TY  - JOUR
A1  - Ringers, Christa
A1  - Bialonski, Stephan
A1  - Ege, Mert
A1  - Solovev, Anton
A1  - Hansen, Jan Niklas
A1  - Jeong, Inyoung
A1  - Friedrich, Benjamin M.
A1  - Jurisch-Yaksi, Nathalie
T1  - Novel analytical tools reveal that local synchronization of cilia coincides with tissue-scale metachronal waves in zebrafish multiciliated epithelia
JF  - eLife
N2  - Motile cilia are hair-like cell extensions that beat periodically to generate fluid flow along various epithelial tissues within the body. In dense multiciliated carpets, cilia were shown to exhibit a remarkable coordination of their beat in the form of traveling metachronal waves, a phenomenon which supposedly enhances fluid transport. Yet, how cilia coordinate their regular beat in multiciliated epithelia to move fluids remains insufficiently understood, particularly due to lack of rigorous quantification. We combine experiments, novel analysis tools, and theory to address this knowledge gap. To investigate collective dynamics of cilia, we studied zebrafish multiciliated epithelia in the nose and the brain. We focused mainly on the zebrafish nose, due to its conserved properties with other ciliated tissues and its superior accessibility for non-invasive imaging. We revealed that cilia are synchronized only locally and that the size of local synchronization domains increases with the viscosity of the surrounding medium. Even though synchronization is local only, we observed global patterns of traveling metachronal waves across the zebrafish multiciliated epithelium. Intriguingly, these global wave direction patterns are conserved across individual fish, but different for left and right noses, unveiling a chiral asymmetry of metachronal coordination. To understand the implications of synchronization for fluid pumping, we used a computational model of a regular array of cilia. We found that local metachronal synchronization prevents steric collisions, i.e., cilia colliding with each other, and improves fluid pumping in dense cilia carpets, but hardly affects the direction of fluid flow. In conclusion, we show that local synchronization together with tissue-scale cilia alignment coincide and generate metachronal wave patterns in multiciliated epithelia, which enhance their physiological function of fluid pumping.
Y1  - 2023
U6  - http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.77701
SN  - 2050-084X
VL  - 12
PB  - eLife Sciences Publications
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Ayala, Rafael Ceja
A1  - Harris, Isaac
A1  - Kleefeld, Andreas
A1  - Pallikarakis, Nikolaos
T1  - Analysis of the transmission eigenvalue problem with two conductivity parameters
JF  - Applicable Analysis
N2  - In this paper, we provide an analytical study of the transmission eigenvalue problem with two conductivity parameters. We will assume that the underlying physical model is given by the scattering of a plane wave for an isotropic scatterer. In previous studies, this eigenvalue problem was analyzed with one conductive boundary parameter whereas we will consider the case of two parameters. We prove the existence and discreteness of the transmission eigenvalues as well as study the dependence on the physical parameters. We are able to prove monotonicity of the first transmission eigenvalue with respect to the parameters and consider the limiting procedure as the second boundary parameter vanishes. Lastly, we provide extensive numerical experiments to validate the theoretical work.
KW  - Transmission Eigenvalues
KW  - Conductive Boundary Condition
KW  - Inverse Scattering
Y1  - 2023
U6  - http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00036811.2023.2181167
SN  - 0003-6811
PB  - Taylor & Francis
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Gaigall, Daniel
A1  - Gerstenberg, Julian
T1  - Cramér-von-Mises tests for the distribution of the excess over a confidence level
JF  - Journal of Nonparametric Statistics
N2  - The Cramér-von-Mises distance is applied to the distribution of the excess over a confidence level. Asymptotics of related statistics are investigated, and it is seen that the obtained limit distributions differ from the classical ones. For that reason, quantiles of the new limit distributions are given and new bootstrap techniques for approximation purposes are introduced and justified. The results motivate new one-sample goodness-of-fit tests for the distribution of the excess over a confidence level and a new confidence interval for the related fitting error. Simulation studies investigate size and power of the tests as well as coverage probabilities of the confidence interval in the finite sample case. A practice-oriented application of the Cramér-von-Mises tests is the determination of an appropriate confidence level for the fitting approach. The adoption of the idea to the well-known problem of threshold detection in the context of peaks over threshold modelling is sketched and illustrated by data examples.
