TY  - JOUR
A1  - Akimbekov, Nuraly Shardarbekovich
A1  - Mansurov, Zulkhair
A1  - Jandosov, J.
A1  - Digel, Ilya
A1  - Gossmann, Matthias
A1  - Artmann, Gerhard
A1  - Temiz Artmann, Aysegül
A1  - Zhubanova, Azhar A.
T1  - Wound healing activity of carbonized rice husk
N2  - The carbonized rice husk (CRH) was evaluated for its wound healing activity in rats using excision models. In this study, the influences of CRH on wound healing in rat skin in vivo and cellular behavior of human dermal fibroblasts in vitro were investigated. The obtained results showed that the CRH treatment promoted wound epithelization in rats and exhibited moderate inhibition of cell proliferation in vitro. CRH with lanolin oil treated wounds were found to epithelize faster as compared to controls.
KW  - Wundheilung
KW  - Epithel
KW  - Fibroblast
KW  - carbonized rice husk
KW  - wound healing
KW  - epithelization
KW  - human dermal fibroblasts
Y1  - 2013
PB  - Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland
CY  - Bäch
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Jung, Alexander
A1  - Müller, Wolfram
A1  - Staat, Manfred
T1  - Wind and fairness in ski jumping: A computer modelling analysis
JF  - Journal of Biomechanics
N2  - Wind is closely associated with the discussion of fairness in ski jumping. To counter-act its influence on the jump length, the International Ski Federation (FIS) has introduced a wind compensation approach. We applied three differently accurate computer models of the flight phase with wind (M1, M2, and M3) to study the jump length effects of various wind scenarios. The previously used model M1 is accurate for wind blowing in direction of the flight path, but inaccuracies are to be expected for wind directions deviating from the tangent to the flight path. M2 considers the change of airflow direction, but it does not consider the associated change in the angle of attack of the skis which additionally modifies drag and lift area time functions. M3 predicts the length effect for all wind directions within the plane of the flight trajectory without any mathematical simplification. Prediction errors of M3 are determined only by the quality of the input data: wind velocity, drag and lift area functions, take-off velocity, and weight. For comparing the three models, drag and lift area functions of an optimized reference jump were used. Results obtained with M2, which is much easier to handle than M3, did not deviate noticeably when compared to predictions of the reference model M3. Therefore, we suggest to use M2 in future applications. A comparison of M2 predictions with the FIS wind compensation system showed substantial discrepancies, for instance: in the first flight phase, tailwind can increase jump length, and headwind can decrease it; this is opposite of what had been anticipated before and is not considered in the current wind compensation system in ski jumping.
Y1  - 2018
U6  - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2018.05.001
SN  - 0021-9290
IS  - 75
SP  - 147
EP  - 153
PB  - Elsevier
CY  - Amsterdam
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Temiz Artmann, Aysegül
A1  - Kayser, Peter
T1  - Why is Sepsis an Ongoing Clinical Challenge? Lipopolysaccharide Effects on Red Blood Cell Volume / Temiz, Aysegül ;  Kayser, Peter
JF  - Bioengineering in Cell and Tissue Research / Artmann, Gerhard M. ; Chien, Shu (Eds.)
Y1  - 2008
SN  - 978-3-540-75408-4
SP  - 497
EP  - 508
PB  - Springer
CY  - Berlin
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Akimbekov, Nuraly S.
A1  - Digel, Ilya
A1  - Sherelkhan, Dinara K.
A1  - Lutfor, Afzalunnessa B.
A1  - Razzaque, Mohammed S.
