TY - JOUR A1 - Hunker, Jan L. A1 - Gossmann, Matthias A1 - Raman, Aravind Hariharan A1 - Linder, Peter T1 - Artificial neural networks in cardiac safety assessment: Classification of chemotherapeutic compound effects on hiPSC-derived cardiomyocyte contractility JF - Journal of Pharmacological and Toxicological Methods Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vascn.2021.107044 SN - 1056-8719 VL - 111 IS - Article number 107044 PB - Elsevier CY - New York ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Heiligers, Jeannette A1 - Schoutetens, Frederic A1 - Dachwald, Bernd T1 - Photon-sail equilibria in the alpha centauri system JF - Journal of Guidance, Control, and Dynamics Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.2514/1.G005446 SN - 1533-3884 SN - 0731-5090 SN - 0162-3192 VL - 44 IS - 5 SP - 1053 EP - 1061 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - German, Laura A1 - Mikucki, Jill A. A1 - Welch, Susan A. A1 - Welch, Kathleen A. A1 - Lutton, Anthony A1 - Dachwald, Bernd A1 - Kowalski, Julia A1 - Heinen, Dirk A1 - Feldmann, Marco A1 - Francke, Gero A1 - Espe, Clemens A1 - Lyons, W. Berry T1 - Validation of sampling antarctic subglacial hypersaline waters with an electrothermal ice melting probe (IceMole) for environmental analytical geochemistry JF - International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry N2 - Geochemical characterisation of hypersaline waters is difficult as high concentrations of salts hinder the analysis of constituents at low concentrations, such as trace metals, and the collection of samples for trace metal analysis in natural waters can be easily contaminated. This is particularly the case if samples are collected by non-conventional techniques such as those required for aquatic subglacial environments. In this paper we present the first analysis of a subglacial brine from Taylor Valley, (~ 78°S), Antarctica for the trace metals: Ba, Co, Mo, Rb, Sr, V, and U. Samples were collected englacially using an electrothermal melting probe called the IceMole. This probe uses differential heating of a copper head as well as the probe’s sidewalls and an ice screw at the melting head to move through glacier ice. Detailed blanks, meltwater, and subglacial brine samples were collected to evaluate the impact of the IceMole and the borehole pump, the melting and collection process, filtration, and storage on the geochemistry of the samples collected by this device. Comparisons between melt water profiles through the glacier ice and blank analysis, with published studies on ice geochemistry, suggest the potential for minor contributions of some species Rb, As, Co, Mn, Ni, NH4+, and NO2−+NO3− from the IceMole. The ability to conduct detailed chemical analyses of subglacial fluids collected with melting probes is critical for the future exploration of the hundreds of deep subglacial lakes in Antarctica. Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/03067319.2019.1704750 SN - 0306-7319 VL - 101 IS - 15 SP - 2654 EP - 2667 PB - Taylor & Francis CY - London ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Spietz, Peter A1 - Spröwitz, Tom A1 - Seefeldt, Patric A1 - Grundmann, Jan Thimo A1 - Jahnke, Rico A1 - Mikschl, Tobias A1 - Mikulz, Eugen A1 - Montenegro, Sergio A1 - Reershemius, Siebo A1 - Renger, Thomas A1 - Ruffer, Michael A1 - Sasaki, Kaname A1 - Sznajder, Maciej A1 - Tóth, Norbert A1 - Ceriotti, Matteo A1 - Dachwald, Bernd A1 - Macdonald, Malcolm A1 - McInnes, Colin A1 - Seboldt, Wolfgang A1 - Quantius, Dominik A1 - Bauer, Waldemar A1 - Wiedemann, Carsten A1 - Grimm, Christian D. A1 - Hercik, David A1 - Ho, Tra-Mi A1 - Lange, Caroline A1 - Schmitz, Nicole T1 - Paths not taken – The Gossamer roadmap’s other options JF - Advances in Space Research KW - Solar sail KW - Small spacecraft KW - DLR-ESTEC GOSSAMER roadmap for solar sailing KW - GOSSAMER-1 Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2021.01.044 SN - 0273-1177 VL - 67 IS - 9 SP - 2912 EP - 2956 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Müller, Tim M. A1 - Schmitt, Andreas A1 - Leise, Philipp A1 - Meck, Tobias A1 - Altherr, Lena A1 - Pelz, Peter F. A1 - Pfetsch, Marc E. T1 - Validation of an optimized resilient water supply system T2 - Uncertainty in Mechanical Engineering N2 - Component failures within water supply systems can lead to significant performance losses. One way to address these losses is the explicit anticipation of failures within the design process. We consider a water supply system for high-rise buildings, where pump failures