TY - CHAP A1 - Tippkötter, Nils A1 - Möhring, Sophie A1 - Roth, Jasmine A1 - Wulfhorst, Helene T1 - Logistics of lignocellulosic feedstocks: preprocessing as a preferable option T2 - Biorefineries N2 - In comparison to crude oil, biorefinery raw materials are challenging in concerns of transport and storage. The plant raw materials are more voluminous, so that shredding and compacting usually are necessary before transport. These mechanical processes can have a negative influence on the subsequent biotechnological processing and shelf life of the raw materials. Various approaches and their effects on renewable raw materials are shown. In addition, aspects of decentralized pretreatment steps are discussed. Another important aspect of pretreatment is the varying composition of the raw materials depending on the growth conditions. This problem can be solved with advanced on-site spectrometric analysis of the material. KW - Analytics KW - Decentral KW - Mechanical KW - On-site KW - Pre-treatment Y1 - 2019 SN - 978-3-319-97117-9 SN - 978-3-319-97119-3 U6 - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/10_2017_58 N1 - Advances in biochemical engineering/biotechnology ; Vol. 166 SP - 43 EP - 68 PB - Springer CY - Cham ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Meskouris, Konstantin A1 - Butenweg, Christoph A1 - Hinzen, Klaus-G. A1 - Höffer, Rüdiger T1 - Stochasticity of Wind Processes and Spectral Analysis of Structural Gust Response T2 - Structural Dynamics with Applications in Earthquake and Wind Engineering N2 - Wind loads have great impact on many engineering structures. Wind storms often cause irreparable damage to the buildings which are exposed to it. Along with the earthquakes, wind represents one of the most common environmental load on structures and is relevant for limit state design. Modern wind codes indicate calculation procedures allowing engineers to deal with structural systems, which are susceptible to conduct wind-excited oscillations. In the codes approximate formulas for wind buffeting are specified which relate the dynamic problem to rather abstract parameter functions. The complete theory behind is not visible in order to simplify the applicability of the procedures. This chapter derives the underlying basic relations of the spectral method for wind buffeting and explains the main important applications of it in order to elucidate part of the theoretical background of computations after the new codes. The stochasticity of the wind processes is addressed, and the analysis of analytical as well as measurement based power spectra is outlined. Short MATLAB codes are added to the Appendix 3 which carry out the computation of a single sided auto-spectrum from a statistically stationary, discrete stochastic process. Two examples are presented. KW - Wind turbulence KW - Gust wind response KW - Spectral analysis Y1 - 2019 SN - 978-3-662-57550-5 (Online) SN - 978-3-662-57548-2 (Print) U6 - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-57550-5_3 SP - 153 EP - 196 PB - Springer CY - Berlin ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Dachwald, Bernd A1 - Ohndorf, Andreas T1 - Global optimization of continuous-thrust trajectories using evolutionary neurocontrol T2 - Modeling and Optimization in Space Engineering N2 - Searching optimal continuous-thrust trajectories is usually a difficult and time-consuming task. The solution quality of traditional optimal-control methods depends strongly on an adequate initial guess because the solution is typically close to the initial guess, which may be far from the (unknown) global optimum. Evolutionary neurocontrol attacks continuous-thrust optimization problems from the perspective of artificial intelligence and machine learning, combining artificial neural networks and evolutionary algorithms. This chapter describes the method and shows some example results for single- and multi-phase continuous-thrust trajectory optimization problems to assess its performance. Evolutionary neurocontrol can explore the trajectory search space more exhaustively than a human expert can do with traditional optimal-control methods. Especially for difficult problems, it usually finds solutions that are closer to the global optimum. Another fundamental advantage is that continuous-thrust trajectories can be optimized without an initial guess and without expert supervision. Y1 - 2019 SN - 978-3-030-10501-3 SN - 978-3-030-10500-6 U6 - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-10501-3_2 N1 - Springer Optimization and Its Applications, vol 144 gedruckt unter der Signatur 21 ZSS 46 in der Bereichsbibliothek Eupener Str. vorhanden SP - 33 EP - 57 PB - Springer CY - Cham ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Eggert, Mathias T1 - Big Data Research - How to Structure the Changes of the Past Decade? T2 - The Art of Structuring N2 - In the past decade, many IS researchers focused on researching the phenomenon of Big Data. At the same time, the relevance of data protection gets more attention than ever before. In particular, since the enactment of the European General Data Protection Regulation in May 2018 Information Systems research should provide answers for protecting personal data. The article at hand presents a structuring framework for Big Data research outcome and the