T1  - Vitamin D and the Host-Gut Microbiome: A Brief Overview
JF  - Acta Histochemica et Cytochemica
N2  - There is a growing body of evidence for the effects of vitamin D on intestinal host-microbiome interactions related to gut dysbiosis and bowel inflammation. This brief review highlights the potential links between vitamin D and gut health, emphasizing the role of vitamin D in microbiological and immunological mechanisms of inflammatory bowel diseases. A comprehensive literature search was carried out in PubMed and Google Scholar using combinations of keywords “vitamin D,” “intestines,” “gut microflora,” “bowel inflammation”. Only articles published in English and related to the study topic are included in the review. We discuss how vitamin D (a) modulates intestinal microbiome function, (b) controls antimicrobial peptide expression, and (c) has a protective effect on epithelial barriers in the gut mucosa. Vitamin D and its nuclear receptor (VDR) regulate intestinal barrier integrity, and control innate and adaptive immunity in the gut. Metabolites from the gut microbiota may also regulate expression of VDR, while vitamin D may influence the gut microbiota and exert anti-inflammatory and immune-modulating effects. The underlying mechanism of vitamin D in the pathogenesis of bowel diseases is not fully understood, but maintaining an optimal vitamin D status appears to be beneficial for gut health. Future studies will shed light on the molecular mechanisms through which vitamin D and VDR interactions affect intestinal mucosal immunity, pathogen invasion, symbiont colonization, and antimicrobial peptide expression.
Y1  - 2020
U6  - http://dx.doi.org/10.1267/ahc.20011
SN  - 1347-5800
VL  - 53
IS  - 3
SP  - 33
EP  - 42
PB  - Japan Society of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry
CY  - Osaka
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Ullrich, Sebastian
A1  - Grottke, Oliver
A1  - Rossaint, Rolf
A1  - Staat, Manfred
A1  - Deserno, Thomas M.
A1  - Kuhlen, Torsten
T1  - Virtual Needle Simulation with Haptics for Regional Anaesthesia
Y1  - 2010
N1  - IEEE Virtual Reality 2010, Workshop on Medical Virtual Environments, Waltham, MA, USA, March 21, 2010
SP  - 1
EP  - 3
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Bhattarai, Aroj
A1  - Horbach, Andreas
A1  - Staat, Manfred
A1  - Kowalczyk, Wojciech
A1  - Tran, Thanh Ngoc
T1  - Virgin passive colon biomechanics and a literature review of active contraction constitutive models
JF  - Biomechanics
N2  - The objective of this paper is to present our findings on the biomechanical aspects of the virgin passive anisotropic hyperelasticity of the porcine colon based on equibiaxial tensile experiments. Firstly, the characterization of the intestine tissues is discussed for a nearly incompressible hyperelastic fiber-reinforced Holzapfel–Gasser–Ogden constitutive model in virgin passive loading conditions. The stability of the evaluated material parameters is checked for the polyconvexity of the adopted strain energy function using positive eigenvalue constraints of the Hessian matrix with MATLAB. The constitutive material description of the intestine with two collagen fibers in the submucosal and muscular layer each has been implemented in the FORTRAN platform of the commercial finite element software LS-DYNA, and two equibiaxial tensile simulations are presented to validate the results with the optical strain images obtained from the experiments. Furthermore, this paper also reviews the existing models of the active smooth muscle cells, but these models have not been computationally studied here. The review part shows that the constitutive models originally developed for the active contraction of skeletal muscle based on Hill’s three-element model, Murphy’s four-state cross-bridge chemical kinetic model and Huxley’s sliding-filament hypothesis, which are mainly used for arteries, are appropriate for numerical contraction numerical analysis of the large intestine.
