ED  - Zylka, Waldemar
T1  - Magnetic biosensing with magnetic nanoparticles: Simulative approach to predict signal intensity in frequency mixing magnetic detection
T2  - YRA MedTech Symposium (2024)
N2  - Magnetic nanoparticles (MNP) are investigated with great interest for biomedical applications in diagnostics (e.g. imaging: magnetic particle imaging (MPI)), therapeutics (e.g. hyperthermia: magnetic fluid hyperthermia (MFH)) and multi-purpose biosensing (e.g. magnetic immunoassays (MIA)). What all of these applications have in common is that they are based on the unique magnetic relaxation mechanisms of MNP in an alternating magnetic field (AMF). While MFH and MPI are currently the most prominent examples of biomedical applications, here we present results on the relatively new biosensing application of frequency mixing magnetic detection (FMMD) from a simulation perspective. In general, we ask how the key parameters of MNP (core size and magnetic anisotropy) affect the FMMD signal: by varying the core size, we investigate the effect of the magnetic volume per MNP; and by changing the effective magnetic anisotropy, we study the MNPs’ flexibility to leave its preferred magnetization direction. From this, we predict the most effective combination of MNP core size and magnetic anisotropy for maximum signal generation.
Y1  - 2024
SN  - 978-3-940402-65-3
U6  - https://doi.org/10.17185/duepublico/81475
N1  - 4th YRA MedTech Symposium, February 1, 2024. FH Aachen, Campus Jülich
SP  - 27
EP  - 28
PB  - Universität Duisburg-Essen
CY  - Duisburg
ER  - 
TY  - CHAP
A1  - Schmitz, Annika
A1  - Apandi, Shah Eiman Amzar Shah
A1  - Spillner, Jan
A1  - Hima, Flutura
A1  - Behbahani, Mehdi
ED  - Digel, Ilya
ED  - Staat, Manfred
ED  - Trzewik, Jürgen
ED  - Sielemann, Stefanie
ED  - Erni, Daniel
ED  - Zylka, Waldemar
T1  - Effect of different cannula positions in the pulmonary artery on blood flow and gas exchange using computational fluid dynamics analysis
T2  - YRA MedTech Symposium (2024)
N2  - Pulmonary arterial cannulation is a common and effective method for percutaneous mechanical circulatory support for concurrent right heart and respiratory failure [1]. However, limited data exists to what effect the positioning of the cannula has on the oxygen perfusion throughout the pulmonary artery (PA). This study aims to evaluate, using computational fluid dynamics (CFD), the effect of different cannula positions in the PA with respect to the oxygenation of the different branching vessels in order for an optimal cannula position to be determined. The four chosen different positions (see Fig. 1) of the cannulas are, in the lower part of the main pulmonary artery (MPA), in the MPA at the junction between the right pulmonary artery (RPA) and the left pulmonary artery (LPA), in the RPA at the first branch of the RPA and in the LPA at the first branch of the LPA.
Y1  - 2024
SN  - 978-3-940402-65-3
U6  - https://doi.org/10.17185/duepublico/81475
N1  - 4th YRA MedTech Symposium, February 1, 2024. FH Aachen, Campus Jülich
SP  - 29
EP  - 30
PB  - Universität Duisburg-Essen
CY  - Duisburg
ER  - 
TY  - CHAP
A1  - Sherelkhan, Dinara
A1  - Alibekova, Alina
ED  - Digel, Ilya
ED  - Staat, Manfred
ED  - Trzewik, Jürgen
ED  - Sielemann, Stefanie
ED  - Erni, Daniel
ED  - Zylka, Waldemar
T1  - EEM spectroscopy characterization of humic substances of biomedical importance
T2  - YRA MedTech Symposium (2024)
N2  - Humic substances possess distinctive chemical features enabling their use in many advanced applications, including biomedical fields. No chemicals in nature have the same combination of specific chemical and biological properties as humic substances. Traditional medicine and modern research have demonstrated that humic substances from different sources possess immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory properties, which makes them suitable for the prevention and treatment of chronic dermatoses, allergic rhinitis, atopic dermatitis, and other conditions characterized by inflammatory and allergic responses [1-4]. The use of humic compounds as agentswith antifungal and antiviral properties shows great potential [5-7].
