TY  - CHAP
A1  - Ayed, Anis Haj
A1  - Striegan, Constantin J. D.
A1  - Kusterer, Karsten
A1  - Funke, Harald
A1  - Kazari, M.
A1  - Horikawa, Atsushi
A1  - Okada, Kunio
T1  - Automated design space exploration of the hydrogen fueled "Micromix" combustor technology
N2  - Combined with the use of renewable energy sources for
its production, Hydrogen represents a possible alternative gas
turbine fuel for future low emission power generation. Due to
its different physical properties compared to other fuels such
as natural gas, well established gas turbine combustion
systems cannot be directly applied for Dry Low NOx (DLN)
Hydrogen combustion. This makes the development of new
combustion technologies an essential and challenging task
for the future of hydrogen fueled gas turbines.
The newly developed and successfully tested “DLN
Micromix” combustion technology offers a great potential to
burn hydrogen in gas turbines at very low NOx emissions.
Aiming to further develop an existing burner design in terms
of increased energy density, a redesign is required in order to
stabilise the flames at higher mass flows and to maintain low
emission levels.
For this purpose, a systematic design exploration has
been carried out with the support of CFD and optimisation
tools to identify the interactions of geometrical and design
parameters on the combustor performance. Aerodynamic
effects as well as flame and emission formation are observed
and understood time- and cost-efficiently. Correlations
between single geometric values, the pressure drop of the
burner and NOx production have been identified as a result.
This numeric methodology helps to reduce the effort of
manufacturing and testing to few designs for single
validation campaigns, in order to confirm the flame stability
and NOx emissions in a wider operating condition field.
Y1  - 2017
N1  - Proceedings of the 1st Global Power and Propulsion Forum
GPPF 2017, Jan 16-18, 2017, Zurich, Switzerland
SP  - 1
EP  - 8
ER  - 
TY  - CHAP
A1  - Börner, Sebastian
A1  - Funke, Harald
A1  - Hendrick, P.
A1  - Recker, E.
T1  - LES of Jets In Cross-Flow and Application to the “Micromix” Hydrogen Combustion
T2  - XIX International Symposium on Air Breathing Engines 2009 (ISABE 2009) : Proceedings of a meeting held 7-11 September 2009, Montreal, Canada
Y1  - 2009
SN  - 9781615676064
SP  - 1555
EP  - 1561
ER  - 
TY  - CHAP
A1  - Funke, Harald
A1  - Beckmann, Nils
T1  - Flexible Fuel Operation of a Dry-Low-Nox Micromix Combustor with Variable Hydrogen Methane Mixtures
T2  - Proceedings of International Gas Turbine Congress 2019 Tokyo, November 17-22, 2019, Tokyo, Japan
Y1  - 2019
SN  - 978-4-89111-010-9
N1  - IGTC-2019-013
ER  - 
TY  - CHAP
A1  - Funke, Harald
A1  - Beckmann, Nils
A1  - Abanteriba, Sylvester
T1  - A comparison of complex chemistry mechanisms for hydrogen methane blends based on the Sandia / Sydney Bluff-Body Flame HM1
T2  - Proceedings of the Eleventh Asia‐Pacific Conference on Combustion (ASPACC 2017), New South Wales, Australia, 10-14 December 2017
Y1  - 2017
SN  - 978-1-5108-5646-2
SP  - 262
EP  - 265
ER  - 
TY  - CHAP
A1  - Funke, Harald
A1  - Beckmann, Nils
A1  - Abanteriba, Sylvester
T1  - Development and Testing of a FuelFlex Dry-Low-NOx Micromix Combustor for Industrial Gas Turbine Applications With Variable Hydrogen Methane Mixtures
T2  - ASME Turbo Expo 2019: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition.  June 17–21, 2019 Phoenix, Arizona, USA. Volume 4A: Combustion, Fuels, and Emissions
Y1  - 2019
SN  - 978-0-7918-5861-5
U6  - http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/GT2019-90095
ER  - 
TY  - CHAP
A1  - Funke, Harald
A1  - Beckmann, Nils
A1  - Keinz, Jan
A1  - Abanteriba, Sylvester
T1  - Numerical and Experimental Evaluation of a Dual-Fuel Dry-Low-NOx Micromix Combustor for Industrial Gas Turbine Applications
T2  - Proceedings of the ASME Turbo Expo 2017: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. Volume 4B: Combustion, Fuels and Emissions. Charlotte, North Carolina, USA. June 26–30, 2017
N2  - The Dry-Low-NOx (DLN) Micromix combustion technology has been developed originally as a low emission alternative for industrial gas turbine combustors fueled with hydrogen. Currently the ongoing research process targets flexible fuel operation with hydrogen and syngas fuel.