consideration of data protection. IS Researchers might use the framework in order to structure Big Data literature and to identify research gaps that should be addressed in the future. Y1 - 2019 SN - 978-3-030-06234-7 U6 - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-06234-7_26 SP - 271 EP - 281 PB - Springer CY - Cham ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Franzen, Julian A1 - Stecken, Jannis A1 - Pfaff, Raphael A1 - Kuhlenkötter, Bernd T1 - Using the Digital Shadow for a Prescriptive Optimization of Maintenance and Operation : The Locomotive in the Context of the Cyber-Physical System T2 - Advances in Production, Logistics and Traffic N2 - In competition with other modes of transport, rail freight transport is looking for solutions to become more attractive. Short-term success can be achieved through the data-driven optimization of operations and maintenance as well as the application of novel strategies such as prescriptive maintenance. After introducing the concept of prescriptive maintenance, this paper aims to prove that vehicle-focused applications of this approach indeed have the potential to increase attractiveness. However, even greater advantages can be activated if data from the horizontal network of the vehicle is available. Drawing on the state of the art in research and technology in the field of cyber-physical systems (CPS) as well as digital twins and shadows, our work serves to design a system of systems for the horizontal interconnection of a rail vehicle and to conceptualize a draft for a digital twin of a locomotive. Y1 - 2019 SN - 978-3-030-13535-5 U6 - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-13535-5_19 SP - 265 EP - 276 PB - Springer CY - Cham ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Rao, Deepak A1 - Pathrose, Plato A1 - Hüning, Felix A1 - Sid, Jithin T1 - An Approach for Validating Safety of Perception Software in Autonomous Driving Systems T2 - Model-Based Safety and Assessment: 6th International Symposium, IMBSA 2019, Thessaloniki, Greece, October 16–18, 2019, Proceedings N2 - The increasing complexity of Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) presents a challenging task to validate safe and reliable performance of these systems under varied conditions. The test and validation of ADAS/AD with real test drives, although important, involves huge costs and time. Simulation tools provide an alternative with the added advantage of reproducibility but often use ideal sensors, which do not reflect real sensor output accurately. This paper presents a new validation methodology using fault injection, as recommended by the ISO 26262 standard, to test software and system robustness. In our work, we investigated and developed a tool capable of inserting faults at different software and system levels to verify its robustness. The scope of this paper is to cover the fault injection test for the Visteon’s DriveCore™ system, a centralized domain controller for Autonomous driving which is sensor agnostic and SoC agnostic. With this new approach, the validation of safety monitoring functionality and its behavior can be tested using real-world data instead of synthetic data from simulation tools resulting in having better confidence in system performance before proceeding with in-vehicle testing. KW - Advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS/AD) KW - ISO 26262 KW - Safety-critical systems validation KW - Safety of the intended functionality (SOTIF) Y1 - 2019 SN - 978-3-030-32872-6 U6 - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-32872-6_20 SP - 303 EP - 316 PB - Springer CY - Cham ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Ernhardt, Selina A1 - Drumm, Christian A1 - van Gog, Tamara A1 - Brand-Gruwel, Saskia A1 - Jarodzka, Halszka T1 - Through the eyes of a programmer : a research project on how to foster programming education with eye-tracking technology T2 - Tagungsband zur 32. AKWI-Jahrestagung vom 15.09.2019 bis 18.09.2019 an der Fachhochschule für Angewandte Wissenschaften Aachen Y1 - 2019 SN - 978-3-944330-62-4 SP - 42 EP - 47 PB - Mana-Buch CY - Heide ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Leise, Philipp A1 - Altherr, Lena A1 - Simon, Nicolai A1 - Pelz, Peter F. T1 - Finding global-optimal gearbox designs for battery electric vehicles T2 - Optimization of complex systems - theory, models, algorithms and applications : WCGO 2019 N2 - In order to maximize the possible travel distance of battery electric vehicles with one battery charge, it is mandatory to adjust all components of the powertrain carefully to each other. While current vehicle designs mostly simplify the powertrain rigorously and use an electric motor in combination with a gearbox with only one fixed transmission ratio, the use of multi-gear systems has great potential. First, a multi-speed system is able to improve the overall energy efficiency. Secondly, it is able to reduce the maximum momentum and therefore to reduce the maximum current provided by the traction battery, which results in a longer battery lifetime. In this paper, we present a systematic way to generate multi-gear gearbox designs that—combined with a certain electric motor—lead to the most efficient fulfillment of predefined load scenarios and are at the same time robust to uncertainties in the