Y1  - 2024
SN  - 978-3-940402-65-3
U6  - https://doi.org/10.17185/duepublico/81475
N1  - 4th YRA MedTech Symposium, February 1, 2024. FH Aachen, Campus Jülich
SP  - 31
EP  - 32
PB  - Universität Duisburg-Essen
CY  - Duisburg
ER  - 
TY  - CHAP
A1  - Burgeth, Bernhard
A1  - Kleefeld, Andreas
A1  - Zhang, Eugene
A1  - Zhang, Yue
ED  - Baudrier, Étienne
ED  - Naegel, Benoît
ED  - Krähenbühl, Adrien
ED  - Tajine, Mohamed
T1  - Towards Topological Analysis of Non-symmetric Tensor Fields via Complexification
T2  - Discrete Geometry and Mathematical Morphology
N2  - Fields of asymmetric tensors play an important role in many applications such as medical imaging (diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging), physics, and civil engineering (for example Cauchy-Green-deformation tensor, strain tensor with local rotations, etc.). However, such asymmetric tensors are usually symmetrized and then further processed. Using this procedure results in a loss of information. A new method for the processing of asymmetric tensor fields is proposed restricting our attention to tensors of second-order given by a 2x2 array or matrix with real entries. This is achieved by a transformation resulting in Hermitian matrices that have an eigendecomposition similar to symmetric matrices. With this new idea numerical results for real-world data arising from a deformation of an object by external forces are given. It is shown that the asymmetric part indeed contains valuable information.
Y1  - 2022
SN  - 978-3-031-19897-7
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-19897-7_5
N1  - Second International Joint Conference, DGMM 2022, Strasbourg, France, October 24–27, 2022
N1  - Corresponding author: Andreas Kleefeld
SP  - 48
EP  - 59
PB  - Springer
CY  - Cham
ER  - 
TY  - CHAP
A1  - Mahdi, Zahra
A1  - Dersch, Jürgen
A1  - Schmitz, Pascal
A1  - Dieckmann, Simon
A1  - Chico Caminos, Ricardo Alexander
A1  - Teixeira Boura, Cristiano José
A1  - Herrmann, Ulf
A1  - Schwager, Christian
A1  - Schmitz, Mark
A1  - Gielen, Hans
A1  - Gedle, Yibekal
A1  - Büscher, Rauno
T1  - Technical assessment of Brayton cycle heat pumps for the integration in hybrid PV-CSP power plants
T2  - SOLARPACES 2020
N2  - The hybridization of Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) and Photovoltaics (PV) systems is a promising approach to reduce costs of solar power plants, while increasing dispatchability and flexibility of power generation. High temperature heat pumps (HT HP) can be utilized to boost the salt temperature in the thermal energy storage (TES) of a Parabolic Trough Collector (PTC) system from 385 °C up to 565 °C. A PV field can supply the power for the HT HP, thus effectively storing the PV power as thermal energy. Besides cost-efficiently storing energy from the PV field, the power block efficiency of the overall system is improved due to the higher steam parameters. This paper presents a technical assessment of Brayton cycle heat pumps to be integrated in hybrid PV-CSP power plants. As a first step, a theoretical analysis was carried out to find the most suitable working fluid. The analysis included the fluids Air, Argon (Ar), Nitrogen (N2) and Carbon dioxide (CO2). N2 has been chosen as the optimal working fluid for the system. After the selection of the ideal working medium, different concepts for the arrangement of a HT HP in a PV-CSP hybrid power plant were developed and simulated in EBSILON®Professional. The concepts were evaluated technically by comparing the number of components required, pressure losses and coefficient of performance (COP).
KW  - Solar thermal technologies
KW  - Hybrid energy system
KW  - Concentrated solar power
KW  - Power plants
KW  - Energy storage
Y1  - 2022
SN  - 978-0-7354-4195-8
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0086269
SN  - 1551-7616 (online)
SN  - 0094-243X (print)
N1  - SOLARPACES 2020: 26th International Conference on Concentrating Solar Power and Chemical Energy Systems, 28 September–2 October 2020, Freiburg, Germany
IS  - 2445 / 1
PB  - AIP conference proceedings / American Institute of Physics
CY  - Melville, NY
ER  - 
TY  - CHAP
A1  - Götten, Falk
A1  - Finger, Felix
A1  - Marino, Matthew
A1  - Bil, Cees
A1  - Havermann, Marc
A1  - Braun, Carsten
T1  - A review of guidelines and best practices for subsonic aerodynamic simulations using RANS CFD
T2  - Asia-Pacific International Symposium on Aerospace Technology (APISAT), At Gold Coast, Australia, 04. - 06. Dezember 2019
Y1  - 2019
SN  - 978-1-925627-40-4
ER  - 
TY  - CHAP
A1  - Kerpen, Nils B.