KW  - Cramér-von-Mises test
KW  - conditional excess distribution
KW  - confidence interval
KW  - goodness-of-fit test
Y1  - 2023
U6  - http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10485252.2023.2173958
SN  - 1048-5252 (Print)
SN  - 1029-0311 (Online)
PB  - Taylor & Francis
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Liphardt, Anna-Maria
A1  - Fernandez-Gonzalo, Rodrigo
A1  - Albracht, Kirsten
A1  - Rittweger, Jörn
A1  - Vico, Laurence
T1  - Musculoskeletal research in human space flight – unmet needs for the success of crewed deep space exploration
JF  - npj Microgravity
N2  - Based on the European Space Agency (ESA) Science in Space Environment (SciSpacE) community White Paper “Human Physiology – Musculoskeletal system”, this perspective highlights unmet needs and suggests new avenues for future studies in musculoskeletal research to enable crewed exploration missions. The musculoskeletal system is essential for sustaining physical function and energy metabolism, and the maintenance of health during exploration missions, and consequently mission success, will be tightly linked to musculoskeletal function. Data collection from current space missions from pre-, during-, and post-flight periods would provide important information to understand and ultimately offset musculoskeletal alterations during long-term spaceflight. In addition, understanding the kinetics of the different components of the musculoskeletal system in parallel with a detailed description of the molecular mechanisms driving these alterations appears to be the best approach to address potential musculoskeletal problems that future exploratory-mission crew will face. These research efforts should be accompanied by technical advances in molecular and phenotypic monitoring tools to provide in-flight real-time feedback.
Y1  - 2023
U6  - http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41526-023-00258-3
SN  - 2373-8065
VL  - 9
IS  - Article number: 9
SP  - 1
EP  - 9
PB  - Springer Nature
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Gaigall, Daniel
ED  - AitSahlia, Farid
T1  - Allocating and forecasting changes in risk
JF  - Journal of risk
N2  - We consider time-dependent portfolios and discuss the allocation of changes in the risk of a portfolio to changes in the portfolio’s components. For this purpose we adopt established allocation principles. We also use our approach to obtain forecasts for changes in the risk of the portfolio’s components. To put the approach into practice we present an implementation based on the output of a simulation. Allocation is illustrated with an example portfolio in the context of Solvency II. The quality of the forecasts is investigated with an empirical study.
KW  - portfolio risk
KW  - allocation
KW  - forecast
KW  - covariance principle
KW  - conditional expectation principle
Y1  - 2023
U6  - http://dx.doi.org/10.21314/JOR.2022.048
SN  - 1755-2842
SN  - 1465-1211
VL  - 25
IS  - 3
SP  - 1
EP  - 24
PB  - Infopro Digital Risk
CY  - London
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Gaigall, Daniel
T1  - On the applicability of several tests to models with not identically distributed random effects
JF  - Statistics : A Journal of Theoretical and Applied Statistics
N2  - We consider Kolmogorov–Smirnov and Cramér–von-Mises type tests for testing central symmetry, exchangeability, and independence. In the standard case, the tests are intended for the application to independent and identically distributed data with unknown distribution. The tests are available for multivariate data and bootstrap procedures are suitable to obtain critical values. We discuss the applicability of the tests to random effects models, where the random effects are independent but not necessarily identically distributed and with possibly unknown distributions. Theoretical results show the adequacy of the tests in this situation. The quality of the tests in models with random effects is investigated by simulations. Empirical results obtained confirm the theoretical findings. A real data example illustrates the application.
KW  - central symmetry test
KW  - exchangeability test
KW  - independence test
KW  - random effects
KW  - not identically distributed
Y1  - 2023
SN  - 0323-3944
U6  - http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02331888.2023.2193748
SN  - 1029-4910
VL  - 57
PB  - Taylor & Francis
CY  - London
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Rübbelke, Dirk
A1  - Vögele, Stefan
A1  - Grajewski, Matthias
A1  - Zobel, Luzy
T1  - Cross border adjustment mechanism: Initial data for the assessment of hydrogen-based steel production
JF  - Data in Brief
N2  - Ambitious climate targets affect the competitiveness of industries in the international market. To prevent such industries from moving to other countries in the wake of increased climate protection efforts, cost adjustments may become necessary. Their design requires knowledge of country-specific production costs. Here, we present country-specific cost figures for different production routes of steel, paying particular attention to transportation costs. The data can be used in floor price models aiming to assess the competitiveness of different steel production routes in different countries (Rübbelke, 2022).
