TY - JOUR A1 - Schubert, Nicole A1 - Scholl, Ingrid T1 - Comparing GPU-based multi-volume ray casting techniques JF - Computer Science - Research and Development Y1 - 2011 SN - 1865-2042 VL - 26 IS - 12 SP - 39 EP - 50 PB - Springer CY - Berlin ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schulte-Tigges, Joschua A1 - Förster, Marco A1 - Nikolovski, Gjorgji A1 - Reke, Michael A1 - Ferrein, Alexander A1 - Kaszner, Daniel A1 - Matheis, Dominik A1 - Walter, Thomas T1 - Benchmarking of various LiDAR sensors for use in self-driving vehicles in real-world environments JF - Sensors N2 - Abstract In this paper, we report on our benchmark results of the LiDAR sensors Livox Horizon, Robosense M1, Blickfeld Cube, Blickfeld Cube Range, Velodyne Velarray H800, and Innoviz Pro. The idea was to test the sensors in different typical scenarios that were defined with real-world use cases in mind, in order to find a sensor that meet the requirements of self-driving vehicles. For this, we defined static and dynamic benchmark scenarios. In the static scenarios, both LiDAR and the detection target do not move during the measurement. In dynamic scenarios, the LiDAR sensor was mounted on the vehicle which was driving toward the detection target. We tested all mentioned LiDAR sensors in both scenarios, show the results regarding the detection accuracy of the targets, and discuss their usefulness for deployment in self-driving cars. KW - Lidar KW - Benchmark KW - Self-driving Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22197146 SN - 1424-8220 N1 - This article belongs to the Special Issue "Sensor Fusion for Vehicles Navigation and Robotic Systems" VL - 22 IS - 19 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Schulte-Tigges, Joschua A1 - Matheis, Dominik A1 - Reke, Michael A1 - Walter, Thomas A1 - Kaszner, Daniel ED - Krömker, Heidi T1 - Demonstrating a V2X enabled system for transition of control and minimum risk manoeuvre when leaving the operational design domain T2 - HCII 2023: HCI in Mobility, Transport, and Automotive Systems N2 - Modern implementations of driver assistance systems are evolving from a pure driver assistance to a independently acting automation system. Still these systems are not covering the full vehicle usage range, also called operational design domain, which require the human driver as fall-back mechanism. Transition of control and potential minimum risk manoeuvres are currently research topics and will bridge the gap until full autonomous vehicles are available. The authors showed in a demonstration that the transition of control mechanisms can be further improved by usage of communication technology. Receiving the incident type and position information by usage of standardised vehicle to everything (V2X) messages can improve the driver safety and comfort level. The connected and automated vehicle’s software framework can take this information to plan areas where the driver should take back control by initiating a transition of control which can be followed by a minimum risk manoeuvre in case of an unresponsive driver. This transition of control has been implemented in a test vehicle and was presented to the public during the IEEE IV2022 (IEEE Intelligent Vehicle Symposium) in Aachen, Germany. KW - V2X KW - Transiton of Control KW - Minimum Risk Manoeuvre KW - Operational Design Domain KW - Connected Automated Vehicle Y1 - 2023 SN - 978-3-031-35677-3 (Print) SN - 978-3-031-35678-0 (Online) U6 - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-35678-0_12 N1 - 5th International Conference, MobiTAS 2023, Held as Part of the 25th HCI International Conference, HCII 2023, Copenhagen, Denmark, July 23–28, 2023. SP - 200 EP - 210 PB - Springer CY - Cham ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Schwanke, Peter A1 - Höfken, Hans-Wilhelm A1 - Schuba, Marko T1 - Security Analysis of the ADS Protocol of a Beckhoff CX2020 PLC N2 - ICSs (Industrial Control Systems) and its subset SCADA systems (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) are getting exposed to a constant stream of new threats. The increasing importance of IT security in ICS requires viable methods to assess the security of ICS, its individual components, and its protocols. This paper presents a security analysis with focus on the communication protocols of a single PLC (Programmable Logic Controller). The PLC, a Beckhoff CX2020, is examined and new vulnerabilities of the system are revealed. Based on these findings recommendations are made to improve security of the Beckhoff system and its protocols. Y1 - 2017 N1 - International Conference on Computer, Network Security and Communication Engineering (CNSCE 2017), March 26-27, 2017, Bangkok, Thailand SP - 1 EP - 5 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Schwarte, Rudolf A1 - Buxbaum, Bernd A1 - Heinol, Horst-Guenther A1 - Xu, Zhanping A1 - Ringbeck, Thorsten A1 - Zang, Zhigang T1 - Novel 3D-vision systems based on layout optimized PMD-structures T2 - Proceedings / OPTO 98, Internationaler Kongress und Fachausstellung für Optische Sensorik, Messtechnik und Elektronik, 18. - 20. Mai 1998, Kongreßzentrum Erfurt Y1 - 1998 N1 - Internationaler Kongress und Fachausstellung für Optische Sensorik, Messtechnik & Elektronik <3, 1998, Erfurt> ; International Congress and Exhibition on Optoelectronics, Optical Sensors and Measuring Techniques <3, 1998, Erfurt> ; OPTO <3, 1998, Erfurt> SP - 197 EP - 202 PB - ACS Organisations GmbH CY - Wunsdorf ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Schwarte, Rudolf A1 - Heinol, Horst-Guenther A1 - Buxbaum, Bernd A1 - Ringbeck, Thorsten A1 - [u.a.], ED - Jähne, Bernd T1 - Principles of three-dimensional imaging techniques T2 - Sensors and imaging. - (Handbook of computer vision and applications ; Vol. 1) Y1 - 1999 SN - 0-12-379771-3 (Einzelbd.) SN - 0-12-379770-5 (Gesamtwerk) SP - 463 EP - 485 PB - Academic Press CY - San Diego ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Schwarte, Rudolf A1 - Ringbeck, Thorsten A1 - [u.a.], ED - Krüger, Sven T1 - New Powerful Sensory Tool in Automotive Safety Systems Based on PMD-Technology T2 - Advanced microsystems for automotive applications 2000 Y1 - 2000 SN - 3-5406-7087-4 N1 - Advanced microsystems for automotive applications <4, 2000, Berlin> ; AMAA <4, 2000, Berlin> Autorenang. im Bd.: R. Schwarte et al. SP - 181 EP - 204 PB - Springer CY - Berlin [u.a.] ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Schänzle, Christian A1 - Altherr, Lena A1 - Ederer, Thorsten A1 - Lorenz, Ulf A1 - Pelz, Peter F. T1 - As good as it can be: Ventilation system design by a combined scaling and discrete optimization method T2 - Proceedings of FAN 2015 N2 - The understanding that optimized components do not automatically lead to energy-efficient systems sets the attention from the single component on the entire technical system. At TU Darmstadt, a new field of research named Technical Operations Research (TOR) has its origin. It combines mathematical and technical know-how for the optimal design of technical systems. We illustrate our optimization approach in a case study for the design of a ventilation system with the ambition to minimize the energy consumption for a temporal distribution of diverse load demands. By combining scaling laws with our optimization methods we find the optimal combination of fans and show the advantage of the use of multiple fans. Y1 - 2015 N1 - Proceedings of FAN 2015, Lyon (France), 15 – 17 April 2015 SP - 1 EP - 11 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Schänzle, Christian A1 - Altherr, Lena A1 - Ederer, Thorsten A1 - Pelz, Peter T1 - TOR – Towards the energetically optimal ventilation system KW - Energy KW - Efficiency KW - Ventilation System KW - Discrete Optimisation KW - TGA Y1 - 2015 N1 - EST 2015, Karlsruhe, 19-21 Mai 2015 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Schütz, P. A1 - Breuer, M. A1 - Höfken, Hans-Wilhelm A1 - Schuba, Marko T1 - Malware proof on mobile phone exhibits based on GSM/GPRS traces T2 - The Second International Conference on Cyber Security, Cyber Peacefare and Digital Forensic (CyberSec 2013) : 04.03. - 06.03.2013, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Y1 - 2013 SN - 978-0-9853483-7-3 SP - 89 EP - 96 PB - The Society of Digital Information and Wireless Communication ER -