are the most likely failure scenarios. We explicitly consider these failures within an early design stage which leads to a more resilient system, i.e., a system which is able to operate under a predefined number of arbitrary pump failures. We use a mathematical optimization approach to compute such a resilient design. This is based on a multi-stage model for topology optimization, which can be described by a system of nonlinear inequalities and integrality constraints. Such a model has to be both computationally tractable and to represent the real-world system accurately. We therefore validate the algorithmic solutions using experiments on a scaled test rig for high-rise buildings. The test rig allows for an arbitrary connection of pumps to reproduce scaled versions of booster station designs for high-rise buildings. We experimentally verify the applicability of the presented optimization model and that the proposed resilience properties are also fulfilled in real systems. KW - Optimization KW - Mixed-integer nonlinear programming KW - Water distribution system KW - Resilience KW - Validation Y1 - 2021 SN - 978-3-030-77255-0 SN - 978-3-030-77256-7 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-77256-7_7 N1 - Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Uncertainty in Mechanical Engineering (ICUME 2021), June 7–8, 2021 SP - 70 EP - 80 PB - Springer CY - Cham ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Mandekar, Swati A1 - Jentsch, Lina A1 - Lutz, Kai A1 - Behbahani, Mehdi A1 - Melnykowycz, Mark T1 - Earable design analysis for sleep EEG measurements T2 - UbiComp '21 N2 - Conventional EEG devices cannot be used in everyday life and hence, past decade research has been focused on Ear-EEG for mobile, at-home monitoring for various applications ranging from emotion detection to sleep monitoring. As the area available for electrode contact in the ear is limited, the electrode size and location play a vital role for an Ear-EEG system. In this investigation, we present a quantitative study of ear-electrodes with two electrode sizes at different locations in a wet and dry configuration. Electrode impedance scales inversely with size and ranges from 450 kΩ to 1.29 MΩ for dry and from 22 kΩ to 42 kΩ for wet contact at 10 Hz. For any size, the location in the ear canal with the lowest impedance is ELE (Left Ear Superior), presumably due to increased contact pressure caused by the outer-ear anatomy. The results can be used to optimize signal pickup and SNR for specific applications. We demonstrate this by recording sleep spindles during sleep onset with high quality (5.27 μVrms). KW - EEG KW - sensors KW - Impedance Spectroscopy KW - Sleep EEG KW - biopotential electrodes Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1145/3460418.3479328 N1 - UbiComp '21: Adjunct Proceedings of the 2021 ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing and Proceedings of the 2021 ACM International Symposium on Wearable Computers, September 21–26, 2021, Virtual, USA SP - 171 EP - 175 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Chajan, Eduard A1 - Schulte-Tigges, Joschua A1 - Reke, Michael A1 - Ferrein, Alexander A1 - Matheis, Dominik A1 - Walter, Thomas T1 - GPU based model-predictive path control for self-driving vehicles T2 - IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium (IV) N2 - One central challenge for self-driving cars is a proper path-planning. Once a trajectory has been found, the next challenge is to accurately and safely follow the precalculated path. The model-predictive controller (MPC) is a common approach for the lateral control of autonomous vehicles. The MPC uses a vehicle dynamics model to predict the future states of the vehicle for a given prediction horizon. However, in order to achieve real-time path control, the computational load is usually large, which leads to short prediction horizons. To deal with the computational load, the control algorithm can be parallelized on the graphics processing unit (GPU). In contrast to the widely used stochastic methods, in this paper we propose a deterministic approach based on grid search. Our approach focuses on systematically discovering the search area with different levels of granularity. To achieve this, we split the optimization algorithm into multiple iterations. The best sequence of each iteration is then used as an initial solution to the next iteration. The granularity increases, resulting in smooth and predictable steering angle sequences. We present a novel GPU-based algorithm and