TY  - GEN
A1  - Baumgartner, Thomas
A1  - Wunderlich, Florian
A1  - Jaunich, Arthur
A1  - Sato, Tomoo
A1  - Bundy, Georg
A1  - Grießmann, Nadine
A1  - Kowalski, Julia
A1  - Burghardt, Stefan
A1  - Hanebrink, Jörg
T1  - Lighting the way: Perspectives on the global lighting market
Y1  - 2012
CY  - McKinsey
ET  - 2nd ed.
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Kern, Alexander
A1  - Heidler, Fridolin
A1  - Zischank, Wolfgang J.
A1  - Frentzel, Ralf
T1  - Lightning current distribution and coupling to control cables in power plants or large industrial facilites
Y1  - 2002
N1  - International Conference on Grounding and Earthing <2002, Rio de Janeiro>
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Kern, Alexander
A1  - Krichel, Frank
A1  - Neskakis, Apostolos
A1  - Müller, Klaus-Peter (u.a.)
T1  - Lightning protection design of a renewable energy hybrid-system without power mains connection
Y1  - 2001
N1  - International Conference on Renewable Energies for Islands <2001, Crete>
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Bouquegneau, Christian
A1  - Kern, Alexander
A1  - Rousseau, Alain
T1  - Lightning safety guidelines
Y1  - 2010
N1  - Ground´2010 International Conference on Grounding and Earthing ; 4th International Conference ond Lightning Physics and Effects, Nov. 2010 Salvador - Brazil
SP  - 1
EP  - 6
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Bergs, Michel
A1  - Monakhova, Yulia
A1  - Diehl, Bernd W.
A1  - Konow, Christopher
A1  - Völkering, Georg
A1  - Pude, Ralf
A1  - Schulze, Margit
T1  - Lignins isolated via catalyst-free organosolv pulping from Miscanthus x giganteus, M. sinensis, M. robustus and M. nagara: a comparative study
JF  - Molecules
N2  - As a low-input crop, Miscanthus offers numerous advantages that, in addition to agricultural applications, permits its exploitation for energy, fuel, and material production. Depending on the Miscanthus genotype, season, and harvest time as well as plant component (leaf versus stem), correlations between structure and properties of the corresponding isolated lignins differ. Here, a comparative study is presented between lignins isolated from M. x giganteus, M. sinensis, M. robustus and M. nagara using a catalyst-free organosolv pulping process. The lignins from different plant constituents are also compared regarding their similarities and differences regarding monolignol ratio and important linkages. Results showed that the plant genotype has the weakest influence on monolignol content and interunit linkages. In contrast, structural differences are more significant among lignins of different harvest time and/or season. Analyses were performed using fast and simple methods such as nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Data was assigned to four different linkages (A: β-O-4 linkage, B: phenylcoumaran, C: resinol, D: β-unsaturated ester). In conclusion, A content is particularly high in leaf-derived lignins at just under 70% and significantly lower in stem and mixture lignins at around 60% and almost 65%. The second most common linkage pattern is D in all isolated lignins, the proportion of which is also strongly dependent on the crop portion. Both stem and mixture lignins, have a relatively high share of approximately 20% or more (maximum is M. sinensis Sin2 with over 30%). In the leaf-derived lignins, the proportions are significantly lower on average. Stem samples should be chosen if the highest possible lignin content is desired, specifically from the M. x giganteus genotype, which revealed lignin contents up to 27%. Due to the better frost resistance and higher stem stability, M. nagara offers some advantages compared to M. x giganteus. Miscanthus crops are shown to be very attractive lignocellulose feedstock (LCF) for second generation biorefineries and lignin generation in Europe.
Y1  - 2021
U6  - https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26040842
SN  - 1420-3049
N1  - Special Issue Lignin – A Natural Resource with Huge Potential https://www.mdpi.com/journal/molecules/special_issues/lignin_natural
VL  - 26
IS  - 4
PB  - MDPI
CY  - Basel
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Akimbekov, Nuraly S.