KW  - virgin passive
KW  - strain energy function
KW  - smooth muscle contraction
KW  - viscoelasticity
KW  - damage
Y1  - 2022
U6  - http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomechanics2020013
SN  - 2673-7078
VL  - 2
IS  - 2
SP  - 138
EP  - 157
PB  - MDPI
CY  - Basel
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Conzen, Catharina
A1  - Albanna, Walid
A1  - Weiss, Miriam
A1  - Kürten, David
A1  - Vilser, Walthard
A1  - Kotliar, Konstantin
A1  - Zäske, Charlotte
A1  - Clusmann, Hans
A1  - Schubert, Gerrit Alexander
T1  - Vasoconstriction and Impairment of Neurovascular Coupling after Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: a Descriptive Analysis of Retinal Changes
JF  - Translational Stroke Research
N2  - Impaired cerebral autoregulation and neurovascular coupling (NVC) contribute to delayed cerebral ischemia after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Retinal vessel analysis (RVA) allows non-invasive assessment of vessel dimension and NVC hereby demonstrating a predictive value in the context of various neurovascular diseases. Using RVA as a translational approach, we aimed to assess the retinal vessels in patients with SAH. RVA was performed prospectively in 24 patients with acute SAH (group A: day 5–14), in 11 patients 3 months after ictus (group B: day 90 ± 35), and in 35 age-matched healthy controls (group C). Data was acquired using a Retinal Vessel Analyzer (Imedos Systems UG, Jena) for examination of retinal vessel dimension and NVC using flicker-light excitation. Diameter of retinal vessels—central retinal arteriolar and venular equivalent—was significantly reduced in the acute phase (p < 0.001) with gradual improvement in group B (p < 0.05). Arterial NVC of group A was significantly impaired with diminished dilatation (p < 0.001) and reduced area under the curve (p < 0.01) when compared to group C. Group B showed persistent prolonged latency of arterial dilation (p < 0.05). Venous NVC was significantly delayed after SAH compared to group C (A p < 0.001; B p < 0.05). To our knowledge, this is the first clinical study to document retinal vasoconstriction and impairment of NVC in patients with SAH. Using non-invasive RVA as a translational approach, characteristic patterns of compromise were detected for the arterial and venous compartment of the neurovascular unit in a time-dependent fashion. Recruitment will continue to facilitate a correlation analysis with clinical course and outcome.
Y1  - 2018
U6  - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12975-017-0585-8
SN  - 1868-601X
IS  - 9
SP  - 284
EP  - 293
PB  - Springer Nature
CY  - Cham
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - German, Laura
A1  - Mikucki, Jill A.
A1  - Welch, Susan A.
A1  - Welch, Kathleen A.
A1  - Lutton, Anthony
A1  - Dachwald, Bernd
A1  - Kowalski, Julia
A1  - Heinen, Dirk
A1  - Feldmann, Marco
A1  - Francke, Gero
A1  - Espe, Clemens
A1  - Lyons, W. Berry
T1  - Validation of sampling antarctic subglacial hypersaline waters with an electrothermal ice melting probe (IceMole) for environmental analytical geochemistry
JF  - International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry
N2  - Geochemical characterisation of hypersaline waters is difficult as high concentrations of salts hinder the analysis of constituents at low concentrations, such as trace metals, and the collection of samples for trace metal analysis in natural waters can be easily contaminated. This is particularly the case if samples are collected by non-conventional techniques such as those required for aquatic subglacial environments. In this paper we present the first analysis of a subglacial brine from Taylor Valley, (~ 78°S), Antarctica for the trace metals: Ba, Co, Mo, Rb, Sr, V, and U. Samples were collected englacially using an electrothermal melting probe called the IceMole. This probe uses differential heating of a copper head as well as the probe’s sidewalls and an ice screw at the melting head to move through glacier ice. Detailed blanks, meltwater, and subglacial brine samples were collected to evaluate the impact of the IceMole and the borehole pump, the melting and collection process, filtration, and storage on the geochemistry of the samples collected by this device. Comparisons between melt water profiles through the glacier ice and blank analysis, with published studies on ice geochemistry, suggest the potential for minor contributions of some species Rb, As, Co, Mn, Ni, NH4+, and NO2−+NO3− from the IceMole. The ability to conduct detailed chemical analyses of subglacial fluids collected with melting probes is critical for the future exploration of the hundreds of deep subglacial lakes in Antarctica.
Y1  - 2021
U6  - http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03067319.2019.1704750
SN  - 0306-7319
VL  - 101
IS  - 15
SP  - 2654
EP  - 2667
PB  - Taylor & Francis
CY  - London
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Zange, Jochen
A1  - Schopen, Kathrin
A1  - Albracht, Kirsten
A1  - Gerlach, Darius A.
A1  - Frings-Meuthen, Petra
A1  - Maffiuletti, Nicola A.
