TY - CHAP A1 - Milijaš, Aleksa A1 - Šakić, Bogdan A1 - Marinković, Marko A1 - Butenweg, Christoph ED - Papadrakakis, Manolis ED - Fragiadakis, Michalis T1 - Experimental investigation of behaviour of masonry infilled RC frames under out-of-plane loading T2 - Proceedings of COMPDYN 2021 N2 - Masonry infills are commonly used as exterior or interior walls in reinforced concrete (RC) frame structures and they can be encountered all over the world, including earthquake prone regions. Since the middle of the 20th century the behaviour of these non-structural elements under seismic loading has been studied in numerous experimental campaigns. However, most of the studies were carried out by means of in-plane tests, while there is a lack of out-of-plane experimental investigations. In this paper, the out-of-plane tests carried out on full scale masonry infilled frames are described. The results of the out-of-plane tests are presented in terms of force-displacement curves and measured out-of-plane displacements. Finally, the reliability of existing analytical approaches developed to estimate the out-of-plane strength of masonry infills is examined on presented experimental results. KW - Seismic loading KW - Masonry infill KW - Out-of-plane load KW - Out-of-plane strength Y1 - 2021 SN - 978-618-85072-5-8 U6 - https://doi.org/10.7712/120121.8528.18914 SN - 2623-3347 N1 - COMPDYN 2021, 28-30 June 2021, Streamed from Athens, Greece, 8th International Conference on Computational Methods in Structural Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering SP - 829 EP - 846 PB - National Technical University of Athens CY - Athen ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Grundmann, Jan Thimo A1 - Borella, Laura A1 - Ceriotti, Matteo A1 - Chand, Suditi A1 - Cordero, Federico A1 - Dachwald, Bernd A1 - Fexer, Sebastian A1 - Grimm, Christian D. A1 - Hendrikse, Jeffrey A1 - Herčík, David A1 - Herique, Alain A1 - Hillebrandt, Martin A1 - Ho, Tra-Mi A1 - Kesseler, Lars A1 - Laabs, Martin A1 - Lange, Caroline A1 - Lange, Michael A1 - Lichtenheldt, Roy A1 - McInnes, Colin R. A1 - Moore, Iain A1 - Peloni, Alessandro A1 - Plettenmeier, Dirk A1 - Quantius, Dominik A1 - Seefeldt, Patric A1 - Venditti, Flaviane c. F. A1 - Vergaaij, Merel A1 - Viavattene, Giulia A1 - Virkki, Anne K. A1 - Zander, Martin T1 - More bucks for the bang: new space solutions, impact tourism and one unique science & engineering opportunity at T-6 months and counting T2 - 7th IAA Planetary Defense Conference N2 - For now, the Planetary Defense Conference Exercise 2021's incoming fictitious(!), asteroid, 2021 PDC, seems headed for impact on October 20th, 2021, exactly 6 months after its discovery. Today (April 26th, 2021), the impact probability is 5%, in a steep rise from 1 in 2500 upon discovery six days ago. We all know how these things end. Or do we? Unless somebody kicked off another headline-grabbing media scare or wants to keep civil defense very idle very soon, chances are that it will hit (note: this is an exercise!). Taking stock, it is barely 6 months to impact, a steadily rising likelihood that it will actually happen, and a huge uncertainty of possible impact energies: First estimates range from 1.2 MtTNT to 13 GtTNT, and this is not even the worst-worst case: a 700 m diameter massive NiFe asteroid (covered by a thin veneer of Ryugu-black rubble to match size and brightness), would come in at 70 GtTNT. In down to Earth terms, this could be all between smashing fireworks over some remote area of the globe and a 7.5 km crater downtown somewhere. Considering the deliberate and sedate ways of development of interplanetary missions it seems we can only stand and stare until we know well enough where to tell people to pack up all that can be moved at all and save themselves. But then, it could just as well be a smaller bright rock. The best estimate is 120 m diameter from optical observation alone, by 13% standard albedo. NASA's upcoming DART mission to binary asteroid (65803) Didymos is designed to hit such a small target, its moonlet Dimorphos. The Deep Impact mission's impactor in 2005 successfully guided itself to the brightest spot on comet 9P/Tempel 1, a relatively small feature on the 6 km nucleus. And 'space' has changed: By the end of this decade, one satellite communication network plans to have launched over 11000 satellites at a pace of 60 per launch every other week. This level of series production is comparable in numbers to the most prolific commercial airliners. Launch vehicle production has not simply increased correspondingly – they can be reused, although in a trade for performance. Optical and radio astronomy as well as planetary radar have made great strides in the past decade, and so has the design and production capability for everyday 'high-tech' products. 