load. Therefore, we model the electric motor and the gearbox within a Mixed-Integer Nonlinear Program, and optimize the efficiency of the mechanical parts of the powertrain. By combining this mathematical optimization program with an unsupervised machine learning algorithm, we are able to derive global-optimal gearbox designs for practically relevant momentum and speed requirements. KW - Powertrain KW - Gearbox KW - Optimization KW - BEV KW - WLTP Y1 - 2019 SN - 978-3-030-21802-7 U6 - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-21803-4_91 SP - 916 EP - 925 PB - Springer CY - Cham ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Stenger, David A1 - Altherr, Lena A1 - Abel, Dirk T1 - Machine learning and metaheuristics for black-box optimization of product families: a case-study investigating solution quality vs. computational overhead T2 - Operations Research Proceedings 2018 N2 - In product development, numerous design decisions have to be made. Multi-domain virtual prototyping provides a variety of tools to assess technical feasibility of design options, however often requires substantial computational effort for just a single evaluation. A special challenge is therefore the optimal design of product families, which consist of a group of products derived from a common platform. Finding an optimal platform configuration (stating what is shared and what is individually designed for each product) and an optimal design of all products simultaneously leads to a mixed-integer nonlinear black-box optimization model. We present an optimization approach based on metamodels and a metaheuristic. To increase computational efficiency and solution quality, we compare different types of Gaussian process regression metamodels adapted from the domain of machine learning, and combine them with a genetic algorithm. We illustrate our approach on the example of a product family of electrical drives, and investigate the trade-off between solution quality and computational overhead. KW - Product family optimization KW - Mixed-integer nonlinear black-box optimization KW - Engineering optimization KW - Machine learning Y1 - 2019 SN - 978-3-030-18499-5 (Print) SN - 978-3-030-18500-8 (Online) U6 - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-18500-8_47 SP - 379 EP - 385 PB - Springer CY - Cham ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Butenweg, Christoph A1 - Holtschoppen, Britta T1 - Seismic design of structures and components in industrial units T2 - Structural Dynamics with Applications in Earthquake and Wind Engineering N2 - Industrial units consist of the primary load-carrying structure and various process engineering components, the latter being by far the most important in financial terms. In addition, supply structures such as free-standing tanks and silos are usually required for each plant to ensure the supply of material and product storage. Thus, for the earthquake-proof design of industrial plants, design and construction rules are required for the primary structures, the secondary structures and the supply structures. Within the framework of these rules, possible interactions of primary and secondary structures must also be taken into account. Importance factors are used in seismic design in order to take into account the usually higher risk potential of an industrial unit compared to conventional building structures. Industrial facilities must be able to withstand seismic actions because of possibly wide-ranging damage consequences in addition to losses due to production standstill and the destruction of valuable equipment. The chapter presents an integrated concept for the seismic design of industrial units based on current seismic standards and the latest research results. Special attention is devoted to the seismic design of steel thin-walled silos and tank structures. KW - Industrial units KW - Seismic design KW - Tanks KW - Silos KW - Components Y1 - 2019 SN - 978-3-662-57550-5 U6 - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-57550-5_5 SP - 359 EP - 481 PB - Springer CY - Berlin ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Giresini, Linda A1 - Butenweg, Christoph T1 - Earthquake resistant design of structures according to Eurocode 8 T2 - Structural Dynamics with Applications in Earthquake and Wind Engineering N2 - The chapter initially provides a summary of the contents of Eurocode 8, its aim being to offer both to the students and to practising engineers an easy introduction into the calculation and dimensioning procedures of this earthquake code. Specifically, the general rules for earthquake-resistant structures, the definition of design response spectra taking behaviour and importance factors into account, the application of linear and non-linear calculation methods and the structural safety verifications at the serviceability and ultimate limit state are presented. The application of linear and non-linear calculation methods and corresponding seismic design rules is demonstrated on practical examples for reinforced concrete, steel and masonry buildings. Furthermore, the seismic assessment of existing buildings is discussed and illustrated on the example of a typical historical masonry building in Italy. The examples are worked out in detail and each step of the design process, from the preliminary analysis to