A1  - Bloch, Wilhelm
A1  - Rittweger, Jörn
T1  - Using the Hephaistos orthotic device to study countermeasure effectiveness of neuromuscular electrical stimulation and dietary lupin protein supplementation, a randomised controlled trial
JF  - Plos one
Y1  - 2017
U6  - http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0171562
VL  - 12
IS  - 2
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Garhofer, Gerhard
A1  - Bek, Toke
A1  - Boehm, Andreas G.
A1  - Gherghel, Doina
A1  - Grundwald, Juan
A1  - Jeppesen, Peter
A1  - Kergoat, Hélène
A1  - Kotliar, Konstantin
A1  - Lanzl, Ines
A1  - Lovasik, John V.
A1  - Nagel, Edgar
A1  - Vilser, Walthard
A1  - Orgul, Selim
A1  - Schmetterer, Leopold
T1  - Use of the retinal vessel analyzer in ocular blood flow research
JF  - Acta Ophthalmol
N2  - The present article describes a standard instrument for the continuous online determination of retinal vessel diameters, the commercially available retinal vessel analyzer. This report is intended to provide informed guidelines for measuring ocular blood flow with this system. The report describes the principles underlying the method and the instruments currently available, and discusses clinical protocol and the specific parameters measured by the system. Unresolved questions and the possible limitations of the technique are also discussed.
Y1  - 2010
U6  - http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-3768.2009.01587.x
SN  - 1755-3768
VL  - 88
IS  - 7
SP  - 717
EP  - 722
PB  - Wiley-Blackwell
CY  - Oxford
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Akimbekov, N. Sh.
A1  - Zhubanova, A. A.
A1  - Mansurov, Z. A.
A1  - Digel, Ilya
A1  - Artmann, Gerhard
A1  - Temiz Artmann, Aysegül
T1  - Use of Carbonized Rise Shell for the local treatment of wounds
JF  - Eurasian ChemTech Journal
N2  - On the model of musculocutaneous wound in rats, the effect of applicative sorption by carbonized rise shell (CRS) on the healing of festering wound was studied. It has been shown, that cytological changes end with rapid scar formation. The use of CRS at the period of severe purulent wound contributes to its favorable course, prevents the development of complications of the animals from sepsis.
Y1  - 2010
U6  - http://dx.doi.org/10.18321/ectj35
SN  - 2522-4867
VL  - 12
IS  - 2
SP  - 133
EP  - 138
PB  - Institute of Combustion Problems
CY  - Almaty
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Digel, Ilya
A1  - Akimbekov, N.
A1  - Turalieva, M.
A1  - Mansurov, Z.
A1  - Temiz Artmann, Aysegül
A1  - Eshibaev, A.
A1  - Zhubanova, A.
T1  - Usage of Carbonized Plant Wastes for Purification of Aqueous Solutions
JF  - Journal of Industrial Technology and Engineering
Y1  - 2013
VL  - 2
IS  - 07
SP  - 47
EP  - 54
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Seifarth, Volker
A1  - Schehl, D.
A1  - Linder, Peter
A1  - Gossmann, Matthias
A1  - Digel, Ilya
A1  - Artmann, Gerhard
A1  - Porst, Dariusz
A1  - Preiß, C.
A1  - Kayser, Peter
A1  - Pack, O.
A1  - Temiz Artmann, Aysegül
T1  - Ureplace: development of a bioreactor for in vitro culturing of cell seeded tubular vessels on collagen scaffolds
N2  - The demand of replacements for inoperable organs exceeds the amount of available organ transplants. Therefore, tissue engineering developed as a multidisciplinary field of research for autologous in-vitro organs. Such three dimensional tissue constructs request the application of a bioreactor. The UREPLACE bioreactor is used to grow cells on tubular collagen scaffolds OPTIMAIX Sponge 1 with a maximal length of 7 cm, in order to culture in vitro an adequate ureter replacement. With a rotating unit, (urothelial) cells can be placed homogeneously on the inner scaffold surface. Furthermore, a stimulation is combined with this bioreactor resulting in an orientation of muscle cells. These culturing methods request a precise control of several parameters and actuators. A combination of a LabBox and the suitable software LabVision is used to set and conduct parameters like rotation angles, velocities, pressures and other important cell culture values. The bioreactor was tested waterproof successfully. Furthermore, the temperature controlling was adjusted to 37 °C and the CO2 - concentration regulated to 5 %. Additionally, the pH step responses of several substances showed a perfect functioning of the designed flow chamber. All used software was tested and remained stable for several days.