show its accuracy and realtime abilities with a number of real-world experiments. KW - Heuristic algorithms KW - Computational modeling KW - model-predictive control KW - GPU KW - autonomous driving Y1 - 2021 SN - 978-1-7281-5394-0 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1109/IV48863.2021.9575619 N1 - 2021 IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium (IV), July 11-17, 2021. Nagoya, Japan SP - 1243 EP - 1248 PB - IEEE CY - New York, NY ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Heinke, Lars N. A1 - Knicker, Axel J. A1 - Albracht, Kirsten T1 - Test-retest reliability of the internal shoulder rotator muscles' stretch reflex in healthy men JF - Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology N2 - Until now the reproducibility of the short latency stretch reflex of the internal rotator muscles of the glenohumeral joint has not been identified. Twenty-three healthy male participants performed three sets of external shoulder rotation stretches with various pre-activation levels on two different dates of measurement to assess test-retest reliability. All stretches were applied with a dynamometer acceleration of 104°/s2 and a velocity of 150°/s. Electromyographical response was measured via surface EMG. Reflex latencies showed a pre-activation effect (ƞ2 = 0,355). ICC ranged from 0,735 to 0,909 indicating an overall “good” relative reliability. SRD 95% lay between ±7,0 to ±12,3 ms.. The reflex gain showed overall poor test-retest reproducibility. The chosen methodological approach presented a suitable test protocol for shoulder muscles stretch reflex latency evaluation. A proof-of-concept study to validate the presented methodical approach in shoulder involvement including subjects with clinically relevant conditions is recommended. KW - stretch reflex KW - shoulder KW - test-retest reliability KW - intraclass correlation coefficient KW - standard error of measurement Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelekin.2021.102611 SN - 1050-6411 VL - 62 IS - Article 102611 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - BOOK A1 - Dikta, Gerhard A1 - Scheer, Marsel T1 - Bootstrap Methods: With Applications in R N2 - This book provides a compact introduction to the bootstrap method. In addition to classical results on point estimation and test theory, multivariate linear regression models and generalized linear models are covered in detail. Special attention is given to the use of bootstrap procedures to perform goodness-of-fit tests to validate model or distributional assumptions. In some cases, new methods are presented here for the first time. The text is motivated by practical examples and the implementations of the corresponding algorithms are always given directly in R in a comprehensible form. Overall, R is given great importance throughout. Each chapter includes a section of exercises and, for the more mathematically inclined readers, concludes with rigorous proofs. The intended audience is graduate students who already have a prior knowledge of probability theory and mathematical statistics. Y1 - 2021 SN - 978-3-030-73480-0 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-73480-0 PB - Springer CY - Cham ER - TY - GEN A1 - Jung, Alexander A1 - Müller, Wolfram A1 - Staat, Manfred T1 - Corrigendum to “Wind and fairness in ski jumping: A computer modelling analysis” [J. Biomech. 75 (2018) 147–153] T2 - Journal of Biomechanics Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2021.110690 SN - 0021-9290 N1 - Refers to: Alexander Jung, Wolfram Müller, Manfred Staat: Wind and fairness in ski jumping: A computer modelling analysis. Journal of Biomechanics, Volume 75. 25 June 2018. Pages 147-153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2018.05.001 VL - 128 IS - Article number: 110690 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Hüning, Felix A1 - Wache, Franz-Josef A1 - Magiera, David T1 - Redundant bus systems using dual-mode radio T2 - Proceedings of Sixth International Congress on Information and Communication Technology N2 - Communication via serial bus systems, like CAN, plays an important role for all kinds of embedded electronic and mechatronic systems. To cope up with the requirements for functional safety of safety-critical applications, there is a need to enhance the safety features of the communication systems. One measure to achieve a more robust communication is to add redundant data transmission path to the applications. In general, the communication of real-time embedded systems like automotive