A1  - Schoonees, Talia
A1  - Schlurmann, Torsten
A1  - Valero, Daniel
A1  - Bung, Daniel Bernhard
T1  - waveSTEPS – Wellenauf- und Wellenüberlauf an getreppten Deckwerken
T2  - 24. KFKI-Seminar 2019, 21.11.2019
Y1  - 2019
ER  - 
TY  - CHAP
A1  - Baumann, T.
A1  - Teixeira Boura, Cristiano José
A1  - Göttsche, Joachim
A1  - Hoffschmidt, Bernhard
A1  - O'Connell, B.
A1  - Schmitz, S.
A1  - Zunft, S.
T1  - Air/Sand heat exchanger design and materials for solar thermal power plant applications
T2  - SolarPACES 2010 : the CSP Conference: electricity, fuels and clean water from concentrated solar energy ; 21 to 24 September 2010, Perpignan, France
Y1  - 2010
SP  - 146
EP  - 147
PB  - Soc. OSC
CY  - Saint Maur
ER  - 
TY  - CHAP
A1  - Staat, Manfred
A1  - Heitzer, Michael
T1  - Direkte FEM-Berechnung der Tragfähigkeit hochbeanspruchter passiver Komponenten
T1  - Direct FEM-computation of load carrying capacity of highly loaded passive components
N2  - Genaue Kenntnis der Spannungen und Verformungen in passiven Komponenten gewinnt man mit detailierten inelastischen FEM Analysen. Die lokale Beanspruchung läßt sich aber nicht direkt mit einer Beanspruchbarkeit im strukturmechanischen Sinne vergleichen. Konzentriert man sich auf die Frage nach der Tragfähigkeit, dann vereinfacht sich die Analyse. Im Rahmen der Plastizitätstheorie berechnen Traglast- und Einspielanalyse die tragbaren Lasten direkt und exakt. In diesem Beitrag wird eine Implementierung der Traglast- und Einspielsätze in ein allgemeines FEM Programm vorgestellt, mit der die Tragfähigkeit passiver Komponenten direkt berechnet wird. Die benutzten Konzepte werden in Bezug auf die übliche Strukturanalyse erläutert. Beispiele mit lokal hoher Beanspruchung verdeutlichen die Anwendung der FEM basierten Traglast- und Einspielanalysen. Die berechneten Interaktionsdiagramme geben einen guten Überblick über die möglichen Betriebsbereiche passiver Komponenten. Die Traglastanalyse bietet auch einen strukturmechanischen Zugang zur Kollapslast rißbehafteter Komponenten aus hochzähem Material.
KW  - Finite-Elemente-Methode
KW  - Tragfähigkeit
KW  - FEM-Programm
KW  - FEM-computation
KW  - load carrying capacity
Y1  - 1997
ER  - 
TY  - CHAP
A1  - Burgazzi, L.
A1  - Fiorini, F.
A1  - De Magistris, W. (u.a.)
A1  - Lensa, W. von
A1  - Staat, Manfred
A1  - Altes, J.
T1  - Reliability Assessment of Passive Safety Systems
T2  - Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering : ICONE : May 10 - 14, 1998, San Diego, Calif.
Y1  - 1998
N1  - CD-ROM
PB  - American Society of Mechanical Engineers
CY  - New York
ER  - 
TY  - CHAP
A1  - Lopes, Pedro
A1  - Bung, Daniel Bernhard
A1  - Leandro, Jorge
A1  - Carvalho, Rita F.
T1  - The effect of cross-waves in physical stepped spillway models
T2  - E-proceedings of the 36th IAHR World Congress ; 28 June - 3 July, 2015, The Hague, the Netherlands
Y1  - 2015
SP  - 1
EP  - 9
ER  - 
TY  - CHAP
A1  - Ballmann, J.