KW  - Tissue Engineering
KW  - Bioreaktor
KW  - Organkultur
KW  - Harnleiter
Y1  - 2011
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Tran, Thanh Ngoc
A1  - Kreißig, R.
A1  - Vu, Duc Khoi
A1  - Staat, Manfred
T1  - Upper bound limit and shakedown analysis of shells using the exact Ilyushin yield surface
JF  - Computer & Structures. 86 (2008)
Y1  - 2008
SN  - 0045-7949
SP  - 1683
EP  - 1695
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Seynnes, O. R.
A1  - Bojsen-Moller, J.
A1  - Albracht, Kirsten
A1  - Arndt, A.
A1  - Cronin, N. J.
A1  - Finni, T.
A1  - Magnusson, S. P.
T1  - Ultrasound-based testing of tendon mechanical properties: a critical evaluation
JF  - Journal of Applied Physiology
Y1  - 2015
U6  - http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00849.2014
SN  - 8750-7587
VL  - 118
IS  - 2
SP  - 133
EP  - 141
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Werkhausen, Amelie
A1  - Cronin, Neil J.
A1  - Albracht, Kirsten
A1  - Paulsen, Gøran
A1  - Larsen, Askild V.
A1  - Bojsen-Møller, Jens
A1  - Seynnes, Olivier R.
T1  - Training-induced increase in Achilles tendon stiffness affects tendon strain pattern during running
JF  - PeerJ
N2  - Background
During the stance phase of running, the elasticity of the Achilles tendon enables the utilisation of elastic energy and allows beneficial contractile conditions for the triceps surae muscles. However, the effect of changes in tendon mechanical properties induced by chronic loading is still poorly understood. We tested the hypothesis that a training-induced increase in Achilles tendon stiffness would result in reduced tendon strain during the stance phase of running, which would reduce fascicle strains in the triceps surae muscles, particularly in the mono-articular soleus.
Methods 
Eleven subjects were assigned to a training group performing isometric singleleg plantarflexion contractions three times per week for ten weeks, and another ten subjects formed a control group. Before and after the training period, Achilles tendon stiffness was estimated, and muscle-tendon mechanics were assessed during running at preferred speed using ultrasonography, kinematics and kinetics.
Results 
Achilles tendon stiffness increased by 18% (P <0:01) in the training group, but the associated reduction in strain seen during isometric contractions was not statistically significant. Tendon elongation during the stance phase of running was similar after training, but tendon recoil was reduced by 30% (P <0:01), while estimated tendon force remained unchanged. Neither gastrocnemius medialis nor soleus fascicle shortening during stance was affected by training.
Discussion 
These results show that a training-induced increase in Achilles tendon
stiffness altered tendon behaviour during running. Despite training-induced changes in tendon mechanical properties and recoil behaviour, the data suggest that fascicle shortening patterns were preserved for the running speed that we examined. The asymmetrical changes in tendon strain patterns supports the notion that simple inseries models do not fully explain the mechanical output of the muscle-tendon unit during a complex task like running.
KW  - Achilles tendon
KW  - Stiffness
KW  - Running
KW  - Tendon properties
KW  - Architectural gear ratio
Y1  - 2019
U6  - http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.6764
SN  - 21678359
PB  - Peer
CY  - London
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Behbahani, Mehdi
A1  - Behr, Marek
A1  - Nicolai, Mike
A1  - Probst, Markus
T1  - Towards Shape Optimization for Ventricular Assist Devices Using Parallel Stabilized FEM
JF  - NIC Symposium 2008 : symposium, 20 - 21 February 2008, Forschungszentrum Jülich ; proceedings / organized by John von Neumann Institute for Computing. Ed. by Gernot Münster; Dietrich Wolf; Manfred Kremer (ed.)