KW  - Energy-intensive industry
KW  - Steel industry
KW  - Competitiveness
KW  - Floor prices
KW  - Cross border adjustment mechanism
Y1  - 2023
U6  - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2023.108907
SN  - 2352-3409
VL  - 47
IS  - Article 108907
SP  - 1
EP  - 5
PB  - Elsevier
CY  - Amsterdam
ER  - 
TY  - CHAP
A1  - Maurer, Florian
A1  - Miskiw, Kim K.
A1  - Acosta, Rebeca Ramirez
A1  - Harder, Nick
A1  - Sander, Volker
A1  - Lehnhoff, Sebastian
ED  - Jorgensen, Bo Norregaard
ED  - Pereira da Silva, Luiz Carlos
ED  - Ma, Zheng
T1  - Market abstraction of energy markets and policies - application in an agent-based modeling toolbox
T2  - EI.A 2023: Energy Informatics
N2  - In light of emerging challenges in energy systems, markets are prone to changing dynamics and market design. Simulation models are commonly used to understand the changing dynamics of future electricity markets. However, existing market models were often created with specific use cases in mind, which limits their flexibility and usability. This can impose challenges for using a single model to compare different market designs. This paper introduces a new method of defining market designs for energy market simulations. The proposed concept makes it easy to incorporate different market designs into electricity market models by using relevant parameters derived from analyzing existing simulation tools, morphological categorization and ontologies. These parameters are then used to derive a market abstraction and integrate it into an agent-based simulation framework, allowing for a unified analysis of diverse market designs. Furthermore, we showcase the usability of integrating new types of long-term contracts and over-the-counter trading. To validate this approach, two case studies are demonstrated: a pay-as-clear market and a pay-as-bid long-term market. These examples demonstrate the capabilities of the proposed framework.
KW  - Energy market design
KW  - Agent-based simulation
KW  - Market modeling
Y1  - 2023
SN  - 978-3-031-48651-7 (Print)
SN  - 978-3-031-48652-4 (eBook)
U6  - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-48652-4_10
N1  - Energy Informatics Academy Conference, 6-8 December 23, Campinas, Brazil.
N1  - Part of the Lecture Notes in Computer Science book series (LNCS,volume 14468).
SP  - 139
EP  - 157
PB  - Springer
CY  - Cham
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Vögele, Stefan
A1  - Josyabhatla, Vishnu Teja
A1  - Ball, Christopher
A1  - Rhoden, Imke
A1  - Grajewski, Matthias
A1  - Rübbelke, Dirk
A1  - Kuckshinrichs, Wilhelm
T1  - Robust assessment of energy scenarios from stakeholders' perspectives
JF  - Energy
N2  - Using scenarios is vital in identifying and specifying measures for successfully transforming the energy system. Such transformations can be particularly challenging and require the support of a broader set of stakeholders. Otherwise, there will be opposition in the form of reluctance to adopt the necessary technologies. Usually, processes for considering stakeholders' perspectives are very time-consuming and costly. In particular, there are uncertainties about how to deal with modifications in the scenarios. In principle, new consulting processes will be required. In our study, we show how multi-criteria decision analysis can be used to analyze stakeholders' attitudes toward transition paths. Since stakeholders differ regarding their preferences and time horizons, we employ a multi-criteria decision analysis approach to identify which stakeholders will support or oppose a transition path. We provide a flexible template for analyzing stakeholder preferences toward transition paths. This flexibility comes from the fact that our multi-criteria decision aid-based approach does not involve intensive empirical work with stakeholders. Instead, it involves subjecting assumptions to robustness analysis, which can help identify options to influence stakeholders' attitudes toward transitions.