the final design, is explained in detail. KW - Seismic design KW - Eurocode 8 KW - Design examples KW - Response spectrum KW - Pushover analysis Y1 - 2019 SN - 978-3-662-57550-5 (Online) SN - 978-3-662-57548-2 (Print) U6 - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-57550-5_4 SP - 197 EP - 358 PB - Springer CY - Berlin ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Gebhardt, Andreas A1 - Hoetter, Jan-Steffen T1 - Rapid Tooling T2 - CIRP Encyclopedia of Production Engineering Y1 - 2019 SN - 978-3-662-53120-4 U6 - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-53120-4 SP - 39 EP - 52 PB - Springer CY - Berlin, Heidelberg ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Bensberg, Frank A1 - Buscher, Gandalf A1 - Czarnecki, Christian ED - Nissen, Volker T1 - Digital transformation and IT topics in the consulting industry: a labor market perspective T2 - Advances in consulting research : recent findings and practical cases N2 - Information technologies, such as big data analytics, cloud computing, cyber physical systems, robotic process automation, and the internet of things, provide a sustainable impetus for the structural development of business sectors as well as the digitalization of markets, enterprises, and processes. Within the consulting industry, the proliferation of these technologies opened up the new segment of digital transformation, which focuses on setting up, controlling, and implementing projects for enterprises from a broad range of sectors. These recent developments raise the question, which requirements evolve for IT consultants as important success factors of those digital transformation projects. Therefore, this empirical contribution provides indications regarding the qualifications and competences necessary for IT consultants in the era of digital transformation from a labor market perspective. On the one hand, this knowledge base is interesting for the academic education of consultants, since it supports a market-oriented design of adequate training measures. On the other hand, insights into the competence requirements for consultants are considered relevant for skill and talent management processes in consulting practice. Assuming that consulting companies pursue a strategic human resource management approach, labor market information may also be useful to discover strategic behavioral patterns. Y1 - 2019 SN - 978-3-319-95998-6 SN - 978-3-030-07125-7 SN - 978-3-319-95999-3 U6 - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-95999-3_16 SP - 341 EP - 357 PB - Springer CY - Cham ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Schmitz, Manfred A1 - Dietze, Christian A1 - Czarnecki, Christian ED - Urbach, Nils ED - Röglinger, Maximilian T1 - Enabling digital transformation through robotic process automation at Deutsche Telekom T2 - Enabling digital transformation through robotic process automation at Deutsche Telekom N2 - Due to the high number of customer contacts, fault clearances, installations, and product provisioning per year, the automation level of operational processes has a significant impact on financial results, quality, and customer experience. Therefore, the telecommunications operator Deutsche Telekom (DT) has defined a digital strategy with the objectives of zero complexity and zero complaint, one touch, agility in service, and disruptive thinking. In this context, Robotic Process Automation (RPA) was identified as an enabling technology to formulate and realize DT’s digital strategy through automation of rule-based, routine, and predictable tasks in combination with structured and stable data. Y1 - 2019 SN - 978-3-319-95272-7 U6 - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-95273-4_2 SP - 15 EP - 33 PB - Springer CY - Cham ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Bhattarai, Aroj A1 - Frotscher, Ralf A1 - Staat, Manfred T1 - Computational Analysis of Pelvic Floor Dysfunction T2 - Women's Health and Biomechanics N2 - Pelvic floor dysfunction (PFD) is characterized by the failure of the levator ani (LA) muscle to maintain the pelvic hiatus, resulting in the descent of the pelvic organs below the pubococcygeal line. This chapter adopts the modified Humphrey material model to consider the effect of the muscle fiber on passive stretching of the LA muscle. The deformation of the LA muscle subjected to intra-abdominal pressure during Valsalva maneuver is compared with the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examination of a nulliparous female. Numerical result shows that the fiber-based Humphrey model simulates the muscle behavior better than isotropic constitutive models. Greater posterior movement of the LA muscle widens the levator hiatus due to lack of support from the anococcygeal ligament and the perineal structure as a consequence of birth-related injury and aging. Old and multiparous females with uncontrolled urogenital and rectal hiatus tend to develop PFDs such as prolapse and incontinence. KW - Pelvic muscle KW - Muscle fibers KW - Passive stretching KW - Pelvic floor dysfunction Y1 - 2018 SN - 978-3-319-71574-2 U6 - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71574-2_17 N1 - Lecture Notes in Computational Vision and Biomechanics, vol 29 SP - 217 EP - 230 PB - Springer CY - Cham ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Bhattarai, Aroj