The non-premixed combustion process features jet-in-crossflow-mixing of fuel and oxidizer and combustion through multiple miniaturized flames. The miniaturization of the flames leads to a significant reduction of NOx emissions due to the very short residence time of reactants in the flame.

The paper presents the results of a numerical and experimental combustor test campaign. It is conducted as part of an integration study for a dual-fuel (H2 and H2/CO 90/10 Vol.%) Micromix combustion chamber prototype for application under full scale, pressurized gas turbine conditions in the auxiliary power unit Honeywell Garrett GTCP 36-300.

In the presented experimental studies, the integration-optimized dual-fuel Micromix combustor geometry is tested at atmospheric pressure over a range of gas turbine operating conditions with hydrogen and syngas fuel. The experimental investigations are supported by numerical combustion and flow simulations. For validation, the results of experimental exhaust gas analyses are applied.

Despite the significantly differing fuel characteristics between pure hydrogen and hydrogen-rich syngas the evaluated dual-fuel Micromix prototype shows a significant low NOx performance and high combustion efficiency. The combustor features an increased energy density that benefits manufacturing complexity and costs.
Y1  - 2017
SN  - 978-0-7918-5085-5
U6  - http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/GT2017-64795
N1  - Paper No. GT2017-64795, V04BT04A045
PB  - ASME
CY  - New York
ER  - 
TY  - CHAP
A1  - Funke, Harald
A1  - Beckmann, Nils
A1  - Keinz, Jan
A1  - Horikawa, Atsushi
T1  - 30 years of dry low NOx micromix combustor research for hydrogen-rich fuels: an overview of past and present activities
T2  - Proceedings of the ASME Turbo Expo 2020: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition, September 21–25, 2020, Virtual, Online. Vol.: 4B: Combustion, Fuels, and Emissions
KW  - Micromix
KW  - Hydrogen
KW  - Fuel-flexibility
KW  - NOx
KW  - Emissions
Y1  - 2021
SN  - 978-0-7918-8413-3
U6  - http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/GT2020-16328
N1  - Paper No. GT2020-16328, V04BT04A069
PB  - American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)
ER  - 
TY  - CHAP
A1  - Funke, Harald
A1  - Beckmann, Nils
A1  - Stefan, Lukas
A1  - Keinz, Jan
T1  - Hydrogen combustor integration study for a medium range aircraft engine using the dry-low NOx “Micromix” combustion principle
T2  - Proceedings of the ASME Turbo Expo 2023: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. Volume 1: Aircraft Engine. Boston, Massachusetts, USA. June 26–30, 2023
N2  - The feasibility study presents results of a hydrogen combustor integration for a Medium-Range aircraft engine using the Dry-Low-NOₓ Micromix combustion principle. Based on a simplified Airbus A320-type flight mission, a thermodynamic performance model of a kerosene and a hydrogen-powered V2530-A5 engine is used to derive the thermodynamic combustor boundary conditions. A new combustor design using the Dry-Low NOx Micromix principle is investigated by slice model CFD simulations of a single Micromix injector for design and off-design operation of the engine. Combustion characteristics show typical Micromix flame shapes and good combustion efficiencies for all flight mission operating points. Nitric oxide emissions are significant below ICAO CAEP/8 limits. For comparison of the Emission Index (EI) for NOₓ emissions between kerosene and hydrogen operation, an energy (kerosene) equivalent Emission Index is used.