Y1  - 2008
SN  - 978-3-9810843-5-1
N1  - NIC series ; 39
SP  - 325
EP  - 332
PB  - Forschungszentrum
CY  - Jülich
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Stadler, Andreas M.
A1  - Garvey, G. J.
A1  - Bocahut, A.
A1  - Sacquin-Mora, S.
A1  - Digel, Ilya
A1  - Schneider, G. J.
A1  - Natali, F.
A1  - Artmann, Gerhard
A1  - Zaccai, G.
T1  - Thermal fluctuations of haemoglobin from different species : adaptation to temperature via conformational dynamics
JF  - Journal of the Royal Society Interface
N2  - Thermodynamic stability, configurational motions and internal forces of haemoglobin (Hb) of three endotherms (platypus, Ornithorhynchus anatinus; domestic chicken, Gallus gallus domesticus and human, Homo sapiens) and an ectotherm (salt water crocodile, Crocodylus porosus) were investigated using circular dichroism, incoherent elastic neutron scattering and coarse-grained Brownian dynamics simulations. The experimental results from Hb solutions revealed a direct correlation between protein resilience, melting temperature and average body temperature of the different species on the 0.1 ns time scale. Molecular forces appeared to be adapted to permit conformational fluctuations with a root mean square displacement close to 1.2 Å at the corresponding average body temperature of the endotherms. Strong forces within crocodile Hb maintain the amplitudes of motion within a narrow limit over the entire temperature range in which the animal lives. In fully hydrated powder samples of human and chicken, Hb mean square displacements and effective force constants on the 1 ns time scale showed no differences over the whole temperature range from 10 to 300 K, in contrast to the solution case. A complementary result of the study, therefore, is that one hydration layer is not sufficient to activate all conformational fluctuations of Hb in the pico- to nanosecond time scale which might be relevant for biological function. Coarse-grained Brownian dynamics simulations permitted to explore residue-specific effects. They indicated that temperature sensing of human and chicken Hb occurs mainly at residues lining internal cavities in the β-subunits.
Y1  - 2012
U6  - http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2012.0364
SN  - 1742-5689
VL  - 9
IS  - 76
SP  - 2845
EP  - 2855
PB  - The Royal Society
CY  - London
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Ciobanu, Octavian
A1  - Staat, Manfred
A1  - Rahimi, Alireza
T1  - The use of open source software in biomechanical finite element analysis
JF  - Buletinul Institutului Politehnic din Iaşi / Universitatea Tehnică Gh. Asachi, Iaşi Secţia 5, Construcţii de maşini = Machine construction = Bulletin of the Polytechnic Institute of Jassy = Izvestija Jasskogo Politechničeskogo Instituta
Y1  - 2008
SN  - 1011-2855
VL  - 54
IS  - 7/8
SP  - 213
EP  - 220
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Zhubanova, Azhar A.
A1  - Digel, Ilya
A1  - Nojima, H.
A1  - Artmann, Gerhard
T1  - The use of bactericidal effects of cluster ions generated by plasma in medical biotechnology
N2  - The most of conventional methods of air purification use the power of a fan to draw in air and pass it through a filter. The problem of bacterial contamination of inner parts of such a type of air conditioners in some cases draws attention towards alternative air-cleaning systems. Some manufacturers offer to use the ozone's bactericidal and deodorizing effects, but the wide spreading of such systems is restricted by the fact that toxic effects of ozone in respect of human beings are well known. In 2000 Sharp Inc. introduced "Plasma Cluster Ions (PCI)" air purification technology, which uses plasma discharge to generate cluster ions (I 0-14 ). This technology has been developed for those customers that are conscious about health and hygiene. In our experiments, we focused on some principal aspects of plasma-generated ions application - time-dependency and irreversibility of bactericidal action, spatial and kinetic characteristics of emitted cluster particles, their chemical targets in the microbial cells.
KW  - Clusterion
KW  - Raumluft
KW  - Luftreiniger
KW  - Plasmacluster ion technology
KW  - Air purification
Y1  - 2007
ER  -