TY  - JOUR
A1  - Penner, Crystal
A1  - Usherovich, Samuel
A1  - Niedermeier, Jana
A1  - Bélanger-Champagne, Camille
A1  - Trinczek, Michael
A1  - Paulßen, Elisabeth
A1  - Hoehr, Cornelia
T1  - Organic Scintillator-Fibre Sensors for Proton Therapy Dosimetry: SCSF-3HF and EJ-260
JF  - electronics
N2  - In proton therapy, the dose from secondary neutrons to the patient can contribute to side effects and the creation of secondary cancer. A simple and fast detection system to distinguish between dose from protons and neutrons both in pretreatment verification as well as potentially in vivo monitoring is needed to minimize dose from secondary neutrons. Two 3 mm long, 1 mm diameter organic scintillators were tested for candidacy to be used in a proton–neutron discrimination detector. The SCSF-3HF (1500) scintillating fibre (Kuraray Co. Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan) and EJ-260 plastic scintillator (Eljen Technology, Sweetwater, TX, USA) were irradiated at the TRIUMF Neutron Facility and the Proton Therapy Research Centre. In the proton beam, we compared the raw Bragg peak and spread-out Bragg peak response to the industry standard Markus chamber detector. Both scintillator sensors exhibited quenching at high LET in the Bragg peak, presenting a peak-to-entrance ratio of 2.59 for the EJ-260 and 2.63 for the SCSF-3HF fibre, compared to 3.70 for the Markus chamber. The SCSF-3HF sensor demonstrated 1.3 times the sensitivity to protons and 3 times the sensitivity to neutrons as compared to the EJ-260 sensor. Combined with our equations relating neutron and proton contributions to dose during proton irradiations, and the application of Birks’ quenching correction, these fibres provide valid candidates for inexpensive and replicable proton-neutron discrimination detectors
Y1  - 2022
U6  - http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics12010011
SN  - 2079-9292
N1  - This article belongs to the Special Issue "Applications of Optical Fiber Sensors"
VL  - 12
IS  - 1
PB  - MDPI
CY  - Basel
ER  - 
TY  - CHAP
A1  - Morandi, Paolo
A1  - Butenweg, Christoph
A1  - Breis, Khaled
A1  - Beyer, Katrin
A1  - Magenes, Guido
ED  - Arion, Christian
ED  - Scupin, Alexandra
ED  - Ţigănescu, Alexandru
T1  - Behaviour factor q for the seismic design of URM buildings
T2  - The Third European Conference on Earthquake Engineering and Seismology September 4 – September 9, 2022, Bucharest
N2  - Recent earthquakes showed that low-rise URM buildings following codecompliant seismic design and details behaved in general very well without substantial damages. Although advances in simulation tools make nonlinear calculation methods more readily accessible to designers, linear analyses will still be the standard design method for years to come. The present paper aims to improve the linear seismic design method by providing a proper definition of the q-factor of URM buildings. Values of q-factors are derived for low-rise URM buildings with rigid diaphragms, with reference to modern structural configurations realized in low to moderate seismic areas of Italy and Germany. The behaviour factor components for deformation and energy dissipation capacity and for overstrength due to the redistribution of forces are derived by means of pushover analyses. As a result of the investigations, rationally based values of the behaviour factor q to be used in linear analyses in the range of 2.0 to 3.0 are proposed.