Y1  - 2023
U6  - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2023.128326
SN  - 1873-6785 (Online)
SN  - 0360-5442 (Print)
IS  - In Press, Article 128326
PB  - Elsevier
CY  - Amsterdam
ER  - 
TY  - CHAP
A1  - Büsgen, André
A1  - Klöser, Lars
A1  - Kohl, Philipp
A1  - Schmidts, Oliver
A1  - Kraft, Bodo
A1  - Zündorf, Albert
ED  - Cuzzocrea, Alfredo
ED  - Gusikhin, Oleg
ED  - Hammoudi, Slimane
ED  - Quix, Christoph
T1  - From cracked accounts to fake IDs: user profiling on German telegram black market channels
T2  - Data Management Technologies and Applications
N2  - Messenger apps like WhatsApp and Telegram are frequently used for everyday communication, but they can also be utilized as a platform for illegal activity. Telegram allows public groups with up to 200.000 participants. Criminals use these public groups for trading illegal commodities and services, which becomes a concern for law enforcement agencies, who manually monitor suspicious activity in these chat rooms. This research demonstrates how natural language processing (NLP) can assist in analyzing these chat rooms, providing an explorative overview of the domain and facilitating purposeful analyses of user behavior. We provide a publicly available corpus of annotated text messages with entities and relations from four self-proclaimed black market chat rooms. Our pipeline approach aggregates the extracted product attributes from user messages to profiles and uses these with their sold products as features for clustering. The extracted structured information is the foundation for further data exploration, such as identifying the top vendors or fine-granular price analyses. Our evaluation shows that pretrained word vectors perform better for unsupervised clustering than state-of-the-art transformer models, while the latter is still superior for sequence labeling.
KW  - Clustering
KW  - Natural language processing
KW  - Information extraction
KW  - Profile extraction
KW  - Text mining
Y1  - 2023
SN  - 978-3-031-37889-8 (Print)
SN  - 978-3-031-37890-4 (Online)
U6  - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-37890-4_9
N1  - 10th International Conference, DATA 2021, Virtual Event, July 6–8, 2021, and 11th International Conference, DATA 2022, Lisbon, Portugal, July 11-13, 2022
SP  - 176
EP  - 202
PB  - Springer
CY  - Cham
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Heieis, Jule
A1  - Böcker, Jonas
A1  - D'Angelo, Olfa
A1  - Mittag, Uwe
A1  - Albracht, Kirsten
A1  - Schönau, Eckhard
A1  - Meyer, Andreas
A1  - Voigtmann, Thomas
A1  - Rittweger, Jörn
T1  - Curvature of gastrocnemius muscle fascicles as function of muscle–tendon complex length and contraction in humans
JF  - Physiological Reports
N2  - It has been shown that muscle fascicle curvature increases with increasing contraction level and decreasing muscle–tendon complex length. The analyses were done with limited examination windows concerning contraction level, muscle–tendon complex length, and/or intramuscular position of ultrasound imaging. With this study we aimed to investigate the correlation between fascicle arching and contraction, muscle–tendon complex length and their associated architectural parameters in gastrocnemius muscles to develop hypotheses concerning the fundamental mechanism of fascicle curving. Twelve participants were tested in five different positions (90°/105°*, 90°/90°*, 135°/90°*, 170°/90°*, and 170°/75°*; *knee/ankle angle). They performed isometric contractions at four different contraction levels (5%, 25%, 50%, and 75% of maximum voluntary contraction) in each position. Panoramic ultrasound images of gastrocnemius muscles were collected at rest and during constant contraction. Aponeuroses and fascicles were tracked in all ultrasound images and the parameters fascicle curvature, muscle–tendon complex strain, contraction level, pennation angle, fascicle length, fascicle strain, intramuscular position, sex and age group were analyzed by linear mixed effect models. Mean fascicle curvature of the medial gastrocnemius increased with contraction level (+5 m−1 from 0% to 100%; p = 0.006). Muscle–tendon complex length had no significant impact on mean fascicle curvature. Mean pennation angle (2.2 m−1 per 10°; p < 0.001), inverse mean fascicle length (20 m−1 per cm−1; p = 0.003), and mean fascicle strain (−0.07 m−1 per +10%; p = 0.004) correlated with mean fascicle curvature. Evidence has also been found for intermuscular, intramuscular, and sex-specific intramuscular differences of fascicle curving. Pennation angle and the inverse fascicle length show the highest predictive capacities for fascicle curving. Due to the strong correlations between pennation angle and fascicle curvature and the intramuscular pattern of curving we suggest for future studies to examine correlations between fascicle curvature and intramuscular fluid pressure.