applications is tethered, and the redundant data transmission lines are also tethered, increasing the size of the wiring harness and the weight of the system. A radio link is preferred as a redundant transmission line as it uses a complementary transmission medium compared to the wired solution and in addition reduces wiring harness size and weight. Standard wireless links like Wi-Fi or Bluetooth cannot meet the requirements for real-time capability with regard to bus communication. Using the new dual-mode radio enables a redundant transmission line meeting all requirements with regard to real-time capability, robustness and transparency for the data bus. In addition, it provides a complementary transmission medium with regard to commonly used tethered links. A CAN bus system is used to demonstrate the redundant data transfer via tethered and wireless CAN. Y1 - 2021 SN - 978-981-16-2379-0 SN - 978-981-16-2380-6 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-2380-6_73 N1 - Sixth International Congress on Information and Communication Technology, ICICT 2021, Brunel University, London, February 25–26, 2021 SP - 835 EP - 842 PB - Springer CY - Singapore ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Klöser, Lars A1 - Kohl, Philipp A1 - Kraft, Bodo A1 - Zündorf, Albert T1 - Multi-attribute relation extraction (MARE): simplifying the application of relation extraction T2 - Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Deep Learning Theory and Applications DeLTA - Volume 1 N2 - Natural language understanding’s relation extraction makes innovative and encouraging novel business concepts possible and facilitates new digitilized decision-making processes. Current approaches allow the extraction of relations with a fixed number of entities as attributes. Extracting relations with an arbitrary amount of attributes requires complex systems and costly relation-trigger annotations to assist these systems. We introduce multi-attribute relation extraction (MARE) as an assumption-less problem formulation with two approaches, facilitating an explicit mapping from business use cases to the data annotations. Avoiding elaborated annotation constraints simplifies the application of relation extraction approaches. The evaluation compares our models to current state-of-the-art event extraction and binary relation extraction methods. Our approaches show improvement compared to these on the extraction of general multi-attribute relations. Y1 - 2021 SN - 978-989-758-526-5 U6 - https://doi.org/10.5220/0010559201480156 N1 - 2nd International Conference on Deep Learning Theory and Applications, DeLTA2021, July 7-9, 2021 SP - 148 EP - 156 PB - SciTePress CY - Setúbal ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Kohl, Philipp A1 - Schmidts, Oliver A1 - Klöser, Lars A1 - Werth, Henri A1 - Kraft, Bodo A1 - Zündorf, Albert T1 - STAMP 4 NLP – an agile framework for rapid quality-driven NLP applications development T2 - Quality of Information and Communications Technology. QUATIC 2021 N2 - The progress in natural language processing (NLP) research over the last years, offers novel business opportunities for companies, as automated user interaction or improved data analysis. Building sophisticated NLP applications requires dealing with modern machine learning (ML) technologies, which impedes enterprises from establishing successful NLP projects. Our experience in applied NLP research projects shows that the continuous integration of research prototypes in production-like environments with quality assurance builds trust in the software and shows convenience and usefulness regarding the business goal. We introduce STAMP 4 NLP as an iterative and incremental process model for developing NLP applications. With STAMP 4 NLP, we merge software engineering principles with best practices from data science. Instantiating our process model allows efficiently creating prototypes by utilizing templates, conventions, and implementations, enabling developers and data scientists to focus on the business goals. Due to our iterative-incremental approach, businesses can deploy an enhanced version of the prototype to their software environment after every iteration, maximizing potential business value and trust early and avoiding the cost of successful yet never deployed experiments. KW - Machine learning KW - Process model KW - Natural language processing Y1 - 2021 SN - 978-3-030-85346-4 SN - 978-3-030-85347-1 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-85347-1_12 N1 - International Conference on the Quality