A1  - Raatschen, Hans-Jürgen
A1  - Staat, Manfred
T1  - High stress intensities in focussing zones of waves
N2  - The propagation of mechanical waves in plates of isotropic elastic material is investigated. After a short introduction to the understanding of focussing of stress waves in a plate with a curved boundary the method of characteristics is applied to a plate of hyperelastic material. Using this method the propagation of acceleration waves is discussed. Based on this a numerical difference scheme is developed for solving initial-boundary-value problems and applied to two examples: propagation of a point disturbance in a homogeneously finitely strained non-linear elastic plate and geometrical focussing in al linear elastic plate.
KW  - Technische Mechanik
KW  - Wellen
KW  - mechanical waves
Y1  - 1985
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-42520-1.50015-3
ER  - 
TY  - CHAP
A1  - Damm, Sebastian
A1  - Ritz, Thomas
A1  - Strauch, Jakob
ED  - Klink, Stefan
T1  - Benutzerzentrierte Anforderungsanalyse für die Produktlinien-Entwicklung mobiler Unternehmenssoftware
T2  - EMISA 2010 : Einflussfaktoren auf die Entwicklung flexibler, integrierter Informationssysteme ; Beiträge des Workshops der GI-Fachgruppe Entwicklungsmethoden für Informationssysteme und deren Anwendung (EMISA), 07. - 08.10.2010 in Karlsruhe, Germany. - (GI-Edition : Proceedings ; 172)
Y1  - 2010
SN  - 978-3-88579-266-6
SP  - 117
EP  - 130
PB  - Ges. für Informatik
CY  - Bonn
ER  - 
TY  - CHAP
A1  - de Honde, Lukas
A1  - Porst, Dariusz
A1  - Digel, Ilya
ED  - Fischerauer, Alice
T1  - A randomized, observational thermographic study of the neck region before and after a physiotherapeutic intervention
T2  - 2nd YRA MedTech Symposium 2017 : June 8th - 9th / 2017 / Hochschule Ruhr-West
Y1  - 2017
SN  - 978-3-9814801-9-1
U6  - https://doi.org/10.17185/duepublico/43984
N1  - A young researchers track of the 7th IEEE Workshop & SENSORICA 2017
SP  - 122
EP  - 123
PB  - Universität Duisburg-Essen
CY  - Duisburg
ER  - 
TY  - CHAP
A1  - Mertens, Alexander
A1  - Pütz, Sebastian
A1  - Brauner, Philipp
A1  - Brillowski, Florian Sascha
A1  - Buczak, Nadine
A1  - Dammers, Hannah
A1  - van Dyck, Marc
A1  - Kong, Iris
A1  - Königs, Peter
A1  - Kortomeikel, Frauke Carole
A1  - Rodemann, Niklas
A1  - Schaar, Anne Kathrin
A1  - Steuer-Dankert, Linda
A1  - Wlecke, Shari
A1  - Gries, Thomas
A1  - Leicht-Scholten, Carmen
A1  - Nagel, Saskia K.
A1  - Piller, Frank Thomas
A1  - Schuh, Günther
A1  - Ziefle, Martina
A1  - Nitsch, Verena
T1  - Human digital shadow: Data-based modeling of users and usage in the internet of production
T2  - 14th Conference Human System Interaction Conference Proceedings
N2  - Digital Shadows as the aggregation, linkage and abstraction of data relating to physical objects are a central vision for the future of production. However, the majority of current research takes a technocentric approach, in which the human actors in production play a minor role. Here, the authors present an alternative anthropocentric perspective that highlights the potential and main challenges of extending the concept of Digital Shadows to humans. Following future research methodology, three prospections that illustrate use cases for Human Digital Shadows across organizational and hierarchical levels are developed: human-robot collaboration for manual work, decision support and work organization, as well as human resource management. Potentials and challenges are identified using separate SWOT analyses for the three prospections and common themes are emphasized in a concluding discussion.