A1  - Digel, Ilya
A1  - Abdieva, Gulzhamal
A1  - Ualieva, Perizat
A1  - Tastambek, Kuanysh
T1  - Lignite biosolubilization and bioconversion by Bacillus sp.: the collation of analytical data
JF  - Biofuels
N2  - The vast metabolic potential of microbes in brown coal (lignite) processing and utilization can greatly contribute to innovative approaches to sustainable production of high-value products from coal. In this study, the multi-faceted and complex coal biosolubilization process by Bacillus sp. RKB 7 isolate from the Kazakhstan coal-mining soil is reported, and the derived products are characterized. Lignite solubilization tests performed for surface and suspension cultures testify to the formation of numerous soluble lignite-derived substances. Almost 24% of crude lignite (5% w/v) was solubilized within 14 days under slightly alkaline conditions (pH 8.2). FTIR analysis revealed various functional groups in the obtained biosolubilization products. Analyses of the lignite-derived humic products by UV-Vis and fluorescence spectrometry as well as elemental analysis yielded compatible results indicating the emerging products had a lower molecular weight and degree of aromaticity. Furthermore, XRD and SEM analyses were used to evaluate the biosolubilization processes from mineralogical and microscopic points of view. The findings not only contribute to a deeper understanding of microbe–mineral interactions in coal environments, but also contribute to knowledge of coal biosolubilization and bioconversion with regard to sustainable production of humic substances. The detailed and comprehensive analyses demonstrate the huge biotechnological potential of Bacillus sp. for agricultural productivity and environmental health.
KW  - humic acid
KW  - Bacillus sp
KW  - lignite
KW  - Biosolubilization
Y1  - 2021
SN  - 1759-7277
VL  - 12
IS  - 3
SP  - 247
EP  - 258
PB  - Taylor & Francis
CY  - London
ER  - 
TY  - CHAP
A1  - Duwe, A.
A1  - Tippkötter, Nils
A1  - Ulber, Roland
T1  - Lignocellulose-Biorefinery: Ethanol-Focused
T2  - Biorefineries
N2  - The development prospects of the world markets for petroleum and other liquid fuels are diverse and partly contradictory. However, comprehensive changes for the energy supply of the future are essential. Notwithstanding the fact that there are still very large deposits of energy resources from a geological point of view, the finite nature of conventional oil reserves is indisputable. To reduce our dependence on oil, the EU, the USA, and other major economic zones rely on energy diversification. For this purpose, alternative materials and technologies are being sought, and is most obvious in the transport sector. The objective is to progressively replace fossil fuels with renewable and more sustainable fuels. In this respect, biofuels have a pre-eminent position in terms of their capability of blending with fossil fuels and being usable in existing cars without substantial modification. Ethanol can be considered as the primary renewable liquid fuel. In this chapter enzymes, micro-organisms, and processes for ethanol production based on renewable resources are described.
KW  - Bioethanol
KW  - Biorefinery
KW  - Lignocellulose feedstook
Y1  - 2018
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1007/10_2016_72
N1  - Part of the Advances in Biochemical Engineering/Biotechnology book series (ABE,volume 166)
SP  - 177
EP  - 215
PB  - Springer
CY  - Cham
ER  - 
TY  - CHAP
A1  - Poth, Sebastian
A1  - Monzon, Magaly
A1  - Tippkötter, Nils
A1  - Ulber, Roland
T1  - Lignocellulosic biorefinery : process integration of hydrolysis and fermentation
T2  - Proceedings / 11th European Workshop on Lignocellulosics and Pulp : August 16 - 19, 2010, Hamburg, Germany
Y1  - 2010
SP  - 65
EP  - 68
PB  - vTi
CY  - Hamburg
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Poth, Sebastian
A1  - Monzon, Magaly
A1  - Tippkötter, Nils
A1  - Ulber, Roland
T1  - Lignocellulosic biorefinery: Process integration of hydrolysis and fermentation (SSF process)
JF  - Holzforschung
N2  - The aim of the present work is the process integration and the optimization of the enzymatic hydrolysis of wood and the following fermentation of the products to ethanol. The substrate is a fiber fraction obtained by organosolv pre-treatment of beech wood. For the ethanol production, a co-fermentation by two different yeasts (Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Pachysolen tannophilus) was carried out to convert glucose as well as xylose. Two approaches has been followed: 1. A two step process, in which the hydrolysis of the fiber fraction and the fermentation to product are separated from each other. 2. A process, in which the hydrolysis and the fermentation are carried out in one single process step as simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF). Following the first approach, a yield of about 0.15 g ethanol per gram substrate can be reached. Based on the SSF, one process step can be saved, and additionally, the gained yield can be raised up to 0.3 g ethanol per gram substrate.
Y1  - 2011
N1  - 11th EWLP, Hamburg, Germany, August 16–19, 2010
VL  - 65
IS  - 5
SP  - 633
EP  - 637
PB  - De Gruyter
CY  - Berlin
ER  - 
TY  - BOOK
A1  - Staat, Manfred
A1  - Heitzer, M.
A1  - Yan, Ai-Min
A1  - Khoi, Vu Duc
A1  - Nguyen, Dang Hung
A1  - Valdoire, F.
A1  - Lahousse, A.
T1  - Limit Analysis of Defects
Y1  - 2000
SN  - 0944-2952
N1  - Bericht des Forschungszentrums, Jül-3746, Jülich (2000)
PB  - Forschungszentrum Jülich
CY  - Jülich
ER  -