A full 15° sector model CFD simulation of the combustion chamber with multiple Micromix injectors including inflow homogenization and dilution and cooling air flows investigates the combustor integration effects, resulting NOₓ emission and radial temperature distributions at the combustor outlet. The results show that the integration of a Micromix hydrogen combustor in actual aircraft engines is feasible and offers, besides CO₂ free combustion, a significant reduction of NOₓ emissions compared to kerosene operation.
KW  - emission index
KW  - nitric oxides
KW  - aircraft engine
KW  - Micromix
KW  - combustion
KW  - hydrogen
Y1  - 2023
SN  - 978-0-7918-8693-9
U6  - http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/GT2023-102370
N1  - Paper No. GT2023-102370, V001T01A022
PB  - ASME
CY  - New York
ER  - 
TY  - CHAP
A1  - Funke, Harald
A1  - Börner, Sebastian
A1  - Hendrick, P.
A1  - Recker, E.
A1  - Elsing, R.
ED  - DeLuca, Luigi T.
T1  - Development and integration of a scalable low NOx combustion chamber for a hydrogen fuelled aero gas turbine
T2  - Progress in Propulsion Physics. - Vol. 4
Y1  - 2013
SN  - 978-2-7598-0876-2
U6  - http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/eucass/201304357
N1  - 4th European Conference for Aero-Space Sciences : July 4 - 8, 2011, St Petersburg, Russia ; EUCASS <4, 2011, St. Petersburg>
SP  - 357
EP  - 372
PB  - EDP Sciences
CY  - [Les Ulis]
ER  - 
TY  - CHAP
A1  - Funke, Harald
A1  - Börner, Sebastian
A1  - Keinz, Jan
A1  - Hendrick, P.
A1  - Recker, E.
T1  - Low NOx Hydrogen combustion chamber for industrial gas turbine applications“, 14th International Symposium on Transport Phenomena and Dynamics of Rotating Machinery
T2  - ISROMAC-14 : the Forteenth International Symposium on Transport Phenomena and Dynamics of Rotating Machinery ; Honolulu, Hawaii, February 27 - March 02nd, 2012
Y1  - 2012
N1  - International Symposium on Transport Phenomena and Dynamics of Rotating Machinery ; (14 ; 2012.02.27-03.02 ; Honolulu, Hawaii)
ER  - 
TY  - CHAP
A1  - Funke, Harald
A1  - Börner, Sebastian
A1  - Keinz, Jan
A1  - Kusterer, K.
A1  - Kroninger, D.
A1  - Kitajima, J.
A1  - Kazari, M.
A1  - Horikama, A.
T1  - Numerical and experimental characterization of low NOx Micromix combustion principle for industrial hydrogen gas turbine applications
T2  - Proceedings of ASME Turbo Expo 2012
Y1  - 2013
N1  - ASME Turbo Expo 2012, GT2012, June 11-15, 2012, Copenhagen, Denmark
ER  - 
TY  - CHAP
A1  - Funke, Harald
A1  - Esch, Thomas
A1  - Roosen, Peter
ED  - Bartz, Wilfried J.
T1  - Using motor gasoline for aircrafts - coping with growing bio-fuel-caused risks by understanding cause-effect relationship
T2  - Fuels 2009 : mineral oil based and alternative fuels ; 7th international colloquium ; January 14 - 15, 2009
N2  - The utilisation of vehicle-oriented gasoline in general aviation is very desirable for both ecological and economical reasons, as well as for general considerations of availability. As of today vehicle fuels may be used if the respective engine and cell are certified for such an operation. For older planes a supplementary technical certificate is provided for gasoline mixtures with less than 1 % v/v ethanol only, though. Larger admixtures of ethanol may lead to sudden engine malfunction and should be considered as considerable security risks. Major problems are caused by the partially ethanol non-withstanding materials, a necessarily changed stochiometric adjustment of the engine for varying ethanol shares and the tendency for phase separation in the presence of absorbed water. The concepts of the flexible fuel vehicles are only partially applicable in the view of air security.
