TY - JOUR A1 - Heieis, Jule A1 - Böcker, Jonas A1 - D'Angelo, Olfa A1 - Mittag, Uwe A1 - Albracht, Kirsten A1 - Schönau, Eckhard A1 - Meyer, Andreas A1 - Voigtmann, Thomas A1 - Rittweger, Jörn T1 - Curvature of gastrocnemius muscle fascicles as function of muscle–tendon complex length and contraction in humans JF - Physiological Reports N2 - It has been shown that muscle fascicle curvature increases with increasing contraction level and decreasing muscle–tendon complex length. The analyses were done with limited examination windows concerning contraction level, muscle–tendon complex length, and/or intramuscular position of ultrasound imaging. With this study we aimed to investigate the correlation between fascicle arching and contraction, muscle–tendon complex length and their associated architectural parameters in gastrocnemius muscles to develop hypotheses concerning the fundamental mechanism of fascicle curving. Twelve participants were tested in five different positions (90°/105°*, 90°/90°*, 135°/90°*, 170°/90°*, and 170°/75°*; *knee/ankle angle). They performed isometric contractions at four different contraction levels (5%, 25%, 50%, and 75% of maximum voluntary contraction) in each position. Panoramic ultrasound images of gastrocnemius muscles were collected at rest and during constant contraction. Aponeuroses and fascicles were tracked in all ultrasound images and the parameters fascicle curvature, muscle–tendon complex strain, contraction level, pennation angle, fascicle length, fascicle strain, intramuscular position, sex and age group were analyzed by linear mixed effect models. Mean fascicle curvature of the medial gastrocnemius increased with contraction level (+5 m−1 from 0% to 100%; p = 0.006). Muscle–tendon complex length had no significant impact on mean fascicle curvature. Mean pennation angle (2.2 m−1 per 10°; p < 0.001), inverse mean fascicle length (20 m−1 per cm−1; p = 0.003), and mean fascicle strain (−0.07 m−1 per +10%; p = 0.004) correlated with mean fascicle curvature. Evidence has also been found for intermuscular, intramuscular, and sex-specific intramuscular differences of fascicle curving. Pennation angle and the inverse fascicle length show the highest predictive capacities for fascicle curving. Due to the strong correlations between pennation angle and fascicle curvature and the intramuscular pattern of curving we suggest for future studies to examine correlations between fascicle curvature and intramuscular fluid pressure. KW - biomechanics KW - connective tissue KW - physiology KW - ultrasound Y1 - 2023 U6 - https://doi.org/10.14814/phy2.15739 SN - 2051-817X VL - 11 IS - 11 SP - e15739, Seite 1-11 PB - Wiley ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Janus, Kevin Alexander A1 - Achtsnicht, Stefan A1 - Tempel, Laura A1 - Drinic, Aleksaner A1 - Kopp, Alexander A1 - Keusgen, Michael A1 - Schöning, Michael Josef T1 - Influence of fibroin membrane composition and curing parameters on the performance of a biodegradable enzymatic biosensor manufactured from Silicon-Free Carbon JF - Physica status solidi : pss. A, Applications and materials science N2 - Herein, fibroin, polylactide (PLA), and carbon are investigated for their suitability as biocompatible and biodegradable materials for amperometric biosensors. For this purpose, screen-printed carbon electrodes on the biodegradable substrates fibroin and PLA are modified with a glucose oxidase membrane and then encapsulated with the biocompatible material Ecoflex. The influence of different curing parameters of the carbon electrodes on the resulting biosensor characteristics is studied. The morphology of the electrodes is investigated by scanning electron microscopy, and the biosensor performance is examined by amperometric measurements of glucose (0.5–10 mM) in phosphate buffer solution, pH 7.4, at an applied potential of 1.2 V versus a Ag/AgCl reference electrode. Instead of Ecoflex, fibroin, PLA, and wound adhesive are tested as alternative encapsulation compounds: a series of swelling tests with different fibroin compositions, PLA, and Ecoflex has been performed before characterizing the most promising candidates by chronoamperometry. Therefore, the carbon electrodes are completely covered with the particular encapsulation material. Chronoamperometric measurements with H2O2 concentrations between 0.5 and 10 mM enable studying the leakage current behavior. KW - amperometric biosensors KW - biocompatible KW - biodegradabl