KW  - biomechanics
KW  - connective tissue
KW  - physiology
KW  - ultrasound
Y1  - 2023
U6  - http://dx.doi.org/10.14814/phy2.15739
SN  - 2051-817X
VL  - 11
IS  - 11
SP  - e15739, Seite 1-11
PB  - Wiley
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Janus, Kevin Alexander
A1  - Achtsnicht, Stefan
A1  - Tempel, Laura
A1  - Drinic, Aleksaner
A1  - Kopp, Alexander
A1  - Keusgen, Michael
A1  - Schöning, Michael Josef
T1  - Influence of fibroin membrane composition and curing parameters on the performance of a biodegradable enzymatic biosensor manufactured from Silicon-Free Carbon
JF  - Physica status solidi : pss. A, Applications and materials science
N2  - Herein, fibroin, polylactide (PLA), and carbon are investigated for their suitability as biocompatible and biodegradable materials for amperometric biosensors. For this purpose, screen-printed carbon electrodes on the biodegradable substrates fibroin and PLA are modified with a glucose oxidase membrane and then encapsulated with the biocompatible material Ecoflex. The influence of different curing parameters of the carbon electrodes on the resulting biosensor characteristics is studied. The morphology of the electrodes is investigated by scanning electron microscopy, and the biosensor performance is examined by amperometric measurements of glucose (0.5–10 mM) in phosphate buffer solution, pH 7.4, at an applied potential of 1.2 V versus a Ag/AgCl reference electrode. Instead of Ecoflex, fibroin, PLA, and wound adhesive are tested as alternative encapsulation compounds: a series of swelling tests with different fibroin compositions, PLA, and Ecoflex has been performed before characterizing the most promising candidates by chronoamperometry. Therefore, the carbon electrodes are completely covered with the particular encapsulation material. Chronoamperometric measurements with H2O2 concentrations between 0.5 and 10 mM enable studying the leakage current behavior.
KW  - amperometric biosensors
KW  - biocompatible
KW  - biodegradabl
KW  - encapsulation materials
KW  - fibroin
Y1  - 2023
U6  - http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pssa.202300081
SN  - 1862-6300 (Print)
SN  - 1862-6319 (Online)
N1  - Corresponding author: Michael J. Schöning
VL  - 220
IS  - 22
PB  - Wiley-VCH
CY  - Weinheim
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Kuchler, Timon
A1  - Günthner, Roman
A1  - Ribeiro, Andrea
A1  - Hausinger, Renate
A1  - Streese, Lukas
A1  - Wöhnl, Anna
A1  - Kesseler, Veronika
A1  - Negele, Johanna
A1  - Assali, Tarek
A1  - Carbajo-Lozoya, Javier
A1  - Lech, Maciej
A1  - Adorjan, Kristina
A1  - Stubbe, Hans Christian
A1  - Hanssen, Henner
A1  - Kotliar, Konstantin
A1  - Haller, Berhard
A1  - Heemann, Uwe
A1  - Schmaderer, Christoph
T1  - Persistent endothelial dysfunction in post-COVID-19 syndrome and its associations with symptom severity and chronic inflammation
N2  - Background
Post-COVID-19 syndrome (PCS) is a lingering disease with ongoing symptoms such as fatigue and cognitive impairment resulting in a high impact on the daily life of patients. Understanding the pathophysiology of PCS is a public health priority, as it still poses a diagnostic and treatment challenge for physicians.

Methods
In this prospective observational cohort study, we analyzed the retinal microcirculation using Retinal Vessel Analysis (RVA) in a cohort of patients with PCS and compared it to an age- and gender-matched healthy cohort (n = 41, matched out of n = 204).

Measurements and main results
PCS patients exhibit persistent endothelial dysfunction (ED), as indicated by significantly lower venular flicker-induced dilation (vFID; 3.42% ± 1.77% vs. 4.64% ± 2.59%; p = 0.02), narrower central retinal artery equivalent (CRAE; 178.1 [167.5–190.2] vs. 189.1 [179.4–197.2], p = 0.01) and lower arteriolar-venular ratio (AVR; (0.84 [0.8–0.9] vs. 0.88 [0.8–0.9], p = 0.007). When combining AVR and vFID, predicted scores reached good ability to discriminate groups (area under the curve: 0.75). Higher PCS severity scores correlated with lower AVR (R = − 0.37 p = 0.017). The association of microvascular changes with PCS severity were amplified in PCS patients exhibiting higher levels of inflammatory parameters.

Conclusion
Our results demonstrate that prolonged endothelial dysfunction is a hallmark of PCS, and impairments of the microcirculation seem to explain ongoing symptoms in patients. As potential therapies for PCS emerge, RVA parameters may become relevant as clinical biomarkers for diagnosis and therapy management.