60 years ago, spaceflight was invented from scratch within two years, and there are recent examples of fast-paced space projects as well as a drive towards 'responsive space'. It seems it is not quite yet time to abandon all hope. We present what could be done and what is too close to call once thinking is shoved out of the box by a clear and present danger, to show where a little more preparedness or routine would come in handy – or become decisive. And if we fail, let's stand and stare safely and well instrumented anywhere on Earth together in the greatest adventure of science. Y1 - 2021 N1 - 7th IAA Planetary Defense Conference, Vienna, Austria, 26-30 April 2021 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Schmidt, Thomas A1 - Kasch, Susanne A1 - Eichler, Fabian A1 - Thurn, Laura T1 - Process strategies on laser-based melting of glass powder T2 - LiM 2021 proceedings N2 - This paper presents the laser-based powder bed fusion (L-PBF) using various glass powders (borosilicate and quartz glass). Compared to metals, these require adapted process strategies. First, the glass powders were characterized with regard to their material properties and their processability in the powder bed. This was followed by investigations of the melting behavior of the glass powders with different laser wavelengths (10.6 µm, 1070 nm). In particular, the experimental setup of a CO2 laser was adapted for the processing of glass powder. An experimental setup with integrated coaxial temperature measurement/control and an inductively heatable build platform was created. This allowed the L-PBF process to be carried out at the transformation temperature of the glasses. Furthermore, the component’s material quality was analyzed on three-dimensional test specimen with regard to porosity, roughness, density and geometrical accuracy in order to evaluate the developed L-PBF parameters and to open up possible applications. KW - 3D-printing KW - glass KW - additive manufactureing KW - laser based powder fusion Y1 - 2021 N1 - LiM (Lasers in Manufacturing) 2021, June 21 - 24, 2021, online ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Mertens, Alexander A1 - Pütz, Sebastian A1 - Brauner, Philipp A1 - Brillowski, Florian Sascha A1 - Buczak, Nadine A1 - Dammers, Hannah A1 - van Dyck, Marc A1 - Kong, Iris A1 - Königs, Peter A1 - Kortomeikel, Frauke Carole A1 - Rodemann, Niklas A1 - Schaar, Anne Kathrin A1 - Steuer-Dankert, Linda A1 - Wlecke, Shari A1 - Gries, Thomas A1 - Leicht-Scholten, Carmen A1 - Nagel, Saskia K. A1 - Piller, Frank Thomas A1 - Schuh, Günther A1 - Ziefle, Martina A1 - Nitsch, Verena T1 - Human digital shadow: Data-based modeling of users and usage in the internet of production T2 - 14th Conference Human System Interaction Conference Proceedings N2 - Digital Shadows as the aggregation, linkage and abstraction of data relating to physical objects are a central vision for the future of production. However, the majority of current research takes a technocentric approach, in which the human actors in production play a minor role. Here, the authors present an alternative anthropocentric perspective that highlights the potential and main challenges of extending the concept of Digital Shadows to humans. Following future research methodology, three prospections that illustrate use cases for Human Digital Shadows across organizational and hierarchical levels are developed: human-robot collaboration for manual work, decision support and work organization, as well as human resource management. Potentials and challenges are identified using separate SWOT analyses for the three prospections and common themes are emphasized in a concluding discussion. KW - digital shadow KW - cyber physical production system KW - user & usage KW - internet of production Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1109/HSI52170.2021.9538729 N1 - 14th International Conference on Human System Interaction : 8-10 July 2021. Gdańsk, Poland SP - 1 EP - 8 PB - IEEE ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Neumann, Hannah A1 - Adam, Mario A1 - Backes, Klaus A1 - Börner, Martin A1 - Clees, Tanja A1 - Doetsch, Christian A1 - Glaeser, Susanne A1 - Herrmann, Ulf A1 - May, Johanna A1 - Rosenthal, Florian A1 - Sauer, Dirk Uwe A1 - Stadler, Ingo T1 - Development of open educational resources for renewable energy and the energy transition process T2 - ISES SWC 2021 N2 - The dissemination of knowledge about renewable energies is understood as a social task with the highest topicality. The transfer of teaching content on renewable energies into digital open educational resources offers the opportunity to significantly accelerate the implementation of the energy transition. Thus, in the here presented project six German universities create open educational resources for the energy transition. These materials are available to the public on the internet under a free license. So far there has been no publicly accessible, editable media that cover entire learning units about renewable energies extensively and in high technical quality. Thus, in this project, the content that remains up-to-date for a longer period is appropriately prepared in terms of media didactics. The