Y1  - 2009
SN  - 978-3-924813-75-8
SP  - 237
EP  - 244
PB  - Technische Akademie Esslingen (TAE)
CY  - Ostfildern
ER  - 
TY  - CHAP
A1  - Funke, Harald
A1  - Haj Ayed, A.
A1  - Kusterer, K.
A1  - Keinz, Jan
A1  - Kazari, M.
A1  - Kitajima, J.
A1  - Horikawa, A.
A1  - Okada, K.
T1  - Numerical Study on Increased Energy Density for the DLN Micromix Hydrogen Combustion Principle
T2  - Combustion, Fuels and Emissions (ASME Turbo Expo 2014: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition : Düsseldorf, Germany, June 16–20, 2014 ; Vol. 4A)
Y1  - 2014
SN  - 978-0-7918-4568-4
N1  - Paper No. GT2014-25848
SP  - V04AT04A057
PB  - ASME
CY  - New York, N.Y.
ER  - 
TY  - CHAP
A1  - Funke, Harald
A1  - Keinz, Jan
A1  - Börner, S.
A1  - Hendrick, P.
A1  - Elsing, R.
T1  - Testing and analysis of the impact on engine cycle parameters and control system modifications using hydrogen or methane as fuel in an industrial gas turbine
T2  - Progress in propulsion physics ; Volume 8
Y1  - 2016
SN  - 978-5-94588-191-4
U6  - http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/eucass/201608409
SP  - 409
EP  - 426
PB  - EDP Sciences
CY  - o.O.
ER  - 
TY  - CHAP
A1  - Funke, Harald
A1  - Keinz, Jan
A1  - Börner, Sebastian
A1  - Haj Ayed, A.
A1  - Kusterer, K.
A1  - Tekin, N.
A1  - Kazari, M.
A1  - Kitajima, J.
A1  - Horikawa, A.
A1  - Okada, K.
ED  - Song, Seung Jin
T1  - Experimental and numerical characterization of the dry low NOx micromix hydrogen combustion principle at increased energy density for industrial hydrogen gas turbine applications
T2  - Combustion, fuels and emissions : proceedings of the ASME Turbo Expo: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition - 2013 ; June 3 - 7, 2013, San Antonio, Texas, USA ; vol. 1
Y1  - 2013
SN  - 978-0-7918-5510-2
N1  - Paper No: GT2013-94771
SP  - V001T04A055
PB  - ASME
CY  - New York, NY
ER  - 
TY  - CHAP
A1  - Funke, Harald
A1  - Keinz, Jan
A1  - Haj Ayed, A.
A1  - Kazari, M.
A1  - Kitajima, J.
A1  - Horikawa, A.
A1  - Okada, K.
T1  - Development and Testing of a Low NOx Micromix Combustion Chamber for an Industrial Gas Turbine
T2  - Proceedings of International Gas Turbine Congress 2015 Tokyo November 15-20, 2015, Tokyo, Japan
Y1  - 2015
SN  - 978-4-89111-008-6
N1  - IGTC15-0092
SP  - 131
EP  - 140
ER  - 
TY  - CHAP
A1  - Funke, Harald
A1  - Keinz, Jan
A1  - Hendrick, P.
T1  - Experimental Evaluation of the Pollutant and Noise Emissions of the GTCP 36-300 Gas Turbine Operated with Kerosene and a Low NOX Micromix Hydrogen Combustor
T2  - 7th European Conference for Aeronautics and Space Sciences, EUCASS 2017
Y1  - 2017
U6  - http://dx.doi.org/10.13009/EUCASS2017-125
ER  - 
TY  - CHAP
A1  - Funke, Harald
A1  - Keinz, Jan
A1  - Kusterer, K.
A1  - Haj Ayed, A.
A1  - Kazari, M.
A1  - Kitajima, J.
A1  - Horikawa, A.
A1  - Okada, K.
T1  - Experimental and Numerical Study on Optimizing the DLN Micromix Hydrogen Combustion Principle for Industrial Gas Turbine Applications
T2  - ASME Turbo Expo 2015: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition Volume 4A: Combustion, Fuels and Emissions Montreal, Quebec, Canada, June 15–19, 2015
Y1  - 2015
SN  - 978-0-7918-5668-0
U6  - http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/GT2015-42043
SP  - V04AT04A008
ER  - 
TY  - CHAP
A1  - Horikawa, Atsushi
A1  - Ashikaga, Mitsugu
A1  - Yamaguchi, Masato
A1  - Ogino, Tomoyuki
A1  - Aoki, Shigeki
A1  - Wirsum, Manfred
A1  - Funke, Harald
A1  - Kusterer, Karsten
T1  - Combined heat and power supply demonstration of Micro-Mix Hydrogen Combustion Applied to M1A-17 Gas Turbine
T2  - Proceedings of ASME Turbo Expo 2022: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition (GT2022) (Volume 3A)
N2  - Kawasaki Heavy Industries, Ltd. (KHI), Aachen University of Applied Sciences, and B&B-AGEMA GmbH have investigated the potential of low NOx micro-mix (MMX) hydrogen combustion and its application to an industrial gas turbine combustor. Engine demonstration tests of a MMX combustor for the M1A-17 gas turbine with a co-generation system were conducted in the hydrogen-fueled power generation plant in Kobe City, Japan.
This paper presents the results of the commissioning test and the combined heat and power (CHP) supply demonstration. In the commissioning test, grid interconnection, loading tests and load cut-off tests were successfully conducted. All measurement results satisfied the Japanese environmental regulation values. Dust and soot as well as SOx were not detected. The NOx emissions were below 84 ppmv at 15 % O2. The noise level at the site boundary was below 60 dB. The vibration at the site boundary was below 45 dB.
During the combined heat and power supply demonstration, heat and power were supplied to neighboring public facilities with the MMX combustion technology and 100 % hydrogen fuel. The electric power output reached 1800 kW at which the NOx emissions were 72 ppmv at 15 % O2, and 60 %RH. Combustion instabilities were not observed. The gas turbine efficiency was improved by about 1 % compared to a non-premixed type combustor with water injection as NOx reduction method. During a total equivalent operation time of 1040 hours, all combustor parts, the M1A-17 gas turbine as such, and the co-generation system were without any issues.
KW  - industrial gas turbine
KW  - combustor development
KW  - fuels
KW  - hydrogen
KW  - emission
Y1  - 2022
SN  - 978-0-7918-8599-4
U6  - http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/GT2022-81620
N1  - ASME Turbo Expo 2022: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition
June 13–17, 2022 Rotterdam, Netherlands
PB  - American Society of Mechanical Engineers
CY  - Fairfield
ER  - 
TY  - CHAP
A1  - Horikawa, Atsushi
A1  - Kazari, Masahide
A1  - Okada, Kunio
A1  - Funke, Harald
A1  - Keinz, Jan
A1  - Kusterer, Karsten
A1  - Haji Ayed, Anis
T1  - Developments of Hydrogen Dry Low Emission Combustion Technology
T2  - Annual Congress of Gas Turbine Society Japan, 2015
Y1  - 2015
N1  - Abstract in engl.; Text in japanisch
ER  - 
TY  - CHAP
A1  - Horikawa, Atsushi
A1  - Okada, Kunio
A1  - Kazari, Masahide
A1  - Funke, Harald
A1  - Keinz, Jan
A1  - Kusterer, Karsten
A1  - Haj Ayed, Anis
T1  - Application of Low NOx Micro-Mix Hydrogen Combustion to Industrial Gas Turbine Combustor and Conceptual Design
T2  - Proceedings of International Gas Turbine Congress 2015 Tokyo November 15-20, 2015, Tokyo, Japan
Y1  - 2015
SN  - 978-4-89111-008-6
N1  - IGTC15-0238
SP  - 141
EP  - 146
ER  - 
TY  - CHAP
A1  - Horikawa, Atsushi
A1  - Okada, Kunio
A1  - Uto, Takahiro
A1  - Uchiyama, Yuta
A1  - Wirsum, Manfred
A1  - Funke, Harald
A1  - Kusterer, Karsten
T1  - Application of Low NOx Micro-mix Hydrogen Combustion to 2MW Class Industrial Gas Turbine Combustor