KW  - Endothelial dysfunction
KW  - Long COVID
KW  - Post-COVID-19 syndrome
KW  - retinal microvasculature
Y1  - 2023
U6  - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10456-023-09885-6
N1  - Corresponding author: Christoph Schmaderer
VL  - 26
SP  - 547
EP  - 563
PB  - Springer Nature
CY  - Dordrecht
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Grajewski, Matthias
A1  - Kleefeld, Andreas
T1  - Detecting and approximating decision boundaries in low-dimensional spaces
JF  - Numerical Algorithms
N2  - A method for detecting and approximating fault lines or surfaces, respectively, or decision curves in two and three dimensions with guaranteed accuracy is presented. Reformulated as a classification problem, our method starts from a set of scattered points along with the corresponding classification algorithm to construct a representation of a decision curve by points with prescribed maximal distance to the true decision curve. Hereby, our algorithm ensures that the representing point set covers the decision curve in its entire extent and features local refinement based on the geometric properties of the decision curve. We demonstrate applications of our method to problems related to the detection of faults, to multi-criteria decision aid and, in combination with Kirsch’s factorization method, to solving an inverse acoustic scattering problem. In all applications we considered in this work, our method requires significantly less pointwise classifications than previously employed algorithms.
KW  - MCDA
KW  - Inverse scattering problem
KW  - Fault approximation
KW  - Fault detection
Y1  - 2023
SN  - 1572-9265
N1  - Corresponding author: Matthias Grajewski
VL  - 93
IS  - 4
PB  - Springer Science+Business Media
CY  - Dordrecht
ER  - 
TY  - CHAP
A1  - Kohl, Philipp
A1  - Freyer, Nils
A1  - Krämer, Yoka
A1  - Werth, Henri
A1  - Wolf, Steffen
A1  - Kraft, Bodo
A1  - Meinecke, Matthias
A1  - Zündorf, Albert
ED  - Conte, Donatello
ED  - Fred, Ana
ED  - Gusikhin, Oleg
ED  - Sansone, Carlo
T1  - ALE: a simulation-based active learning evaluation framework for the parameter-driven comparison of query strategies for NLP
T2  - Deep Learning Theory and Applications. DeLTA 2023. Communications in Computer and Information Science
N2  - Supervised machine learning and deep learning require a large amount of labeled data, which data scientists obtain in a manual, and time-consuming annotation process. To mitigate this challenge, Active Learning (AL) proposes promising data points to annotators they annotate next instead of a subsequent or random sample. This method is supposed to save annotation effort while maintaining model performance.

However, practitioners face many AL strategies for different tasks and need an empirical basis to choose between them. Surveys categorize AL strategies into taxonomies without performance indications. Presentations of novel AL strategies compare the performance to a small subset of strategies. Our contribution addresses the empirical basis by introducing a reproducible active learning evaluation (ALE) framework for the comparative evaluation of AL strategies in NLP.

The framework allows the implementation of AL strategies with low effort and a fair data-driven comparison through defining and tracking experiment parameters (e.g., initial dataset size, number of data points per query step, and the budget). ALE helps practitioners to make more informed decisions, and researchers can focus on developing new, effective AL strategies and deriving best practices for specific use cases. With best practices, practitioners can lower their annotation costs. We present a case study to illustrate how to use the framework.
KW  - Active learning
KW  - Query learning
KW  - Natural language processing
KW  - Deep learning
KW  - Reproducible research
Y1  - 2023
SN  - 978-3-031-39058-6 (Print)
SN  - 978-3-031-39059-3 (Online)
U6  - http://dx.doi.org/978-3-031-39059-3
N1  - 4th International Conference, DeLTA 2023, Rome, Italy, July 13–14, 2023.
SP  - 235
EP  - 253
PB  - Springer
CY  - Cham
ER  - 
TY  - CHAP
A1  - Klöser, Lars
A1  - Büsgen, André
A1  - Kohl, Philipp
A1  - Kraft, Bodo
A1  - Zündorf, Albert
ED  - Conte, Donatello
ED  - Fred, Ana
ED  - Gusikhin, Oleg
ED  - Sansone, Carlo
T1  - Explaining relation classification models with semantic extents
T2  - DeLTA 2023: Deep Learning Theory and Applications
N2  - In recent years, the development of large pretrained language models, such as BERT and GPT, significantly improved information extraction systems on various tasks, including relation classification. State-of-the-art systems are highly accurate on scientific benchmarks. A lack of explainability is currently a complicating factor in many real-world applications. Comprehensible systems are necessary to prevent biased, counterintuitive, or harmful decisions.