KW  - unreinforced masonry buildings
KW  - modern constructions
KW  - seismic design
KW  - linear elastic analysis;
KW  - behaviour factor q
Y1  - 2022
SN  - 978-973-100-533-1
SP  - 1184
EP  - 1194
ER  - 
TY  - RPRT
A1  - Kluge, Katharina
A1  - Kirsch, Ansgar
A1  - Budach, Christoph
T1  - Digitale Lehre in der Geotechnik: Aktueller Stand und weitere Entwicklungen
T2  - geotechntik
N2  - Digitale Lehrmaterialien werden seit mehreren Jahren in den Hochschulen eingesetzt und eröffnen ganz neue Wege zur Vermittlung des Lehrstoffs. Die Erstellung dieser Lehrmaterialien kann allerdings je nach Art und Qualität sehr zeitintensiv sein und für Lehrende einen großen Mehraufwand bedeuten. Im Rahmen eines Kooperationsprojekts zur Erstellung von Lehrvideos für geotechnische Feld- und Laborversuche haben die Autoren dieses Beitrags allerdings die Erfahrung gemacht, dass das gemeinsame, hochschulübergreifende Erstellen von Lehrmaterialien viele Vorteile mit sich bringt. Dadurch inspiriert, führten die Autoren dieses Berichts eine Umfrage unter den deutschsprachigen Geotechnik-Lehrstühlen der (Technischen) Universitäten und (Fach-)Hochschulen durch. Nach drei Semestern, in denen Lehrveranstaltungen an den Hochschulen aufgrund der Corona-Pandemie überwiegend digital durchgeführt werden mussten, war es ein Ziel dieser Umfrage, den Bestand und den Einsatz digitaler Lehrmaterialien im Fachgebiet Geotechnik zu erheben. Ein weiteres Ziel war die Initiierung eines Netzwerks, in dem sich Geotechnik-Professorinnen und -Professoren zu Lehrthemen austauschen können und gemeinsam (digitale) Lehrmaterialien erstellen und nutzen. Der vorliegende Beitrag stellt das gemeinsame Lehrprojekt der Autoren vor, präsentiert die Ergebnisse der durchgeführten Umfrage und berichtet über die ersten Aktivitäten des neuen Netzwerks.
KW  - digitale Lehre
KW  - Geotechnik
KW  - digital teaching
KW  - geotechnical engineering
KW  - Didaktik
Y1  - 2022
U6  - http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gete.202200013
SN  - 0172-6145 (Print)
SN  - 2190-6653 (Online)
IS  - Early View
PB  - Ernst & Sohn
CY  - Berlin
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Schulte-Tigges, Joschua
A1  - Förster, Marco
A1  - Nikolovski, Gjorgji
A1  - Reke, Michael
A1  - Ferrein, Alexander
A1  - Kaszner, Daniel
A1  - Matheis, Dominik
A1  - Walter, Thomas
T1  - Benchmarking of various LiDAR sensors for use in self-driving vehicles in real-world environments
JF  - Sensors
N2  - Abstract
In this paper, we report on our benchmark results of the LiDAR sensors Livox Horizon, Robosense M1, Blickfeld Cube, Blickfeld Cube Range, Velodyne Velarray H800, and Innoviz Pro. The idea was to test the sensors in different typical scenarios that were defined with real-world use cases in mind, in order to find a sensor that meet the requirements of self-driving vehicles. For this, we defined static and dynamic benchmark scenarios. In the static scenarios, both LiDAR and the detection target do not move during the measurement. In dynamic scenarios, the LiDAR sensor was mounted on the vehicle which was driving toward the detection target. We tested all mentioned LiDAR sensors in both scenarios, show the results regarding the detection accuracy of the targets, and discuss their usefulness for deployment in self-driving cars.
KW  - Lidar
KW  - Benchmark
KW  - Self-driving
Y1  - 2022
U6  - http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22197146
SN  - 1424-8220
N1  - This article belongs to the Special Issue "Sensor Fusion for Vehicles Navigation and Robotic Systems"
VL  - 22
IS  - 19
PB  - MDPI
CY  - Basel
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Akimbekov, Nuraly S.
A1  - Digel, Ilya
A1  - Tastambek, Kuanysh T.
A1  - Marat, Adel K.
A1  - Turaliyeva, Moldir A.
A1  - Kaiyrmanova, Gulzhan K.
T1  - Biotechnology of Microorganisms from Coal Environments: From Environmental Remediation to Energy Production
JF  - Biology
N2  - It was generally believed that coal sources are not favorable as live-in habitats for microorganisms due to their recalcitrant chemical nature and negligible decomposition. However, accumulating evidence has revealed the presence of diverse microbial groups in coal environments and their significant metabolic role in coal biogeochemical dynamics and ecosystem functioning. The high oxygen content, organic fractions, and lignin-like structures of lower-rank coals may provide effective means for microbial attack, still representing a greatly unexplored frontier in microbiology. Coal degradation/conversion technology by native bacterial and fungal species has great potential in agricultural development, chemical industry production, and environmental rehabilitation. Furthermore, native microalgal species can offer a sustainable energy source and an excellent bioremediation strategy applicable to coal spill/seam waters. Additionally, the measures of the fate of the microbial community would serve as an indicator of restoration progress on post-coal-mining sites. This review puts forward a comprehensive vision of coal biodegradation and bioprocessing by microorganisms native to coal environments for determining their biotechnological potential and possible applications.