KW - encapsulation materials KW - fibroin Y1 - 2023 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/pssa.202300081 SN - 1862-6300 (Print) SN - 1862-6319 (Online) N1 - Corresponding author: Michael J. Schöning VL - 220 IS - 22 PB - Wiley-VCH CY - Weinheim ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Achtsnicht, Stefan A1 - Neuendorf, Christian A1 - Faßbender, Tobias A1 - Nölke, Greta A1 - Offenhäusser, Andreas A1 - Krause, Hans-Joachim A1 - Schröper, Florian T1 - Sensitive and rapid detection of cholera toxin subunit B using magnetic frequency mixing detection JF - Plos One N2 - Cholera is a life-threatening disease caused by the cholera toxin (CT) as produced by some Vibrio cholerae serogroups. In this research we present a method which directly detects the toxin’s B subunit (CTB) in drinking water. For this purpose we performed a magnetic sandwich immunoassay inside a 3D immunofiltration column. We used two different commercially available antibodies to capture CTB and for binding to superparamagnetic beads. ELISA experiments were performed to select the antibody combination. The beads act as labels for the magnetic frequency mixing detection technique. We show that the limit of detection depends on the type of magnetic beads. A nonlinear Hill curve was fitted to the calibration measurements by means of a custom-written python software. We achieved a sensitive and rapid detection of CTB within a broad concentration range from 0.2 ng/ml to more than 700 ng/ml. Y1 - 2019 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0219356 SN - 1932-6203 VL - 14 IS - 7 PB - Plos CY - San Francisco ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Trapp, Svenja A1 - Lammers, Tom A1 - Engudar, Gokce A1 - Hoehr, Cornelia A1 - Denkova, Antonia G. A1 - Paulßen, Elisabeth A1 - de Kruijff, Robin M. T1 - Membrane-based microfluidic solvent extraction of Ga-68 from aqueous Zn solutions: towards an automated cyclotron production loop JF - EJNMMI Radiopharmacy and Chemistry KW - Microfluidic solvent extraction KW - Ga-68 KW - Cyclotron production KW - Medical radionuclide production KW - Metal contaminants Y1 - 2023 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1186/s41181-023-00195-2 SN - 2365-421X VL - 2023 IS - 8, Article number: 9 SP - 1 EP - 14 PB - Springer Nature ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Cheenakula, Dheeraja A1 - Griebel, Kai A1 - Montag, David A1 - Grömping, Markus ED - Huang, Xiaowu T1 - Concept development of a mainstream deammonification and comparison with conventional process in terms of energy, performance and economical construction perspectives JF - Frontiers in Microbiology N2 - Deammonification for nitrogen removal in municipal wastewater in temperate and cold climate zones is currently limited to the side stream of municipal wastewater treatment plants (MWWTP). This study developed a conceptual model of a mainstream deammonification plant, designed for 30,000 P.E., considering possible solutions corresponding to the challenging mainstream conditions in Germany. In addition, the energy-saving potential, nitrogen elimination performance and construction-related costs of mainstream deammonification were compared to a conventional plant model, having a single-stage activated sludge process with upstream denitrification. The results revealed that an additional treatment step by combining chemical precipitation and ultra-fine screening is advantageous prior the mainstream deammonification. Hereby chemical oxygen demand (COD) can be reduced by 80% so that the COD:N ratio can be reduced from 12 to 2.5. Laboratory experiments testing mainstream conditions of temperature (8–20°C), pH (6–9) and COD:N ratio (1–6) showed an achievable volumetric nitrogen removal rate (VNRR) of at least 50 gN/(m3∙d) for various deammonifying sludges from side stream deammonification systems in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, where m3 denotes reactor volume. Assuming a retained Norganic content of 0.0035 kgNorg./(P.E.∙d) from the daily loads of N at carbon removal stage and a VNRR of 50 gN/(m3∙d) under mainstream conditions, a resident-specific reactor volume of 0.115 m3/(P.E.) is required for mainstream deammonification. This is in the same order of magnitude as the conventional activated sludge process, i.e., 0.173 m3/(P.E.) for an MWWTP of size class of 4. The conventional plant model yielded a total specific electricity demand of 35 kWh/(P.E.