materials enable lecturers to provide students with in-depth training about technologies for the energy transition. In a particular way, the created material is also suitable for making the general public knowledgeable about the energy transition with scientifically based material. KW - energy transition KW - renewable energies KW - open educational resources KW - dissemination KW - digitalization Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.18086/swc.2021.47.03 N1 - ISES Solar World Congress, virtual conference 25-29 October 2021 PB - International Solar Energy Society CY - Freiburg ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Milkova, Kristina A1 - Butenweg, Christoph A1 - Dumova-Jovanoska, Elena T1 - Region-sensitive comprehensive procedure for determination of seismic fragility curves T2 - 1st Croatian Conference on Earthquake Engineering 1CroCEE N2 - Seismic vulnerability estimation of existing structures is unquestionably interesting topic of high priority, particularly after earthquake events. Having in mind the vast number of old masonry buildings in North Macedonia serving as public institutions, it is evident that the structural assessment of these buildings is an issue of great importance. In this paper, a comprehensive methodology for the development of seismic fragility curves of existing masonry buildings is presented. A scenario – based method that incorporates the knowledge of the tectonic style of the considered region, the active fault characterization, the earth crust model and the historical seismicity (determined via the Neo Deterministic approach) is used for calculation of the necessary response spectra. The capacity of the investigated masonry buildings has been determined by using nonlinear static analysis. MINEA software (SDA Engineering) is used for verification of the structural safety of the structures Performance point, obtained from the intersection of the capacity of the building and the spectra used, is selected as a response parameter. The thresholds of the spectral displacement are obtained by splitting the capacity curve into five parts, utilizing empirical formulas which are represented as a function of yield displacement and ultimate displacement. As a result, four levels of damage limit states are determined. A maximum likelihood estimation procedure for the process of fragility curves determination is noted as a final step in the proposed procedure. As a result, region specific series of vulnerability curves for structures are defined. KW - seismic risk KW - seismic vulnerability KW - fragility curves KW - masonry structures Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.5592/CO/1CroCEE.2021.158 N1 - 1st Croatian Conference on Earthquake Engineering 1CroCEE 2021, 22.–24. März 2021, University of Zagreb Faculty of Civil Engineering, Zagreb, Croatia SP - 121 EP - 128 PB - University of Zagreb CY - Zagreb ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Balaskas, Georgios A1 - Hoffmeister, Benno A1 - Butenweg, Christoph A1 - Pilz, Marco A1 - Bauer, Anna ED - Papadrakakis, Manolis ED - Fragiadakis, Michalis T1 - Earthquake early warning and response system based on intelligent seismic and monitoring sensors embedded in a communication platform and coupled with BIM models T2 - Proceedings of COMPDYN 2021 N2 - This paper describes the concept of an innovative, interdisciplinary, user-oriented earthquake warning and rapid response system coupled with a structural health monitoring system (SHM), capable to detect structural damages in real time. The novel system is based on interconnected decentralized seismic and structural health monitoring sensors. It is developed and will be exemplarily applied on critical infrastructures in Lower Rhine Region, in particular on a road bridge and within a chemical industrial facility. A communication network is responsible to exchange information between sensors and forward warnings and status reports about infrastructures’health condition to the concerned recipients (e.g., facility operators, local authorities). Safety measures such as emergency shutdowns are activated to mitigate structural damages and damage propagation. Local monitoring systems of the infrastructures are integrated in BIM models. The visualization of sensor data and the graphic representation of the detected damages provide spatial content to sensors data and serve as a useful and effective tool for the decision-making processes after an earthquake in the region under consideration. KW - early warning and response system KW - interconnected sensor systems KW - seismic structural damage detection via SHM KW - integration SHM in BIM Y1 - 2021 SN - 978-618-85072-5-8 U6 - https://doi.org/10.7712/120121.8539.18855 SN - 2623-3347 N1 - COMPDYN 2021, 28-30 June 2021, Streamed from Athens, Greece, 8th International Conference on Computational Methods in Structural Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering SP - 987 EP - 998 PB - National Technical University of Athens