T2  - Proceedings of International Gas Turbine Congress 2019 Tokyo, November 17-22, 2019, Tokyo, Japan
Y1  - 2019
SN  - 978-4-89111-010-9
N1  - IGTC-2019-129
SP  - 1
EP  - 6
ER  - 
TY  - CHAP
A1  - Horikawa, Atsushi
A1  - Okada, Kunio
A1  - Yamaguchi, Masato
A1  - Aoki, Shigeki
A1  - Wirsum, Manfred
A1  - Funke, Harald
A1  - Kusterer, Karsten
T1  - Combustor development and engine demonstration of micro-mix hydrogen combustion applied to M1A-17 gas turbine
T2  - ASME Turbo Expo 2021: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition // Volume 3B: Combustion, Fuels, and Emissions
N2  - Kawasaki Heavy Industries, LTD. (KHI) has research and development projects for a future hydrogen society. These projects comprise the complete hydrogen cycle, including the production of hydrogen gas, the refinement and liquefaction for transportation and storage, and finally the utilization in a gas turbine for electricity and heat supply. Within the development of the hydrogen gas turbine, the key technology is stable and low NOx hydrogen combustion, namely the Dry Low NOx (DLN) hydrogen combustion.

KHI, Aachen University of Applied Science, and B&B-AGEMA have investigated the possibility of low NOx micro-mix hydrogen combustion and its application to an industrial gas turbine combustor. From 2014 to 2018, KHI developed a DLN hydrogen combustor for a 2MW class industrial gas turbine with the micro-mix technology. Thereby, the ignition performance, the flame stability for equivalent rotational speed, and higher load conditions were investigated. NOx emission values were kept about half of the Air Pollution Control Law in Japan: 84ppm (O2-15%). Hereby, the elementary combustor development was completed.

From May 2020, KHI started the engine demonstration operation by using an M1A-17 gas turbine with a co-generation system located in the hydrogen-fueled power generation plant in Kobe City, Japan. During the first engine demonstration tests, adjustments of engine starting and load control with fuel staging were investigated. On 21st May, the electrical power output reached 1,635 kW, which corresponds to 100% load (ambient temperature 20 °C), and thereby NOx emissions of 65 ppm (O2-15, 60 RH%) were verified. Here, for the first time, a DLN hydrogen-fueled gas turbine successfully generated power and heat.
KW  - industrial gas turbine
KW  - combustor development
KW  - engine demonstration
KW  - fuels
KW  - hydrogen
Y1  - 2021
U6  - http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/GT2021-59666
N1  - ASME Turbo Expo 2021: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. June 7–11, 2021. Virtual, Online.

Paper No: GT2021-59666, V03BT04A014
ER  - 
TY  - CHAP
A1  - Kroniger, Daniel
A1  - Horikawa, Atsushi
A1  - Funke, Harald
A1  - Pfäffle, Franziska
T1  - Numerical investigation of micromix hydrogen flames at different combustor pressure levels
T2  - Proceedings of the International Conference on Power Engineering 2021
N2  - This study investigates the influence of pressure on the temperature distribution of the micromix (MMX) hydrogen flame and the NOx emissions. A steady computational fluid dynamic (CFD) analysis is performed by simulating a reactive flow with a detailed chemical reaction model. The numerical analysis is validated based on experimental investigations. A quantitative correlation is parametrized based on the numerical results. We find, that the flame initiation point shifts with increasing pressure from anchoring behind a downstream located bluff body towards anchoring upstream at the hydrogen jet. The numerical NOx emissions trend regarding to a variation of pressure is in good agreement with the experimental results. The pressure has an impact on both, the residence time within the maximum temperature region and on the peak temperature itself. In conclusion, the numerical model proved to be adequate for future prototype design exploration studies targeting on improving the operating range.
