TY  - JOUR
A1  - Arampatzis, Adamantios
A1  - Peper, Andreas
A1  - Bierbaum, Stefanie
A1  - Albracht, Kirsten
T1  - Plasticity of human Achilles tendon mechanical and morphological properties in response to cyclic strain
JF  - Journal of Biomechanics
N2  - The purpose of the current study in combination with our previous published data (Arampatzis et al., 2007) was to examine the effects of a controlled modulation of strain magnitude and strain frequency applied to the Achilles tendon on the plasticity of tendon mechanical and morphological properties. Eleven male adults (23.9±2.2 yr) participated in the study. The participants exercised one leg at low magnitude tendon strain (2.97±0.47%), and the other leg at high tendon strain magnitude (4.72±1.08%) of similar frequency (0.5 Hz, 1 s loading, 1 s relaxation) and exercise volume (integral of the plantar flexion moment over time) for 14 weeks, 4 days per week, 5 sets per session. The exercise volume was similar to the intervention of our earlier study (0.17 Hz frequency; 3 s loading, 3 s relaxation) allowing a direct comparison of the results. Before and after the intervention ankle joint moment has been measured by a dynamometer, tendon–aponeurosis elongation by ultrasound and cross-sectional area of the Achilles tendon by magnet resonance images (MRI). We found a decrease in strain at a given tendon force, an increase in tendon–aponeurosis stiffness and tendon elastic modulus of the Achilles tendon only in the leg exercised at high strain magnitude. The cross-sectional area (CSA) of the Achilles tendon did not show any statistically significant (P>0.05) differences to the pre-exercise values in both legs. The results indicate a superior improvement in tendon properties (stiffness, elastic modulus and CSA) at the low frequency (0.17 Hz) compared to the high strain frequency (0.5 Hz) protocol. These findings provide evidence that the strain magnitude applied to the Achilles tendon should exceed the value, which occurs during habitual activities to trigger adaptational effects and that higher tendon strain duration per contraction leads to superior tendon adaptational responses.
Y1  - 2010
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2010.08.014
SN  - 0021-9290
VL  - 43
IS  - 16
SP  - 3073
EP  - 3079
PB  - Elsevier
CY  - Amsterdam
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Arampatzis, Adamantios
A1  - Karamanidis, Kiros
A1  - Mademli, Lida
A1  - Albracht, Kirsten
T1  - Plasticity of the human tendon to short and long-term mechanical loading
JF  - Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews
Y1  - 2009
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1097/JES.0b013e31819c2e1d
SN  - 1538-3008
VL  - 37
IS  - 2
SP  - 66
EP  - 72
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Arampatzis, Adamantios
A1  - Karamanidis, Kiros
A1  - Albracht, Kirsten
T1  - Adaptational responses of the human Achilles tendon by modulation of the applied cyclic strain magnitude
JF  - Journal of Experimental Biology
Y1  - 2007
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.003814
SN  - 0022-0949
VL  - 210
IS  - 15
SP  - 2743
EP  - 2753
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Anik, Sabri
A1  - Kapoor, Madan Lal
A1  - Frohberg, Martin G.
T1  - Thermodynamic behaviour of oxygen in molten substitutional alloy solvents
JF  - Zeitschrift für Metallkunde
Y1  - 1983
SN  - 0044-3093
VL  - 74
IS  - 1
SP  - 53
EP  - 58
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Anik, Sabri
A1  - Frohberg, Martin G.
A1  - Kapoor, Madan Lal
T1  - Experiments and theoretical considerations on the solution of oxygen in binary metal alloys
JF  - Berichte der Bunsengesellschaft für physikalische Chemie
Y1  - 1983
SN  - 0005-9021
SN  - 0940-483X
VL  - 87
IS  - 12
SP  - 1201
EP  - 1204
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Anik, Sabri
A1  - Frohberg, Martin G.
A1  - Kapoor, Madan Lal
T1  - Prediction of thermodynamic properties of oxygen in binary metallic solvents
JF  - Zeitschrift für Metallkunde
Y1  - 1983
SN  - 0044-3093
VL  - 74
IS  - 6
SP  - 372
EP  - 375
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Anik, Sabri
A1  - Frohberg, Martin G.
T1  - Thermodynamics and solubility of oxygen in liquid bismuth-lead and bismuth-antimony alloys
JF  - Berichte der Bunsengesellschaft für physikalische Chemie
Y1  - 1987
SN  - 0940-483X
SN  - 0005-9021
VL  - 91
IS  - 7
SP  - 790
EP  - 794
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Anik, Sabri
A1  - Frohberg, Martin G.
T1  - Thermodynamics and solubility of oxygen in liquid copper-lead alloys at 1200°C from E.M.F. measurements
JF  - Berichte der Bunsengesellschaft für physikalische Chemie
Y1  - 1984
SN  - 0940-483X
SN  - 0005-9021
VL  - 88
IS  - 8
SP  - 707
EP  - 710
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Anik, Sabri
A1  - Frohberg, Martin G.
T1  - Investigations of the thermodynamics of oxygen and the determination of the miscibility gap in the system copper-oxygen-lead at 12000C
JF  - Zeitschrift für Metallkunde
Y1  - 1984
SN  - 0044-3093
VL  - 75
IS  - 8
SP  - 586
EP  - 589
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Anik, Sabri
A1  - Frohberg, Martin G.
T1  - Investigation of the thermodynamics of oxygen and the determination of phase boundaries in the system copper-oxygen-bismuth at 12000C
JF  - Zeitschrift für Metallkunde
Y1  - 1983
SN  - 0044-3093
VL  - 74
IS  - 8
SP  - 530
EP  - 534
ER  -