Y1  - 2022
U6  - http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology11091306
SN  - 2079-7737
N1  - This article belongs to the Special Issue "Microbial Ecology and Evolution in Extreme Environments"
VL  - 11
IS  - 9
PB  - MDPI
CY  - Basel
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Hoffmann, Andreas
A1  - Uhl, Matthias
A1  - Ceblin, Maximilian
A1  - Rohrbach, Felix
A1  - Bansmann, Joachim
A1  - Mallah, Marcel
A1  - Heuermann, Holger
A1  - Jacob, Timo
A1  - Kuehne, Alexander J.C.
T1  - Atmospheric pressure plasma-jet treatment of PAN-nonwovens—carbonization of nanofiber electrodes
JF  - C - Journal of Carbon Research
N2  - Carbon nanofibers are produced from dielectric polymer precursors such as polyacrylonitrile (PAN). Carbonized nanofiber nonwovens show high surface area and good electrical conductivity, rendering these fiber materials interesting for application as electrodes in batteries, fuel cells, and supercapacitors. However, thermal processing is slow and costly, which is why new processing techniques have been explored for carbon fiber tows. Alternatives for the conversion of PAN-precursors into carbon fiber nonwovens are scarce. Here, we utilize an atmospheric pressure plasma jet to conduct carbonization of stabilized PAN nanofiber nonwovens. We explore the influence of various processing parameters on the conductivity and degree of carbonization of the converted nanofiber material. The precursor fibers are converted by plasma-jet treatment to carbon fiber nonwovens within seconds, by which they develop a rough surface making subsequent surface activation processes obsolete. The resulting carbon nanofiber nonwovens are applied as supercapacitor electrodes and examined by cyclic voltammetry and impedance spectroscopy. Nonwovens that are carbonized within 60 s show capacitances of up to 5 F g⁻¹.
Y1  - 2022
U6  - http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/c8030033
SN  - 2311-5629
N1  - This article belongs to the Collection "Nanoporous Carbon Materials for Advanced Technological Applications"
VL  - 8
IS  - 3
PB  - MDPI
CY  - Basel
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Vahidpour, Farnoosh
A1  - Alghazali, Yousef
A1  - Akca, Sevilay
A1  - Hommes, Gregor
A1  - Schöning, Michael Josef
T1  - An Enzyme-Based Interdigitated Electrode-Type Biosensor for Detecting Low Concentrations of H₂O₂ Vapor/Aerosol
JF  - Chemosensors
N2  - This work introduces a novel method for the detection of H₂O₂ vapor/aerosol of low concentrations, which is mainly applied in the sterilization of equipment in medical industry. Interdigitated electrode (IDE) structures have been fabricated by means of microfabrication techniques. A differential setup of IDEs was prepared, containing an active sensor element (active IDE) and a passive sensor element (passive IDE), where the former was immobilized with an enzymatic membrane of horseradish peroxidase that is selective towards H₂O₂. Changes in the IDEs’ capacitance values (active sensor element versus passive sensor element) under H₂O₂ vapor/aerosol atmosphere proved the detection in the concentration range up to 630 ppm with a fast response time (<60 s). The influence of relative humidity was also tested with regard to the sensor signal, showing no cross-sensitivity. The repeatability assessment of the IDE biosensors confirmed their stable capacitive signal in eight subsequent cycles of exposure to H₂O₂ vapor/aerosol. Room-temperature detection of H₂O₂ vapor/aerosol with such miniaturized biosensors will allow a future three-dimensional, flexible mapping of aseptic chambers and help to evaluate sterilization assurance in medical industry.
Y1  - 2022
U6  - http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors10060202
SN  - 2227-9040
N1  - This article belongs to the Special Issue "Bioinspired Chemical Sensors and Micro-Nano Devices"
VL  - 10
IS  - 6
PB  - MDPI
CY  - Basel
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Ditzhaus, Marc
A1  - Gaigall, Daniel
T1  - Testing marginal homogeneity in Hilbert spaces with applications to stock market returns
JF  - Test
N2  - This paper considers a paired data framework and discusses the question of marginal homogeneity of bivariate high-dimensional or functional data. The related testing problem can be endowed into a more general setting for paired random variables taking values in a general Hilbert space. To address this problem, a Cramér–von-Mises type test statistic is applied and a bootstrap procedure is suggested to obtain critical values and finally a consistent test. The desired properties of a bootstrap test can be derived that are asymptotic exactness under the null hypothesis and consistency under alternatives. Simulations show the quality of the test in the finite sample case. A possible application is the comparison of two possibly dependent stock market returns based on functional data. The approach is demonstrated based on historical data for different stock market indices.