We introduce semantic extents, a concept to analyze decision patterns for the relation classification task. Semantic extents are the most influential parts of texts concerning classification decisions. Our definition allows similar procedures to determine semantic extents for humans and models. We provide an annotation tool and a software framework to determine semantic extents for humans and models conveniently and reproducibly. Comparing both reveals that models tend to learn shortcut patterns from data. These patterns are hard to detect with current interpretability methods, such as input reductions. Our approach can help detect and eliminate spurious decision patterns during model development. Semantic extents can increase the reliability and security of natural language processing systems. Semantic extents are an essential step in enabling applications in critical areas like healthcare or finance. Moreover, our work opens new research directions for developing methods to explain deep learning models.
KW  - Relation classification
KW  - Natural language processing
KW  - Natural language understanding
KW  - Information extraction
KW  - Trustworthy artificial intelligence
Y1  - 2023
SN  - 978-3-031-39058-6 (Print)
SN  - 978-3-031-39059-3 (Online)
U6  - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-39059-3_13
N1  - 4th International Conference, DeLTA 2023, Rome, Italy, July 13–14, 2023.
SP  - 189
EP  - 208
PB  - Springer
CY  - Cham
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Waldvogel, Janice
A1  - Freyler, Kathrin
A1  - Helm, Michael
A1  - Monti, Elena
A1  - Stäudle, Benjamin
A1  - Gollhofer, Albert
A1  - Narici, Marco V.
A1  - Ritzmann, Ramona
A1  - Albracht, Kirsten
T1  - Changes in gravity affect neuromuscular control, biomechanics, and muscle-tendon mechanics in energy storage and dissipation tasks
JF  - Journal of Applied Physiology
N2  - This study evaluates neuromechanical control and muscle-tendon interaction during energy storage and dissipation tasks in hypergravity. During parabolic flights, while 17 subjects performed drop jumps (DJs) and drop landings (DLs), electromyography (EMG) of the lower limb muscles was combined with in vivo fascicle dynamics of the gastrocnemius medialis, two-dimensional (2D) kinematics, and kinetics to measure and analyze changes in energy management. Comparisons were made between movement modalities executed in hypergravity (1.8 G) and gravity on ground (1 G). In 1.8 G, ankle dorsiflexion, knee joint flexion, and vertical center of mass (COM) displacement are lower in DJs than in DLs; within each movement modality, joint flexion amplitudes and COM displacement demonstrate higher values in 1.8 G than in 1 G. Concomitantly, negative peak ankle joint power, vertical ground reaction forces, and leg stiffness are similar between both movement modalities (1.8 G). In DJs, EMG activity in 1.8 G is lower during the COM deceleration phase than in 1 G, thus impairing quasi-isometric fascicle behavior. In DLs, EMG activity before and during the COM deceleration phase is higher, and fascicles are stretched less in 1.8 G than in 1 G. Compared with the situation in 1 G, highly task-specific neuromuscular activity is diminished in 1.8 G, resulting in fascicle lengthening in both movement modalities. Specifically, in DJs, a high magnitude of neuromuscular activity is impaired, resulting in altered energy storage. In contrast, in DLs, linear stiffening of the system due to higher neuromuscular activity combined with lower fascicle stretch enhances the buffering function of the tendon, and thus the capacity to safely dissipate energy.
KW  - electromyography
KW  - locomotion
KW  - overload
KW  - stretch-shortening cycle
KW  - ultrasound
Y1  - 2023
U6  - http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00279.2022
SN  - 1522-1601 (Onlineausgabe)
SN  - 8750-7587 (Druckausgabe)
VL  - 134
IS  - 1
SP  - 190
EP  - 202
PB  - American Physiological Society
CY  - Bethesda, Md.
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Rhoden, Imke
A1  - Ball, Christopher Stephen
A1  - Grajewski, Matthias
A1  - Kuckshinrich, Wilhelm
T1  - Reverse engineering of stakeholder preferences – A multi-criteria assessment of the German passenger car sector
JF  - Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
N2  - Germany is a frontrunner in setting frameworks for the transition to a low-carbon system. The mobility sector plays a significant role in this shift, affecting different people and groups on multiple levels. Without acceptance from these stakeholders, emission targets are out of reach. This research analyzes how the heterogeneous preferences of various stakeholders align with the transformation of the mobility sector, looking at the extent to which the German transformation paths are supported and where stakeholders are located.