CY - Athen ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Šakić, Bogdan A1 - Milijaš, Aleksa A1 - Marinković, Marko A1 - Butenweg, Christoph A1 - Klinkel, Sven ED - Papadrakakis, Manolis ED - Fragiadakis, Michalis T1 - Influence of prior in-plane damage on the out-of-plane response of non-load bearing unreinforced masonry walls under seismic load T2 - Proceedings of COMPDYN 2021 N2 - Reinforced concrete frames with masonry infill walls are popular form of construction all over the world as well in seismic regions. While severe earthquakes can cause high level of damage of both reinforced concrete and masonry infills, earthquakes of lower to medium intensity some-times can cause significant level of damage of masonry infill walls. Especially important is the level of damage of face loaded infill masonry walls (out-of-plane direction) as out-of-plane load cannot only bring high level of damage to the wall, it can also be life-threating for the people near the wall. The response in out-of-plane direction directly depends on the prior in-plane damage, as previous investigation shown that it decreases resistance capacity of the in-fills. Behaviour of infill masonry walls with and without prior in-plane load is investigated in the experimental campaign and the results are presented in this paper. These results are later compared with analytical approaches for the out-of-plane resistance from the literature. Conclusions based on the experimental campaign on the influence of prior in-plane damage on the out-of-plane response of infill walls are compared with the conclusions from other authors who investigated the same problematic. KW - Earthquake Engineering KW - Unreinforced masonry walls KW - Out-of-plane load KW - In- plane damage KW - Out-of-plane failure Y1 - 2021 SN - 9786188507258 U6 - https://doi.org/10.7712/120121.8527.18913 SN - 2623-3347 N1 - COMPDYN 2021, 28-30 June 2021, Streamed from Athens, Greece, 8th International Conference on Computational Methods in Structural Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering SP - 808 EP - 828 PB - National Technical University of Athens CY - Athen ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Tran, Ngoc Trinh A1 - Staat, Manfred T1 - FEM shakedown analysis of Kirchhoff-Love plates under uncertainty of strength T2 - Proceedings of UNCECOMP 2021 N2 - A new formulation to calculate the shakedown limit load of Kirchhoff plates under stochastic conditions of strength is developed. Direct structural reliability design by chance con-strained programming is based on the prescribed failure probabilities, which is an effective approach of stochastic programming if it can be formulated as an equivalent deterministic optimization problem. We restrict uncertainty to strength, the loading is still deterministic. A new formulation is derived in case of random strength with lognormal distribution. Upper bound and lower bound shakedown load factors are calculated simultaneously by a dual algorithm. Y1 - 2021 SN - 978-618-85072-6-5 U6 - https://doi.org/10.7712/120221.8041.19047 N1 - UNCECOMP 2021, 4th International Conference on Uncertainty Quantification in Computational Sciences and Engineering, streamed from Athens, Greece, 28–30 June 2021. SP - 323 EP - 338 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Schoutetens, Frederic A1 - Dachwald, Bernd A1 - Heiligers, Jeannette T1 - Optimisation of photon-sail trajectories in the alpha-centauri system using evolutionary neurocontrol T2 - 8th ICATT 2021 N2 - With the increased interest for interstellar exploration after the discovery of exoplanets and the proposal by Breakthrough Starshot, this paper investigates the optimisation of photon-sail trajectories in Alpha Centauri. The prime objective is to find the optimal steering strategy for a photonic sail to get captured around one of the stars after a minimum-time transfer from Earth. By extending the idea of the Breakthrough Starshot project with a deceleration phase upon arrival, the mission’s scientific yield will be increased. As a secondary objective, transfer trajectories between the stars and orbit-raising manoeuvres to explore the habitable zones of the stars are investigated. All trajectories are optimised for minimum time of flight using the trajectory optimisation software InTrance. Depending on the sail technology, interstellar travel times of 77.6-18,790 years can be achieved, which presents an average improvement of 30% with respect to previous work. Still, significant technological development is required to reach and be captured in the Alpha-Centauri system in less than a century. Therefore, a fly-through mission arguably remains the only option for a first exploratory mission to Alpha Centauri, but the enticing results obtained in this work provide perspective for future long-residence missions to our closest neighbouring star system. Y1 - 2021 N1 - 8th ICATT (International Conference on Astrodynamics Tools and Techniques), 23 - 25 June 2021, Virtual SP - 1 EP - 15 ER -