A1 - Staat, Manfred ED - Artmann, Gerhard ED - Temiz Artmann, Aysegül ED - Zhubanova, Azhar A. ED - Digel, Ilya T1 - Mechanics of soft tissue reactions to textile mesh implants T2 - Biological, Physical and Technical Basics of Cell Engineering N2 - For pelvic floor disorders that cannot be treated with non-surgical procedures, minimally invasive surgery has become a more frequent and safer repair procedure. More than 20 million prosthetic meshes are implanted each year worldwide. The simple selection of a single synthetic mesh construction for any level and type of pelvic floor dysfunctions without adopting the design to specific requirements increase the risks for mesh related complications. Adverse events are closely related to chronic foreign body reaction, with enhanced formation of scar tissue around the surgical meshes, manifested as pain, mesh erosion in adjacent structures (with organ tissue cut), mesh shrinkage, mesh rejection and eventually recurrence. Such events, especially scar formation depend on effective porosity of the mesh, which decreases discontinuously at a critical stretch when pore areas decrease making the surgical reconstruction ineffective that further augments the re-operation costs. The extent of fibrotic reaction is increased with higher amount of foreign body material, larger surface, small pore size or with inadequate textile elasticity. Standardized studies of different meshes are essential to evaluate influencing factors for the failure and success of the reconstruction. Measurements of elasticity and tensile strength have to consider the mesh anisotropy as result of the textile structure. An appropriate mesh then should show some integration with limited scar reaction and preserved pores that are filled with local fat tissue. This chapter reviews various tissue reactions to different monofilament mesh implants that are used for incontinence and hernia repairs and study their mechanical behavior. This helps to predict the functional and biological outcomes after tissue reinforcement with meshes and permits further optimization of the meshes for the specific indications to improve the success of the surgical treatment. Y1 - 2018 SN - 978-981-10-7904-7 U6 - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-7904-7_11 SP - 251 EP - 275 PB - Springer CY - Singapore ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Artmann, Gerhard A1 - Meruvu, Haritha A1 - Kizildag, Sefa A1 - Temiz Artmann, Aysegül ED - Artmann, Gerhard ED - Temiz Artmann, Aysegül ED - Zhubanova, Azhar A. ED - Digel, Ilya T1 - Functional Toxicology and Pharmacology Test of Cell Induced Mechanical Tensile Stress in 2D and 3D Tissue Cultures T2 - Biological, Physical and Technical Basics of Cell Engineering N2 - Mechanical forces/tensile stresses are critical determinants of cellular growth, differentiation and migration patterns in health and disease. The innovative “CellDrum technology” was designed for measuring mechanical tensile stress of cultured cell monolayers/thin tissue constructs routinely. These are cultivated on very thin silicone membranes in the so-called CellDrum. The cell layers adhere firmly to the membrane and thus transmit the cell forces generated. A CellDrum consists of a cylinder which is sealed from below with a 4 μm thick, biocompatible, functionalized silicone membrane. The weight of cell culture medium bulbs the membrane out downwards. Membrane indentation is measured. When cells contract due to drug action, membrane, cells and medium are lifted upwards. The induced indentation changes allow for lateral drug induced mechanical tension quantification of the micro-tissues. With hiPS-induced (human) Cardiomyocytes (CM) the CellDrum opens new perspectives of individualized cardiac drug testing. Here, monolayers of self-beating hiPS-CMs were grown in CellDrums. Rhythmic contractions of the hiPS-cells induce membrane up-and-down deflections. The recorded cycles allow for single beat amplitude, single beat duration, integration of the single beat amplitude over the beat time and frequency analysis. Dose effects of agonists and antagonists acting on Ca2+ channels were sensitively and highly reproducibly observed. Data were consistent with published reference data as far as they were available. The combination of the CellDrum technology with hiPS-Cardiomyocytes offers a fast, facile and precise system for pharmacological and toxicological studies. It allows new preclinical basic as well as applied research in pharmacolgy and toxicology. Y1 - 2018 SN - 978-981-10-7904-7 U6 - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-7904-7_7 SP - 157 EP - 192 PB - Springer CY - Singapore ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Duong, Minh Tuan A1 - Seifarth, Volker A1 - Temiz Artmann, Aysegül A1 - Artmann, Gerhard A1 - Staat, Manfred ED - Artmann, Gerhard ED - Temiz Artmann, Aysegül ED - Zhubanova, Azhar A. ED - Digel, Ilya T1 - Growth Modelling Promoting Mechanical Stimulation of Smooth Muscle Cells of Porcine Tubular Organs in a Fibrin-PVDF Scaffold T2 - Biological, Physical and Technical Basics of Cell Engineering N2 - Reconstructive surgery and tissue replacements like ureters or bladders reconstruction have been recently studied, taking into account growth and remodelling of cells since living cells are capable