Under the research objective of comparing stakeholders' preferences to identify which car segments require additional support for a successful climate transition, a status quo of stakeholders and car performance criteria is the foundation for the analysis. Stakeholders' hidden preferences hinder the derivation of criteria weightings from stakeholders; therefore, a ranking from observed preferences is used. This study's inverse multi-criteria decision analysis means that weightings can be predicted and used together with a recalibrated performance matrix to explore future preferences toward car segments.

Results show that stakeholders prefer medium-sized cars, with the trend pointing towards the increased potential for alternative propulsion technologies and electrified vehicles. These insights can guide the improved targeting of policy supporting the energy and mobility transformation. Additionally, the method proposed in this work can fully handle subjective approaches while incorporating a priori information. A software implementation of the proposed method completes this work and is made publicly available.
KW  - Regionalization
KW  - Multi-criteria decision analysis
KW  - Preference assessment
KW  - E-Mobility
KW  - Mobility transition
Y1  - 2023
U6  - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2023.113352
SN  - 1364-0321
VL  - 181
IS  - July 2023
SP  - Article number: 113352
PB  - Elsevier
CY  - Amsterdam
ER  - 
TY  - INPR
A1  - Bornheim, Tobias
A1  - Niklas, Grieger
A1  - Blaneck, Patrick Gustav
A1  - Bialonski, Stephan
T1  - Preprint: Speaker attribution in German parliamentary debates with QLoRA-adapted large language models
T2  - Journal for Language Technology and Computational Linguistics
N2  - The growing body of political texts opens up new opportunities for rich insights into political dynamics and ideologies but also increases the workload for manual analysis. Automated speaker attribution, which detects who said what to whom in a speech event and is closely related to semantic role labeling, is an important processing step for computational text analysis. We study the potential of the large language model family Llama 2 to automate speaker attribution in German parliamentary debates from 2017-2021. We fine-tune Llama 2 with QLoRA, an efficient training strategy, and observe our approach to achieve competitive performance in the GermEval 2023 Shared Task On Speaker Attribution in German News Articles and Parliamentary Debates. Our results shed light on the capabilities of large language models in automating speaker attribution, revealing a promising avenue for computational analysis of political discourse and the development of semantic role labeling systems.
Y1  - 2023
U6  - http://dx.doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2309.09902
N1  - Veröffentlichte Version verfügbar unter: https://doi.org/10.21248/jlcl.37.2024.244
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Bertz, Morten
A1  - Molinnus, Denise
A1  - Schöning, Michael Josef
A1  - Homma, Takayuki
T1  - Real-time monitoring of H₂O₂ sterilization on individual bacillus atrophaeus spores by optical sensing with trapping Raman spectroscopy
JF  - Chemosensors
N2  - Hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), a strong oxidizer, is a commonly used sterilization agent employed during aseptic food processing and medical applications. To assess the sterilization efficiency with H₂O₂, bacterial spores are common microbial systems due to their remarkable robustness against a wide variety of decontamination strategies. Despite their widespread use, there is, however, only little information about the detailed time-resolved mechanism underlying the oxidative spore death by H₂O₂. In this work, we investigate chemical and morphological changes of individual Bacillus atrophaeus spores undergoing oxidative damage using optical sensing with trapping Raman microscopy in real-time. The time-resolved experiments reveal that spore death involves two distinct phases: (i) an initial phase dominated by the fast release of dipicolinic acid (DPA), a major spore biomarker, which indicates the rupture of the spore’s core; and (ii) the oxidation of the remaining spore material resulting in the subsequent fragmentation of the spores’ coat. Simultaneous observation of the spore morphology by optical microscopy corroborates these mechanisms. The dependence of the onset of DPA release and the time constant of spore fragmentation on H₂O₂ shows that the formation of reactive oxygen species from H₂O₂ is the rate-limiting factor of oxidative spore death.
KW  - DPA (dipicolinic acid)
KW  - sterilization
KW  - Bacillus atrophaeus spores
KW  - optical trapping
KW  - Raman spectroscopy
KW  - optical sensor setup
Y1  - 2023
U6  - http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors11080445
SN  - 2227-9040
N1  - This article belongs to the Special Issue "Biosensors and Chemical Sensors for Food and Healthcare Monitoring—Celebrating the 10th Anniversary"
VL  - 8
IS  - 11
PB  - MDPI
CY  - Basel
ER  -