KW  - Gas turbine combustion
KW  - Hydrogen
KW  - NOx emissions
KW  - Flame temperature
KW  - Flame residence time
Y1  - 2021
N1  - Proceedings of the International Conference on Power Engineering 2021
(ICOPE-2021). October 17 - 21, 2021. Kobe, Japan (Online)
ER  - 
TY  - CHAP
A1  - Kroniger, Daniel
A1  - Horikawa, Atsushi
A1  - Funke, Harald
A1  - Pfäffle, Franziska
A1  - Kishimoto, Tsuyoshi
A1  - Okada, Koichi
T1  - Experimental and numerical investigation on the effect of pressure on micromix hydrogen combustion
T2  - ASME Turbo Expo 2021: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition // Volume 3A: Combustion, Fuels, and Emissions
N2  - The micromix (MMX) combustion concept is a DLN gas turbine combustion technology designed for high hydrogen content fuels. Multiple non-premixed miniaturized flames based on jet in cross-flow (JICF) are inherently safe against flashback and ensure a stable operation in various operative conditions.

The objective of this paper is to investigate the influence of pressure on the micromix flame with focus on the flame initiation point and the NOx emissions. A numerical model based on a steady RANS approach and the Complex Chemistry model with relevant reactions of the GRI 3.0 mechanism is used to predict the reactive flow and NOx emissions at various pressure conditions. Regarding the turbulence-chemical interaction, the Laminar Flame Concept (LFC) and the Eddy Dissipation Concept (EDC) are compared. The numerical results are validated against experimental results that have been acquired at a high pressure test facility for industrial can-type gas turbine combustors with regard to flame initiation and NOx emissions.

The numerical approach is adequate to predict the flame initiation point and NOx emission trends. Interestingly, the flame shifts its initiation point during the pressure increase in upstream direction, whereby the flame attachment shifts from anchoring behind a downstream located bluff body towards anchoring directly at the hydrogen jet. The LFC predicts this change and the NOx emissions more accurately than the EDC. The resulting NOx correlation regarding the pressure is similar to a non-premixed type combustion configuration.
KW  - NOx emissions
KW  - hydrogen
KW  - combustor
KW  - gas turbine
Y1  - 2021
U6  - http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/GT2021-58926
N1  - ASME Turbo Expo 2021: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. June 7–11, 2021. Virtual, Online.

Paper No: GT2021-58926, V03AT04A025
ER  - 
TY  - CHAP
A1  - Striegan, C.
A1  - Haj Ayed, A.
A1  - Funke, Harald
A1  - Loechle, S.
A1  - Kazari, M.
A1  - Horikawa, A.
A1  - Okada, K.
A1  - Koga, K.
T1  - Numerical combustion and heat transfer simulations and validation for a hydrogen fueled "micromix" test combustor in industrial gas turbine applications
T2  - Proceedings of the ASME Turbo Expo
Y1  - 2017
SN  - 978-079185085-5
U6  - http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/GT2017-64719
N1  - ASME Turbo Expo 2017: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition, GT 2017; Charlotte; United States; 26 June 2017 through 30 June 2017
IS  - Volume Part F130041-4B, 2017
ER  - 
TY  - CHAP
A1  - Striegan, Constantin J. D.
A1  - Struth, Benjamin
A1  - Dickhoff, Jens
A1  - Kusterer, Karsten
A1  - Funke, Harald
A1  - Bohn, Dieter
T1  - Numerical Simulations of the Micromix DLN Hydrogen Combustion Technology with LES and Comparison to Results of RANS and Experimental Data
T2  - Proceedings of International Gas Turbine Congress 2019 Tokyo, November 17-22, 2019, Tokyo, Japan.
Y1  - 2019
SN  - 978-4-89111-010-9
N1  - IGCT-2019-147
SP  - 1
EP  - 9
ER  -