of growing, adapting, remodelling or degrading and restoring in order to deform and respond to stimuli. Hence, shapes of ureters or bladders and their microstructure change during growth and these changes strongly depend on external stimuli such as training. We present the mechanical stimulation of smooth muscle cells in a tubular fibrin-PVDFA scaffold and the modelling of the growth of tissue by stimuli. To this end, mechanotransduction was performed with a kyphoplasty balloon catheter that was guided through the lumen of the tubular structure. The bursting pressure was examined to compare the stability of the incubated tissue constructs. The results showed the significant changes on tissues with training by increasing the burst pressure as a characteristic mechanical property and the smooth muscle cells were more oriented with uniformly higher density. Besides, the computational growth models also exhibited the accurate tendencies of growth of the cells under different external stimuli. Such models may lead to design standards for the better layered tissue structure in reconstructing of tubular organs characterized as composite materials such as intestines, ureters and arteries. KW - Mechanical simulation KW - Growth modelling KW - Ureter KW - Bladder KW - Reconstruction Y1 - 2018 SN - 978-981-10-7904-7 U6 - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-7904-7_9 SP - 209 EP - 232 PB - Springer CY - Singapore ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Frotscher, Ralf A1 - Staat, Manfred ED - Artmann, Gerhard ED - Temiz Artmann, Aysegül ED - Zhubanova, Azhar A. ED - Digel, Ilya T1 - Towards Patient-Specific Computational Modeling of hiPS-Derived Cardiomyocyte Function and Drug Action T2 - Biological, Physical and Technical Basics of Cell Engineering N2 - Human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPS-CM) today are widely used for the investigation of normal electromechanical cardiac function, of cardiac medication and of mutations. Computational models are thus established that simulate the behavior of this kind of cells. This section first motivates the modeling of hiPS-CM and then presents and discusses several modeling approaches of microscopic and macroscopic constituents of human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived and mature human cardiac tissue. The focus is led on the mapping of the computational results one can achieve with these models onto mature human cardiomyocyte models, the latter being the real matter of interest. Model adaptivity is the key feature that is discussed because it opens the way for modeling various biological effects like biological variability, medication, mutation and phenotypical expression. We compare the computational with experimental results with respect to normal cardiac function and with respect to inotropic and chronotropic drug effects. The section closes with a discussion on the status quo of the specificity of computational models and on what challenges have to be solved to reach patient-specificity. Y1 - 2018 SN - 978-981-10-7904-7 U6 - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-7904-7_10 SP - 233 EP - 250 PB - Springer CY - Singapore ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Digel, Ilya A1 - Akimbekov, Nuraly Sh. A1 - Kistaubayeva, Aida A1 - Zhubanova, Azhar A. ED - Artmann, Gerhard ED - Temiz Artmann, Aysegül ED - Zhubanova, Azhar A. ED - Digel, Ilya T1 - Microbial Sampling from Dry Surfaces: Current Challenges and Solutions T2 - Biological, Physical and Technical Basics of Cell Engineering N2 - Sampling of dry surfaces for microorganisms is a main component of microbiological safety and is of critical importance in many fields including epidemiology, astrobiology as well as numerous branches of medical and food manufacturing. Aspects of biofilm formation, analysis and removal in aqueous solutions have been thoroughly discussed in literature. In contrast, microbial communities on air-exposed (dry) surfaces have received significantly less attention. Diverse surface sampling methods have been developed in order to address various surfaces and microbial groups, but they notoriously show poor repeatability, low recovery rates and suffer from lack of mutual consistency. Quantitative sampling for viable microorganisms represents a particular challenge, especially on porous and irregular surfaces. Therefore, it is essential to examine in depth the factors involved in microorganisms’ recovery efficiency and accuracy depending on the sampling technique used. Microbial colonization, retention and community composition on different dry surfaces are very complex and rely on numerous physicochemical and biological factors. This study is devoted to analyze and review the (a) physical phenomena and intermolecular forces relevant for microbiological surface sampling; (b) challenges and problems faced by existing sampling methods for viable microorganisms and (c) current directions of engineering and research aimed at improvement of quality and efficiency of microbiological surface sampling. KW - Sampling methods KW - Surface microorganisms KW - Dry surfaces KW - Microbial adhesion KW - Swabbing Y1 - 2018 SN - 978-981-10-7904-7 U6 - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-7904-7_19 SP - 421 EP - 456 PB - Springer CY - Singapore ER -