TY  - JOUR
A1  - Christen, Marc
A1  - Kowalski, Julia
A1  - Bartelt, Perry
T1  - RAMMS: Numerical simulation of dense snow avalanches in three-dimensional terrain
JF  - Cold Regions Science and Technology
N2  - Numerical avalanche dynamics models have become an essential part of snow engineering. Coupled with field observations and historical records, they are especially helpful in understanding avalanche flow in complex terrain. However, their application poses several new challenges to avalanche engineers. A detailed understanding of the avalanche phenomena is required to construct hazard scenarios which involve the careful specification of initial conditions (release zone location and dimensions) and definition of appropriate friction parameters. The interpretation of simulation results requires an understanding of the numerical solution schemes and easy to use visualization tools. We discuss these problems by presenting the computer model RAMMS, which was specially designed by the SLF as a practical tool for avalanche engineers. RAMMS solves the depth-averaged equations governing avalanche flow with accurate second-order numerical solution schemes. The model allows the specification of multiple release zones in three-dimensional terrain. Snow cover entrainment is considered. Furthermore, two different flow rheologies can be applied: the standard Voellmy–Salm (VS) approach or a random kinetic energy (RKE) model, which accounts for the random motion and inelastic interaction between snow granules. We present the governing differential equations, highlight some of the input and output features of RAMMS and then apply the models with entrainment to simulate two well-documented avalanche events recorded at the Vallée de la Sionne test site.
KW  - RAMMS
KW  - snow
KW  - avalanche
Y1  - 2010
U6  - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2010.04.005
SN  - 1872-7441
VL  - 63
IS  - 1-2
SP  - 1
EP  - 14
PB  - Elsevier
CY  - Amsterdam
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Esch, Thomas
T1  - Trends in commercial vehicle powertrains
JF  - ATZautotechnology
N2  - Low emission zones and truck bans, the rising price of diesel and increases in road tolls: all of these factors are putting serious pressure on the transport industry. Commercial vehicle manufacturers and their suppliers are in the process of identifying new solutions to these challenges as part of their efforts to meet the EEV (enhanced environmentally friendly vehicle) limits, which are currently the most robust European exhaust and emissions standards for trucks and buses.
KW  - European Transient Cycle
KW  - Common Rail Injection System
KW  - Commercial Vehicle
KW  - Selective Catalytic Reduction
KW  - Diesel Engine
Y1  - 2010
U6  - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF03247185
SN  - 2192-886X
VL  - 2010
IS  - 10
SP  - 26
EP  - 31
PB  - Vieweg & Sohn
CY  - Wiesbaden
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Esch, Thomas
T1  - Trends in der Nutzfahrzeugantriebstechnik
JF  - Motortechnische Zeitschrift (MTZ)
Y1  - 2010
SN  - 0024-8525
U6  - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03225608
VL  - 71
IS  - 10
SP  - 652
EP  - 658
PB  - Springer Nature
CY  - Basel
ER  -