of Information and Communications Technology, QUATIC 2021, 8-11 September, Algarve, Portugal SP - 156 EP - 166 PB - Springer CY - Cham ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Schmidts, Oliver A1 - Kraft, Bodo A1 - Winkens, Marvin A1 - Zündorf, Albert T1 - Catalog integration of heterogeneous and volatile product data T2 - DATA 2020: Data Management Technologies and Applications N2 - The integration of frequently changing, volatile product data from different manufacturers into a single catalog is a significant challenge for small and medium-sized e-commerce companies. They rely on timely integrating product data to present them aggregated in an online shop without knowing format specifications, concept understanding of manufacturers, and data quality. Furthermore, format, concepts, and data quality may change at any time. Consequently, integrating product catalogs into a single standardized catalog is often a laborious manual task. Current strategies to streamline or automate catalog integration use techniques based on machine learning, word vectorization, or semantic similarity. However, most approaches struggle with low-quality or real-world data. We propose Attribute Label Ranking (ALR) as a recommendation engine to simplify the integration process of previously unknown, proprietary tabular format into a standardized catalog for practitioners. We evaluate ALR by focusing on the impact of different neural network architectures, language features, and semantic similarity. Additionally, we consider metrics for industrial application and present the impact of ALR in production and its limitations. Y1 - 2021 SN - 978-3-030-83013-7 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-83014-4_7 N1 - International Conference on Data Management Technologies and Applications, DATA 2020, 7-9 July SP - 134 EP - 153 PB - Springer CY - Cham ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kezerashvili, Roman Ya A1 - Dachwald, Bernd T1 - Preface: Solar sailing: Concepts, technology, and missions II JF - Advances in Space Research Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2021.01.037 SN - 0273-1177 VL - 67 IS - 9 SP - 2559 EP - 2560 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Pfetsch, Marc E. A1 - Abele, Eberhard A1 - Altherr, Lena A1 - Bölling, Christian A1 - Brötz, Nicolas A1 - Dietrich, Ingo A1 - Gally, Tristan A1 - Geßner, Felix A1 - Groche, Peter A1 - Hoppe, Florian A1 - Kirchner, Eckhard A1 - Kloberdanz, Hermann A1 - Knoll, Maximilian A1 - Kolvenbach, Philip A1 - Kuttich-Meinlschmidt, Anja A1 - Leise, Philipp A1 - Lorenz, Ulf A1 - Matei, Alexander A1 - Molitor, Dirk A. A1 - Niessen, Pia A1 - Pelz, Peter F. A1 - Rexer, Manuel A1 - Schmitt, Andreas A1 - Schmitt, Johann M. A1 - Schulte, Fiona A1 - Ulbrich, Stefan A1 - Weigold, Matthias T1 - Strategies for mastering uncertainty T2 - Mastering uncertainty in mechanical engineering N2 - This chapter describes three general strategies to master uncertainty in technical systems: robustness, flexibility and resilience. It builds on the previous chapters about methods to analyse and identify uncertainty and may rely on the availability of technologies for particular systems, such as active components. Robustness aims for the design of technical systems that are insensitive to anticipated uncertainties. Flexibility increases the ability of a system to work under different situations. Resilience extends this characteristic by requiring a given minimal functional performance, even after disturbances or failure of system components, and it may incorporate recovery. The three strategies are described and discussed in turn. Moreover, they are demonstrated on specific technical systems. Y1 - 2021 SN - 978-3-030-78353-2 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-78354-9_6 N1 - Part of the Springer Tracts in Mechanical Engineering book series (STME) SP - 365 EP - 456 PB - Springer CY - Cham ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Braun, Sebastian A1 - Cheng, Chi-Tsun A1 - Dowey, Steve A1 - Wollert, Jörg T1 - Performance evaluation of skill-based order-assignment in production environments with multi-agent systems JF - IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Industrial Electronics N2 - The fourth industrial revolution introduces disruptive technologies to production environments. One of these technologies are multi-agent systems (MASs), where agents virtualize machines. However, the agent's actual performances in production environments can hardly be estimated as most research has