KW  - digital shadow
KW  - cyber physical production system
KW  - user & usage
KW  - internet of production
Y1  - 2021
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1109/HSI52170.2021.9538729
N1  - 14th International Conference on Human System Interaction : 8-10 July 2021. Gdańsk, Poland
SP  - 1
EP  - 8
PB  - IEEE
ER  - 
TY  - CHAP
A1  - Peloni, Alessandro
A1  - Dachwald, Bernd
A1  - Ceriotti, Matteo
T1  - Multiple NEA rendezvous mission: Solar sailing options
T2  - Fourth International Symposium on Solar Sailing
N2  - The scientific interest in near-Earth asteroids (NEAs) and the classification of some of those as potentially hazardous asteroid for the Earth stipulated the interest in NEA exploration. Close-up observations of these objects will increase drastically our knowledge about the overall NEA population. For this reason, a multiple NEA rendezvous mission through solar sailing is investigated, taking advantage of the propellantless nature of this groundbreaking propulsion technology. Considering a spacecraft based on the DLR/ESA Gossamer technology, this work focuses on the search of possible sequences of NEA encounters. The effectiveness of this approach is demonstrated through a number of fully-optimized trajectories. The results show that it is possible to visit five NEAs within 10 years with near-term solar-sail technology. Moreover, a study on a reduced NEA database demonstrates the reliability of the approach used, showing that 58% of the sequences found with an approximated trajectory model can be converted into real solar-sail trajectories. Lastly, this second study shows the effectiveness of the proposed automatic optimization algorithm, which is able to find solutions for a large number of mission scenarios without any input required from the user.
KW  - Multiphase
KW  - Trajectory Optimization
KW  - Automated Optimization
KW  - Gossamer
KW  - Sequence-Search
Y1  - 2017
N1  - Fourth International Symposium on Solar Sailing (ISSS 2017), Kyoto, Japan, 17-20 Jan 2017.
http://www.jsforum.or.jp/ISSS2017/
SP  - 1
EP  - 11
ER  - 
TY  - CHAP
A1  - Rahier, Michael
A1  - Ritz, Thomas
A1  - Wallenborn, Ramona
T1  - Ortsbezogene Anwendungen und Dienste im eCarSharing
T2  - 8. GI-ITG-KuVS-Fachgespräch Ortsbezogene Anwendungen und Dienste
Y1  - 2011
SN  - 978-3-8325-3041-9
SP  - 61
EP  - 74
PB  - Logos-Verl.
CY  - Berlin
ER  - 
TY  - CHAP
A1  - Raman, Aravind Hariharan
A1  - Jung, Alexander
A1  - Horváth, András
A1  - Becker, Nadine
A1  - Staat, Manfred
ED  - Staat, Manfred
ED  - Erni, Daniel
T1  - Modification of a computer model of human stem cell-derived cardiomyocyte electrophysiology based on Patch-Clamp measurements
T2  - 3rd YRA MedTech Symposium 2019 : May 24 / 2019 / FH Aachen
N2  - Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) have shown to be promising in disease studies and drug screenings [1]. Cardiomyocytes derived from hiPSCs have been extensively investigated using patch-clamping and optical methods to compare their electromechanical behaviour relative to fully matured adult cells. Mathematical models can be used for translating findings on hiPSCCMs to adult cells [2] or to better understand the mechanisms of various ion channels when a drug is applied [3,4]. Paci et al. (2013) [3] developed the first model of hiPSC-CMs, which they later refined based on new data [3]. The model is based on iCells® (Fujifilm Cellular Dynamics, Inc. (FCDI), Madison WI, USA) but major differences among several cell lines and even within a single cell line have been found and motivate an approach for creating sample-specific models. We have developed an optimisation algorithm that parameterises the conductances (in S/F=Siemens/Farad) of the latest Paci et al. model (2018) [5] using current-voltage data obtained in individual patch-clamp experiments derived from an automated patch clamp system (Patchliner, Nanion Technologies GmbH, Munich).
Y1  - 2019
SN  - 978-3-940402-22-6
U6  - https://doi.org/10.17185/duepublico/48750
SP  - 10
EP  - 11
PB  - Universität Duisburg-Essen
CY  - Duisburg
ER  - 
TY  - CHAP
A1  - Schopp, Christoph
A1  - Heuermann, Holger
T1  - Electrodeless low pressure lamp with bi-static matching at 2.45 GHz
T2  - 2013 European Microwave Conference (EuMC) , Nuremberg
Y1  - 2013
SN  - 978-1-4799-0264-4
SP  - 881
EP  - 884
PB  - IEEE
CY  - Piscataway, NJ
ER  - 
TY  - CHAP
A1  - Sieker, T.