Y1  - 2022
U6  - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11749-022-00802-5
SN  - 1863-8260
VL  - 2022
IS  - 31
SP  - 749
EP  - 770
PB  - Springer
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Gaigall, Daniel
A1  - Gerstenberg, Julian
A1  - Trinh, Thi Thu Ha
T1  - Empirical process of concomitants for partly categorial data and applications in statistics
JF  - Bernoulli
N2  - On the basis of independent and identically distributed bivariate random vectors, where the components are categorial and continuous variables, respectively, the related concomitants, also called induced order statistic, are considered. The main theoretical result is a functional central limit theorem for the empirical process of the concomitants in a triangular array setting. A natural application is hypothesis testing. An independence test and a two-sample test are investigated in detail. The fairly general setting enables limit results under local alternatives and bootstrap samples. For the comparison with existing tests from the literature simulation studies are conducted. The empirical results obtained confirm the theoretical findings.
KW  - bootstrap
KW  - Categorial variable
KW  - Concomitant
KW  - Empirical process
KW  - Independence test
Y1  - 2022
U6  - http://dx.doi.org/10.3150/21-BEJ1367
SN  - 1573-9759
VL  - 28
IS  - 2
SP  - 803
EP  - 829
PB  - International Statistical Institute
CY  - Den Haag, NL
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Stäudle, Benjamin
A1  - Seynnes, Olivier
A1  - Laps, Guido
A1  - Brüggemann, Gert-Peter
A1  - Albracht, Kirsten
T1  - Altered gastrocnemius contractile behavior in former achilles tendon rupture patients during walking
JF  - Frontiers in Physiology
N2  - Achilles tendon rupture (ATR) remains associated with functional limitations years after injury. Architectural remodeling of the gastrocnemius medialis (GM) muscle is typically observed in the affected leg and may compensate force deficits caused by a longer tendon. Yet patients seem to retain functional limitations during—low-force—walking gait. To explore the potential limits imposed by the remodeled GM muscle-tendon unit (MTU) on walking gait, we examined the contractile behavior of muscle fascicles during the stance phase. In a cross-sectional design, we studied nine former patients (males; age: 45 ± 9 years; height: 180 ± 7 cm; weight: 83 ± 6 kg) with a history of complete unilateral ATR, approximately 4 years post-surgery. Using ultrasonography, GM tendon morphology, muscle architecture at rest, and fascicular behavior were assessed during walking at 1.5 m⋅s–1 on a treadmill. Walking patterns were recorded with a motion capture system. The unaffected leg served as control. Lower limbs kinematics were largely similar between legs during walking. Typical features of ATR-related MTU remodeling were observed during the stance sub-phases corresponding to series elastic element (SEE) lengthening (energy storage) and SEE shortening (energy release), with shorter GM fascicles (36 and 36%, respectively) and greater pennation angles (8° and 12°, respectively). However, relative to the optimal fascicle length for force production, fascicles operated at comparable length in both legs. Similarly, when expressed relative to optimal fascicle length, fascicle contraction velocity was not different between sides, except at the time-point of peak series elastic element (SEE) length, where it was 39 ± 49% lower in the affected leg. Concomitantly, fascicles rotation during contraction was greater in the affected leg during the whole stance-phase, and architectural gear ratios (AGR) was larger during SEE lengthening. Under the present testing conditions, former ATR patients had recovered a relatively symmetrical walking gait pattern. Differences in seen AGR seem to accommodate the profound changes in MTU architecture, limiting the required fascicle shortening velocity. Overall, the contractile behavior of the GM fascicles does not restrict length- or velocity-dependent force potentials during this locomotor task.
KW  - tendon rupture
KW  - muscle fascicle behavior
KW  - walking gait
KW  - force generation
KW  - ultrasound imaging
Y1  - 2022
U6  - http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2022.792576
SN  - 1664-042X
VL  - 13
PB  - Frontiers Research Foundation
CY  - Lausanne
ER  -