∙a) for the operation of the whole MWWTP and an energy recovery potential of 15.8 kWh/(P.E.∙a) through anaerobic digestion. In contrast, the developed mainstream deammonification model plant would require only a 21.5 kWh/(P.E.∙a) energy demand and result in 24 kWh/(P.E.∙a) energy recovery potential, enabling the mainstream deammonification model plant to be self-sufficient. The retrofitting costs for the implementation of mainstream deammonification in existing conventional MWWTPs are nearly negligible as the existing units like activated sludge reactors, aerators and monitoring technology are reusable. However, the mainstream deammonification must meet the performance requirement of VNRR of about 50 gN/(m3∙d) in this case. KW - anammox KW - energy efficiency KW - mainstream deammonification KW - nitrogen elimination KW - wastewater Y1 - 2023 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2023.1155235 SN - 1664-302X VL - 14 IS - 11155235 SP - 1 EP - 15 PB - Frontiers ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Grajewski, Matthias A1 - Kleefeld, Andreas T1 - Detecting and approximating decision boundaries in low-dimensional spaces JF - Numerical Algorithms N2 - A method for detecting and approximating fault lines or surfaces, respectively, or decision curves in two and three dimensions with guaranteed accuracy is presented. Reformulated as a classification problem, our method starts from a set of scattered points along with the corresponding classification algorithm to construct a representation of a decision curve by points with prescribed maximal distance to the true decision curve. Hereby, our algorithm ensures that the representing point set covers the decision curve in its entire extent and features local refinement based on the geometric properties of the decision curve. We demonstrate applications of our method to problems related to the detection of faults, to multi-criteria decision aid and, in combination with Kirsch’s factorization method, to solving an inverse acoustic scattering problem. In all applications we considered in this work, our method requires significantly less pointwise classifications than previously employed algorithms. KW - MCDA KW - Inverse scattering problem KW - Fault approximation KW - Fault detection Y1 - 2023 SN - 1572-9265 N1 - Corresponding author: Matthias Grajewski VL - 93 IS - 4 PB - Springer Science+Business Media CY - Dordrecht ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kempt, Hendrik A1 - Freyer, Nils A1 - Nagel, Saskia K. T1 - Justice and the normative standards of explainability in healthcare JF - Philosophy & Technology N2 - Providing healthcare services frequently involves cognitively demanding tasks, including diagnoses and analyses as well as complex decisions about treatments and therapy. From a global perspective, ethically significant inequalities exist between regions where the expert knowledge required for these tasks is scarce or abundant. One possible strategy to diminish such inequalities and increase healthcare opportunities in expert-scarce settings is to provide healthcare solutions involving digital technologies that do not necessarily require the presence of a human expert, e.g., in the form of artificial intelligent decision-support systems (AI-DSS). Such algorithmic decision-making, however, is mostly developed in resource- and expert-abundant settings to support healthcare experts in their work. As a practical consequence, the normative standards and requirements for such algorithmic decision-making in healthcare require the technology to be at least as explainable as the decisions made by the experts themselves. The goal of providing healthcare in settings where resources and expertise are scarce might come with a normative pull to lower the normative standards of using digital technologies in order to provide at least some healthcare in the first place. We scrutinize this tendency to lower standards in particular settings from a normative perspective, distinguish between different types of absolute and relative, local and global standards of explainability, and conclude by defending an ambitious and practicable standard of local relative explainability. KW - Clinical decision support systems KW - Justice KW - Medical AI KW - Explainability KW - Normative standards Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s13347-022-00598-0 VL - 35 IS - Article number: 100 SP - 1 EP - 19 PB - Springer Nature CY - Berlin ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Golland, Alexander T1 - Immaterieller Schadensersatz bei Datenschutzverstößen – EuGH tariert aus JF - NWB - Steuer- und Wirtschaftsrecht N2 - Umsatzbasierte Bußgelder – wie sonst nur aus dem Kartellrecht bekannt – waren einer der Gründe, warum die Datenschutz-Grundverordnung (DSGVO) vor ihrem Inkrafttreten für erhebliches Aufsehen sorgte. Die vielfach relevanteren Schadensersatzansprüche, die, wie bei „Dieselgate“, aufgrund der Vielzahl von betroffenen Personen und der aus Sicht von Rechtsdienstleistern bestehenden Skalierbarkeit mit weitaus höheren Einbußen für Unternehmen einhergehen können, blieben zunächst unbeachtet. Inzwischen ist der Schadensersatzanspruch gem. Art. 82 DSGVO die Vorschrift, die die meisten Vorlagen zum Europäischen Gerichtshof (EuGH) der letzten Jahre hervorgerufen hat. Am 4.5.2023 hat nun der EuGH (Urteil v. 4.5.2023 - Rs. C-300/21, NWB GAAAJ-41389) in einem Grundsatzurteil über zentrale Fragen rund um den Ersatz immaterieller Schäden als Folge von Datenschutzverstößen entschieden. KW - Datenschutzgrundverordnung KW - Schadensersatz Y1 - 2023 SN - 0028-3460 VL - 2023 IS - 26 SP - 1845 EP - 1845 PB - NWB Verlag CY - Herne ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ohrtmann, Jan-Peter A1 - Golland, Alexander T1 - Datenschutz & Datenrecht – ein Ausblick auf 2023: Nationale Entwicklungen, EuGH-Vorlagen & Aufsicht JF - DSB Datenschutz-Berater N2 - Die Verfasser vermitteln einen Überblick über die nationalen Gesetzgebungsverfahren und wesentliche EuGH-Vorlagefragen betreffend den Datenschutz und das Datenrecht für das Jahr 2023. Zunächst folgen u.a. Hinweise in Bezug auf den Hinweisgeberschutz, die Verabschiedung der Einwilligungsverwaltungs-Verordnung zur Konkretisierung des § 26 TTDSG und das Mobilitätsdatengesetz. Anschließend werden Vorlagefragen deutscher Gerichte, die dem EuGH vorgelegt und bereits am 12.01.2023 beantwortet wurden, wie etwa C-154/21 und C-132/21 und die EuGH-Entscheidung vom 9.2.2023 (C-453/21), thematisiert. Überdies führen die Autoren wesentliche Entscheidungen des EuGH an, die im Jahr 2023 aus dem Bereich Datenrecht und Datenschutz zu erwarten seien. Auch Aktivitäten der Datenschutzaufsicht auf nationaler und europäischer Ebene finden Erwähnung. Die Verfasser machen abschließend auf besonders interessante Entscheidungen, die 2023 erwartet werden, wie etwa das EuGH-Urteil zum Auskunftsanspruch, sowie auf das Verhältnis des der Whistleblowing-RL umzusetzende Hinweisgeberschutzgesetz einerseits und Vorgaben des Datenschutzes andererseits, aufmerksam. Sie empfehlen, die künftige Rechtsprechung des EuGH im Blick zu behalten. Y1 - 2023 VL - 2023 IS - 3 SP - 73 EP - 75 PB - DFV Mediengruppe CY - Frankfurt a.M. ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ohrtmann, Jan-Peter A1 - Golland, Alexander T1 - Datenschutz & Datenrecht – ein Ausblick auf 2023: Gesetzgebungsverfahren auf EU-Ebene JF - DSB Datenschutz-Berater N2 - Die Verfasser stellen in ihrem Beitrag die künftig in Kraft tretenden oder schon in Kraft getretenen Gesetzesvorhaben der europäischen Union vor. Vorab werde auf die abgelaufene Frist zur Anpassung von Standardvertragsklausel hingewiesen. Die Anpassung könne ggf. durch den Data Privacy Act der Kommission bewirkt werden, da dieser eine Angemessenheit suggeriere. Neben dem Digital Markets Act, der die Wahrung der Diskriminierungsfreiheit den Gatekeeper-Plattformen bezüglich der Bewerbung von Waren Dritter vorschreibt, sind ebenfalls der Digital Service Act und der Data Governance Act in Kraft getreten und werden künftig wirksam. Letzteres bezweckt den Datenaustausch von nicht-personenbezogenen Daten öffentlich-rechtlicher Datensätze, wobei anders als bei DSA, der die Verbraucherrechte durchsetzen möchte, mangels Verpflichtung die praktische Umsetzung ausbleiben werde. In der Entwurfsphase stecken der Artificial Intelligence Act, der Data Act, sowie der Cyber Resilience Act. Allen drei sei wegen dem weiten Anwendungsspielraum, der Bußgeldandrohung oder der Cyber-Bedrohungslage besondere praktische Relevanz beizumessen. Die Kommission weite durch diese Gesetzesvorhaben ihre Regelungsabsicht auch auf nicht-personenbezogene Daten und dem Datentransfer aus. Im Ergebnis werden die Unternehmen mit mehr Verpflichtungen konfrontiert, zu dessen Umsetzung ein funktionierendes Compliance-Management-System unabdingbar sei. Y1 - 2023 VL - 2023 IS - 2 SP - 43 EP - 46 PB - Fachmedien Recht und Wirtschaft CY - Frankfurt am Main ER -