A1  - Duwe, A.
A1  - Poth, S.
A1  - Tippkötter, Nils
A1  - Ulber, Roland
T1  - Herstellung von Itaconsäure aus Buchenholzhydrolysaten
T2  - Kurzfassungsband / GVC-DECHEMA Vortrags- und Diskussionstagung Biopharmazeutische Produktion : 14. - 16. Mai 2012. Konzerthaus Freibung
Y1  - 2012
SP  - 57
PB  - DECHEMA
CY  - Frankfurt, M.
ER  - 
TY  - CHAP
A1  - Kurz, Melanie
T1  - Theses on the significance of the model in the form-finding process
T2  - "Focused" - Current Design Research Projects and Methods : Swiss Design Network Symposium 2008, 30 - 31 May 2008 Mount Gurten, Berne Switzerland
Y1  - 2008
SN  - 978-3-9523138-0-0
N1  - Swiss Design Network Symposium 2008, Bern
SP  - 115
EP  - 127
PB  - SwissDesignNetwork, SDN
CY  - Genf
ER  - 
TY  - CHAP
A1  - Zahra, Mahdi
A1  - Phani Srujan, Merige
A1  - Chico Caminos, Ricardo Alexander
A1  - Schmitz, Pascal
A1  - Herrmann, Ulf
A1  - Teixeira Boura, Cristiano José
A1  - Schmitz, Mark
A1  - Gielen, Hans
A1  - Gedle, Yibekal
A1  - Dersch, Jürgen
T1  - Modeling the thermal behavior of solar salt in electrical resistance heaters for the application in PV-CSP hybrid power plants
T2  - SOLARPACES 2020
N2  - Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) systems are able to store energy cost-effectively in their integrated thermal energy storage (TES). By intelligently combining Photovoltaics (PV) systems with CSP, a further cost reduction of solar power plants is expected, as well as an increase in dispatchability and flexibility of power generation. PV-powered Resistance Heaters (RH) can be deployed to raise the temperature of the molten salt hot storage from 385 °C up to 565 °C in a Parabolic Trough Collector (PTC) plant. To avoid freezing and decomposition of molten salt, the temperature distribution in the electrical resistance heater is investigated in the present study. For this purpose, a RH has been modeled and CFD simulations have been performed. The simulation results show that the hottest regions occur on the electric rod surface behind the last baffle. A technical optimization was performed by adjusting three parameters: Shell-baffle clearance, electric rod-baffle clearance and number of baffles. After the technical optimization was carried out, the temperature difference between the maximum temperature and the average outlet temperature of the salt is within the acceptable limits, thus critical salt decomposition has been avoided. Additionally, the CFD simulations results were analyzed and compared with results obtained with a one-dimensional model in Modelica.
KW  - Solar thermal technologies
KW  - Hybrid energy system
KW  - Concentrated solar power
KW  - Energy storage
KW  - Photovoltaics
Y1  - 2022
SN  - 978-0-7354-4195-8
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0086268
SN  - 1551-7616 (online)
SN  - 0094-243X (print)
N1  - SOLARPACES 2020: 26th International Conference on Concentrating Solar Power and Chemical Energy Systems, 28 September–2 October 2020, Freiburg, Germany
IS  - 2445 / 1
PB  - AIP conference proceedings / American Institute of Physics
CY  - Melville, NY
ER  - 
TY  - CHAP
A1  - Azar, Fouad
A1  - Digel, Ilya
ED  - Staat, Manfred
ED  - Erni, Daniel
T1  - Utilization of fluorescence spectroscopy and neural networks in clinical analysis
T2  - 3rd YRA MedTech Symposium 2019 : May 24 / 2019 / FH Aachen
N2  - Fluorescence topography of human urine in combination with learning algorithms can provide a variant pattern recognition method in analytical clinical chemistry and, eventually, diagnosis.
Y1  - 2019
SN  - 978-3-940402-22-6
U6  - https://doi.org/10.17185/duepublico/48750
SP  - 40
EP  - 41
PB  - Universität Duisburg-Essen
CY  - Duisburg
ER  - 
TY  - CHAP
A1  - Dümmler, Andreas
A1  - Oetringer, Kerstin
A1  - Göttsche, Joachim
T1  - Auslegungstool zur energieeffizienten Kühlung von Gebäuden
T2  - DKV-Tagung 2020, AA IV
N2  - Thematisch widmet sich das Projekt Coolplan- AIR der Fortentwicklung und Feldvalidierung eines Berechnungs-  und Auslegungstools zur energieeffizienten Kühlung von Gebäuden mit luftgestützten Systemen. Neben dem Aufbau und der Weiterentwicklung von Simulationsmodellen erfolgen Vermessungen der Gesamtsysteme anhand von Praxisanlagen im Feld. Der Schwerpunkt des Projekts liegt auf der Vermessung, Simulation und Integration rein luftgestützter Kühltechnologien. Im Bereich der Kälteerzeugung wurden Luft‐ Luft‐ Wärmepumpen, Anlagen zur adiabaten Kühlung bzw. offene Kühltürme und VRF‐ Multisplit‐ Systeme (Variable Refrigerant Flow) im Feld bzw. auf dem Teststand der HSD vermessen. Die Komponentenmodelle werden in die Matlab/Simulink‐ Toolbox CARNOT integriert und anschließend auf Basis der zuvor erhaltenen Messdaten validiert.
Einerseits erlauben die Messungen das Betriebsverhalten von Anlagenkomponenten zu analysieren. Andererseits soll mit der Vermessung im Feld geprüft werden, inwieweit die Simulationsmodelle, welche im Vorgängerprojekt aus Prüfstandmessungen entwickelt wurden, auch für größere Geräteleistungen Gültigkeit besitzen. Die entwickelten und implementierten Systeme, bestehend aus verschiedensten Anlagenmodellen und Regelungskomponenten, werden geprüft und dahingehend qualifiziert, dass sie in Standard-  Auslegungstools zuverlässig verwendet werden können.
Zusätzlich wird ein energetisches Monitoring eines Hörsaalgebäudes am Campus Jülich durchgeführt, das u. a. zur Validierung der Kühllastberechnungen in gängigen Simulationsmodelle genutzt werden kann.
Y1  - 2020
N1  - Deutsche Kälte- und Klimatagung, 19-20 November 2020, online
SP  - 1109
ER  - 
TY  - CHAP
A1  - Tran, Ngoc Trinh
A1  - Trinh, Tu Luc
A1  - Dao, Ngoc Tien
A1  - Giap, Van Tan
A1  - Truong, Manh Khuyen
A1  - Dinh, Thuy Ha
A1  - Staat, Manfred
T1  - Limit and shakedown analysis of structures under random strength
T2  - Proceedings of (NACOME2022) The 11th National Conference on Mechanics, Vol. 1. Solid Mechanics, Rock Mechanics, Artificial Intelligence, Teaching and Training
N2  - Direct methods comprising limit and shakedown analysis is a branch of computational mechanics. It plays a significant role in mechanical and civil engineering design. The concept of direct method aims to determinate the ultimate load bearing capacity of structures beyond the elastic range. For practical problems, the direct methods lead to nonlinear convex optimization problems with a large number of variables and onstraints. If strength and loading are random quantities, the problem of shakedown analysis is considered as stochastic programming. This paper presents a method so called chance constrained programming, an effective method of stochastic programming, to solve shakedown analysis problem under random condition of strength. In this our investigation, the loading is deterministic, the strength is distributed as normal or lognormal variables.