been focusing on isolated projects and specific scenarios. We address this gap by implementing a highly connected and configurable reference model with quantifiable key performance indicators (KPIs) for production scheduling and routing in single-piece workflows. Furthermore, we propose an algorithm to optimize the search of extrema in highly connected distributed systems. The benefits, limits, and drawbacks of MASs and their performances are evaluated extensively by event-based simulations against the introduced model, which acts as a benchmark. Even though the performance of the proposed MAS is, on average, slightly lower than the reference system, the increased flexibility allows it to find new solutions and deliver improved factory-planning outcomes. Our MAS shows an emerging behavior by using flexible production techniques to correct errors and compensate for bottlenecks. This increased flexibility offers substantial improvement potential. The general model in this paper allows the transfer of the results to estimate real systems or other models. KW - cyber-physical production systems KW - event-based simulation KW - multi-agent systems KW - digital factory KW - industrial agents Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1109/JESTIE.2021.3108524 SN - 2687-9735 IS - Early Access PB - IEEE CY - New York ER - TY - THES A1 - Bayer, Robin T1 - Development of a novel in-vitro vascular model for determination of physiological and pathophysiological mechanobiology Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:hbz:38-362212 N1 - Dissertation, Universität zu Köln, 2021 PB - Universität zu Köln CY - Köln ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Molinnus, Denise A1 - Drinic, Aleksander A1 - Iken, Heiko A1 - Kröger, Nadja A1 - Zinser, Max A1 - Smeets, Ralf A1 - Köpf, Marius A1 - Kopp, Alexander A1 - Schöning, Michael Josef T1 - Towards a flexible electrochemical biosensor fabricated from biocompatible Bombyx mori silk JF - Biosensors and Bioelectronics Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2021.113204 SN - 0956-5663 VL - 183 IS - Art. 113204 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - CHAP A1 - El Moussaoui, Noureddine A1 - Kassmi, Khalil A1 - Alexopoulos, Spiros A1 - Schwarzer, Klemens A1 - Chayeb, Hamid A1 - Bachiri, Najib T1 - Simulation studies on a new innovative design of a hybrid solar distiller MSDH alimented with a thermal and photovoltaic energy T2 - Materialstoday: Proceedings N2 - In this paper, we present the structure, the simulation the operation of a multi-stage, hybrid solar desalination system (MSDH), powered by thermal and photovoltaic (PV) (MSDH) energy. The MSDH system consists of a lower basin, eight horizontal stages, a field of four flat thermal collectors with a total area of 8.4 m2, 3 Kw PV panels and solar batteries. During the day the system is heated by thermal energy, and at night by heating resistors, powered by solar batteries. These batteries are charged by the photovoltaic panels during the day. More specifically, during the day and at night, we analyse the temperature of the stages and the production of distilled water according to the solar irradiation intensity and the electric heating power, supplied by the solar batteries. The simulations were carried out in the meteorological conditions of the winter month (February 2020), presenting intensities of irradiance and ambient temperature reaching 824 W/m2 and 23 °C respectively. The results obtained show that during the day the system is heated by the thermal collectors, the temperature of the stages and the quantity of water produced reach 80 °C and 30 Kg respectively. At night, from 6p.m. the system is heated by the electric energy stored in the batteries, the temperature of the stages and the quantity of water produced reach respectively 90 °C and 104 Kg for an electric heating power of 2 Kw. Moreover, when the electric power varies from 1 Kw to 3 Kw the quantity of water produced varies from 92 Kg to 134 Kg. The analysis of these results and their comparison with conventional solar thermal desalination systems shows a clear improvement both in the heating of the stages, by 10%, and in the quantity of water produced by a factor of 3. Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.03.115 SN - 2214-7853 N1 - The Fourth edition of the International Conference on Materials & Environmental Science (ICMES 2020), virtual conference, November 18-28, 2020, Morocco VL - 45 IS - 8 SP - 7653 EP - 7660 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER -