TY - JOUR A1 - Wettingfeld, Jürgen A1 - Kern, Alexander A1 - Krämer, Heinz-Josef A1 - Thormählen, Reyno T1 - International anerkannte Blitzschutznormen : Ausgewogener und sicherer Schutz N2 - Die Einleitung zur Norm DIN EN 62305-3 beschreibt klar und ein - deutig: Der vorliegende Teil der IEC 62305 behandelt den Schutz von baulichen Anlagen gegen materielle Schäden und den Schutz von Personen gegen Verletzungen durch Berührungs- und Schrittspannungen. Als das wesentlichste und effektivste Mittel zum Schutz von baulichen Anlagen gegen materielle Schäden gilt das Blitz - schutzsystem (LPS). KW - Blitzschutz KW - lightning protection Y1 - 2009 PB - Fachhochschule Aachen CY - Aachen ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Stollenwerk, Dominik A1 - Reinkensmeier, Sebastian A1 - Georg, Jörg Heiner A1 - Jungbluth, Christian T1 - „Smartes“ Laden an öffentlich zugänglichen Ladesäulen – Teil 2: USER-Verhalten und -Erwartungen JF - Energiewirtschaftliche Tagesfragen : et ; Zeitschrift für Energiewirtschaft, Recht, Technik und Umwelt Y1 - 2021 SN - 0720-6240 SN - 0013-743X VL - 71 IS - 3 SP - 38 EP - 42 PB - ETV Energieverlag CY - Essen ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schüller-Ruhl, Aaron A1 - Dinstühler, Leonard A1 - Senger, Thorsten A1 - Bergfeld, Stefan A1 - Ingenhag, Christian A1 - Fleischhaker, Robert ED - Mackenzie, Jacob T1 - Direct fabrication of arbitrary phase masks in optical glass via ultra-short pulsed laser writing of refractive index modifications JF - Applied Physics B N2 - We study the possibility to fabricate an arbitrary phase mask in a one-step laser-writing process inside the volume of an optical glass substrate. We derive the phase mask from a Gerchberg–Saxton-type algorithm as an array and create each individual phase shift using a refractive index modification of variable axial length. We realize the variable axial length by superimposing refractive index modifications induced by an ultra-short pulsed laser at different focusing depth. Each single modification is created by applying 1000 pulses with 15 μJ pulse energy at 100 kHz to a fixed spot of 25 μm diameter and the focus is then shifted axially in steps of 10 μm. With several proof-of-principle examples, we show the feasibility of our method. In particular, we identify the induced refractive index change to about a value of Δn=1.5⋅10−3. We also determine our current limitations by calculating the overlap in the form of a scalar product and we discuss possible future improvements. Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00340-022-07928-2 SN - 1432-0649 (Online) SN - 0946-2171 (Print) N1 - Corresponding author: Robert Fleischhaker VL - 128 IS - Article number: 208 SP - 1 EP - 11 PB - Springer CY - Berlin ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Maurer, Florian A1 - Rieke, Christian A1 - Schemm, Ralf A1 - Stollenwerk, Dominik T1 - Analysis of an urban grid with high photovoltaic and e-mobility penetration JF - Energies N2 - This study analyses the expected utilization of an urban distribution grid under high penetration of photovoltaic and e-mobility with charging infrastructure on a residential level. The grid utilization and the corresponding power flow are evaluated, while varying the control strategies and photovoltaic installed capacity in different scenarios. Four scenarios are used to analyze the impact of e-mobility. The individual mobility demand is modelled based on the largest German studies on mobility “Mobilität in Deutschland”, which is carried out every 5 years. To estimate the ramp-up of photovoltaic generation, a potential analysis of the roof surfaces in the supply area is carried out via an evaluation of an open solar potential study. The photovoltaic feed-in time series is derived individually for each installed system in a resolution of 15 min. The residential consumption is estimated using historical smart meter data, which are collected in London between 2012 and 2014. For a realistic charging demand, each residential household decides daily on the state of charge if their vehicle requires to be charged. The resulting charging time series depends on the underlying behavior scenario. Market prices and mobility demand are therefore used as scenario input parameters for a utility function based on the current state of charge to model individual behavior. The aggregated electricity demand is the starting point of the power flow calculation. The evaluation is carried out for an urban region with approximately 3100 residents. The analysis shows that increased penetration of photovoltaics combined with a flexible and adaptive charging strategy can maximize PV usage and reduce the need for congestion-related intervention by the grid operator by reducing the amount of kWh charged from the grid by 30% which reduces the average price of a charged kWh by 35% to 14 ct/kWh from 21.8 ct/kWh without PV optimization. The resulting grid congestions are managed by implementing an intelligent price or control signal. The analysis took place using data from a real German grid with 10 subgrids. The entire software can be adapted for the analysis of different distribution grids and is publicly available as an open-source software library on GitHub. KW - distribution grid simulation KW - smart-charging KW - e-mobility Y1 - 2023 U6 - http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16083380 SN - 1996-1073 N1 - This article belongs to the Special Issue "Advanced Solutions for the Efficient Integration of Electric Vehicles in Electricity Grids" N1 - Corresponding author: Florian Maurer VL - 16 IS - 8 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kern, Alexander A1 - Krichel, Frank T1 - Überlegungen zum Blitzschutzkonzept für regenerative Energieanlagen N2 - Dem Blitzschutz von Anlagen der regenerativen Energien kommt in Zukunft eine steigende Bedeutung zu. Dabei ist es notwendig zu berücksichtigen, dass die Schutzmaßnahmen technisch/wirtschaftlich ausgewogen sind. Erbauer, Besitzer oder Benutzer von netzautarken Hybridanlagen haben zu entscheiden, ob die Anlage einen Schutz braucht oder nicht. Um diese Entscheidung zu fällen, ist eine Risikoanalyse als erster Schritt sinnvoll. Diese muss dabei die für die Hybridanlage relevanten Schadenarten und spezifischen Parameter, Werte und Randbedingungen mit einbeziehen. Dazu ist die Hilfe eines Blitzschutzexperten sehr hilfreich. KW - Alternative Energiequelle KW - Energietechnische Anlage KW - Blitzschutz KW - Blitzschutz KW - Regenerative Energieanlagen KW - Lightning protection KW - renewable energy Y1 - 2003 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kern, Alexander T1 - Risikomanagement für den Blitzschutz - Abschätzung des Blitzschadensrisikos nach der neuen Vornorm VDE V 0185 Teil 2 : 2002 N2 - Ein vorausschauendes Risikomanagement beinhaltet, Risiken zu kalkulieren. Es liefert Entscheidungsgrundlagen, um diese Risiken zu begrenzen und es macht transparent,welche Risiken sinnvoll über Versicherungen abgedeckt werden sollten. Bei Unternehmen, die mit umfangreichen elektronischenEinrichtungen produzieren oder Dienstleistungen erbringen (und das sind heutzutage wohl die meisten), muss auch das Risiko durch Blitzeinwirkungen besondere Berücksichtigung finden. Dabei ist zu beachten, dass der Schaden aufgrund der Nichtverfügbarkeit der elektronischen Einrichtungen und damit derProduktion bzw. der Dienstleistung und ggf. der Verlust von Daten den Hardwareschaden an der betroffenen Anlage oft bei weitem übersteigt. KW - Blitzschutz KW - Risikomanagement KW - Risikoabschätzung KW - Lightning protection KW - Risk management KW - Risk assessment Y1 - 2003 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hoffstadt, Kevin A1 - Cheenakula, Dheeraja A1 - Nikolausz, Marcell A1 - Krafft, Simone A1 - Harms, Hauke A1 - Kuperjans, Isabel T1 - Design and construction of a new reactor for flexible biomethanation of hydrogen JF - Fermentation N2 - The increasing share of renewable electricity in the grid drives the need for sufficient storage capacity. Especially for seasonal storage, power-to-gas can be a promising approach. Biologically produced methane from hydrogen produced from surplus electricity can be used to substitute natural gas in the existing infrastructure. Current reactor types are not or are poorly optimized for flexible methanation. Therefore, this work proposes a new reactor type with a plug flow reactor (PFR) design. Simulations in COMSOL Multiphysics ® showed promising properties for operation in laminar flow. An experiment was conducted to support the simulation results and to determine the gas fraction of the novel reactor, which was measured to be 29%. Based on these simulations and experimental results, the reactor was constructed as a 14 m long, 50 mm diameter tube with a meandering orientation. Data processing was established, and a step experiment was performed. In addition, a kLa of 1 h−1 was determined. The results revealed that the experimental outcomes of the type of flow and gas fractions are in line with the theoretical simulation. The new design shows promising properties for flexible methanation and will be tested. KW - methanation KW - plug flow reactor KW - bubble column KW - bio-methane KW - power-to-gas Y1 - 2023 U6 - http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fermentation9080774 SN - 2311-5637 N1 - The article belongs to the Special Issue Fermentation Processes: Modeling, Optimization and Control VL - 9 IS - 8 SP - 1 EP - 16 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Heel, Mareike van A1 - Dikta, Gerhard A1 - Braekers, Roel T1 - Bootstrap based goodness‑of‑fit tests for binary multivariate regression models JF - Journal of the Korean Statistical Society N2 - We consider a binary multivariate regression model where the conditional expectation of a binary variable given a higher-dimensional input variable belongs to a parametric family. Based on this, we introduce a model-based bootstrap (MBB) for higher-dimensional input variables. This test can be used to check whether a sequence of independent and identically distributed observations belongs to such a parametric family. The approach is based on the empirical residual process introduced by Stute (Ann Statist 25:613–641, 1997). In contrast to Stute and Zhu’s approach (2002) Stute & Zhu (Scandinavian J Statist 29:535–545, 2002), a transformation is not required. Thus, any problems associated with non-parametric regression estimation are avoided. As a result, the MBB method is much easier for users to implement. To illustrate the power of the MBB based tests, a small simulation study is performed. Compared to the approach of Stute & Zhu (Scandinavian J Statist 29:535–545, 2002), the simulations indicate a slightly improved power of the MBB based method. Finally, both methods are applied to a real data set. Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s42952-021-00142-4 SN - 2005-2863 (Online) SN - 1226-3192 (Print) N1 - Corresponding author: Mareike van Heel VL - 51 PB - Springer Nature CY - Singapur ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Georg, Jörg Heiner A1 - Stollenwerk, Dominik A1 - Reinkensmeier, Sebastian A1 - Jungbluth, Christian T1 - „Smartes“ Laden an öffentlich zugänglichen Ladesäulen – Teil 1: Quo vadis, Marktdesign? JF - Energiewirtschaftliche Tagesfragen : et ; Zeitschrift für Energiewirtschaft, Recht, Technik und Umwelt Y1 - 2021 SN - 0720-6240 SN - 0013-743X VL - 71 IS - 1/2 SP - 64 EP - 69 PB - ETV Energieverlag CY - Essen ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Cheenakula, Dheeraja A1 - Hoffstadt, Kevin A1 - Krafft, Simone A1 - Reinecke, Diana A1 - Klose, Holger A1 - Kuperjans, Isabel A1 - Grömping, Markus T1 - Anaerobic digestion of algal–bacterial biomass of an Algal Turf Scrubber system JF - Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery N2 - This study investigated the anaerobic digestion of an algal–bacterial biofilm grown in artificial wastewater in an Algal Turf Scrubber (ATS). The ATS system was located in a greenhouse (50°54′19ʺN, 6°24′55ʺE, Germany) and was exposed to seasonal conditions during the experiment period. The methane (CH4) potential of untreated algal–bacterial biofilm (UAB) and thermally pretreated biofilm (PAB) using different microbial inocula was determined by anaerobic batch fermentation. Methane productivity of UAB differed significantly between microbial inocula of digested wastepaper, a mixture of manure and maize silage, anaerobic sewage sludge, and percolated green waste. UAB using sewage sludge as inoculum showed the highest methane productivity. The share of methane in biogas was dependent on inoculum. Using PAB, a strong positive impact on methane productivity was identified for the digested wastepaper (116.4%) and a mixture of manure and maize silage (107.4%) inocula. By contrast, the methane yield was significantly reduced for the digested anaerobic sewage sludge (50.6%) and percolated green waste (43.5%) inocula. To further evaluate the potential of algal–bacterial biofilm for biogas production in wastewater treatment and biogas plants in a circular bioeconomy, scale-up calculations were conducted. It was found that a 0.116 km2 ATS would be required in an average municipal wastewater treatment plant which can be viewed as problematic in terms of space consumption. However, a substantial amount of energy surplus (4.7–12.5 MWh a−1) can be gained through the addition of algal–bacterial biomass to the anaerobic digester of a municipal wastewater treatment plant. Wastewater treatment and subsequent energy production through algae show dominancy over conventional technologies. KW - Biogas KW - Methane KW - Algal Turf Scrubber KW - Algal–bacterial bioflm KW - Circular bioeconomy Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13399-022-03236-z SN - 2190-6823 N1 - Corresponding author: Dheeraja Cheenakula VL - 13 SP - 15 Seiten PB - Springer CY - Berlin ER -