KW  - Reliability of structures
KW  - Stochastic programming
KW  - Chance constrained programming
KW  - Shakedown analysis
KW  - Limit analysis
Y1  - 2022
SN  - 978-604-357-084-7
N1  - 11th National Conference on Mechanics (NACOME 2022), December 2-3, 2022, VNU University of Engineering and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam
SP  - 510
EP  - 518
PB  - Nha xuat ban Khoa hoc tu nhien va Cong nghe (Verlag Naturwissenschaft und Technik)
CY  - Hanoi
ER  - 
TY  - CHAP
A1  - Bhattarai, Aroj
A1  - Frotscher, Ralf
A1  - Staat, Manfred
ED  - Natal Jorge, Renato
T1  - Significance of fibre geometry on passive-active response of pelvic muscles to evaluate pelvic dysfunction
T2  - BioMedWomen: Proceedings of the international conference on clinical and bioengineering for women's health
Y1  - 2016
SN  - 978-1-138-02910-1
SP  - 185
EP  - 188
PB  - CRC Press
CY  - Boca Raton
ER  - 
TY  - CHAP
A1  - Rosin, Julia
A1  - Henneböhl, Benedickt
A1  - Butenweg, Christoph
T1  - Global buckling analysis of cylindrical liquid storage tanks under earthquake loading
T2  - 2nd European Conference on Earthquake Engineering and Seismology 2014 (2nd ECEES) : joint event of the 15th European Conference on Earthquake Engineering and the 34th General Assembly of the European Seismological Commission : Istanbul, Turkey, 25-29 August 2014 / European Association for Earthquake Engineering (EAEE) ; Vol. 6
Y1  - 2014
SN  - 978-1-5108-1021-1
SP  - 5270
EP  - 5281
PB  - Curran Associates, Inc.
CY  - Red Hook, NY
ER  - 
TY  - CHAP
A1  - Fuchs, Britta
A1  - Ritz, Thomas
A1  - Halbach, Bastian
A1  - Hartl, Florian
ED  - Marca, David A.
T1  - Blended shopping : interactivity and individualization
T2  - Proceedings of the International Conference on e-Business : Seville, Spain, 18 - 21 July 2011 ; [... integrated in the ICETE (International Conference on e-Business and Telecommunications) joint conference]
Y1  - 2011
SN  - 978-989-8425-70-6
SP  - 47
EP  - 52
PB  - SciTePress
CY  - [Lissabon]
ER  - 
TY  - CHAP
A1  - Herrmann, Ulf
A1  - Rheinländer, J.
A1  - Lippke, F.
ED  - Becker, Manfred
T1  - Solar Fields for Direct Steam Generation in Parabolic Trough Collectors
T2  - Components, tools, facilities and measurement techniques. - (Solar thermal concentrating technologies : proceedings of the 8th international symposium, October, 6 - 11, 1996, Köln, Germany ; Vol. 2)
Y1  - 1997
SN  - 3-7880-7616-X
SP  - 815
EP  - 834
PB  - Müller
CY  - Heidelberg
ER  - 
TY  - CHAP
A1  - Göttsche, Joachim
T1  - Der vertikale Sonnenlichtquotient : eine wichtige Kenngröße zur Charakterisierung von Lichtlenksystemen
T2  - Elftes Symposium Innovative Lichttechnik in Gebäuden : 27./28. Januar 2005, Kloster Banz
Y1  - 2005
SN  - 3-934681-37-9
SP  - 79
EP  - 84
PB  - OTTI-Energie-Kolleg
CY  - Regensburg
ER  - 
TY  - CHAP
A1  - Blaneck, Patrick Gustav
A1  - Bornheim, Tobias
A1  - Grieger, Niklas
A1  - Bialonski, Stephan
T1  - Automatic readability assessment of german sentences with transformer ensembles
T2  - Proceedings of the GermEval 2022 Workshop on Text Complexity Assessment of German Text
N2  - Reliable methods for automatic readability assessment have the potential to impact a variety of fields, ranging from machine translation to self-informed learning. Recently, large language models for the German language (such as GBERT and GPT-2-Wechsel) have become available, allowing to develop Deep Learning based approaches that promise to further improve automatic readability assessment. In this contribution, we studied the ability of ensembles of fine-tuned GBERT and GPT-2-Wechsel models to reliably predict the readability of German sentences. We combined these models with linguistic features and investigated the dependence of prediction performance on ensemble size and composition. Mixed ensembles of GBERT and GPT-2-Wechsel performed better than ensembles of the same size consisting of only GBERT or GPT-2-Wechsel models. Our models were evaluated in the GermEval 2022 Shared Task on Text Complexity Assessment on data of German sentences. On out-of-sample data, our best ensemble achieved a root mean squared error of 0:435.
Y1  - 2022
U6  - https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2209.04299
N1  - Proceedings of the 18th Conference on Natural Language Processing / Konferenz zur Verarbeitung natürlicher Sprache (KONVENS 2022), 12-15 September, 2022, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
SP  - 57
EP  - 62
PB  - Association for Computational Linguistics
CY  - Potsdam
ER  -