TY - JOUR A1 - Abel, Alexander A1 - Kahmann, Stephanie Lucina A1 - Mellon, Stephen A1 - Staat, Manfred A1 - Jung, Alexander T1 - An open-source tool for the validation of finite element models using three-dimensional full-field measurements JF - Medical Engineering & Physics N2 - Three-dimensional (3D) full-field measurements provide a comprehensive and accurate validation of finite element (FE) models. For the validation, the result of the model and measurements are compared based on two respective point-sets and this requires the point-sets to be registered in one coordinate system. Point-set registration is a non-convex optimization problem that has widely been solved by the ordinary iterative closest point algorithm. However, this approach necessitates a good initialization without which it easily returns a local optimum, i.e. an erroneous registration. The globally optimal iterative closest point (Go-ICP) algorithm has overcome this drawback and forms the basis for the presented open-source tool that can be used for the validation of FE models using 3D full-field measurements. The capability of the tool is demonstrated using an application example from the field of biomechanics. Methodological problems that arise in real-world data and the respective implemented solution approaches are discussed. Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.medengphy.2019.10.015 SN - 1350-4533 VL - 77 SP - 125 EP - 129 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Vögele, Stefan A1 - Grajewski, Matthias A1 - Govorukha, Kristina A1 - Rübbelke, Dirk T1 - Challenges for the European steel industry: Analysis, possible consequences and impacts on sustainable development JF - Applied Energy N2 - The steel industry in the European Union (EU), important for the economy as a whole, faces various challenges. These are inter alia volatile prices for relevant input factors, uncertainties concerning the regulation of CO₂-emissions and market shocks caused by the recently introduced additional import duties in the US, which is an important sales market. We examine primary and secondary effects of these challenges on the steel industry in the EU and their impacts on European and global level. Developing and using a suitable meta-model, we analyze the competitiveness of key steel producing countries with respect to floor prices depending on selected cost factors and draw conclusions on the impacts in the trade of steel on emissions, energy demand, on the involvement of developing countries in the value chain as well on the need for innovations to avoid relocations of production. Hence, our study contributes to the assessment of sustainable industrial development, which is aimed by the Sustainability Development Goal “Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster innovation countries”. By applying information on country-specific Human Development Indexes (reflecting aspects of life expectancy, education, and per capita income), we show that relocating energy-intensive industries from the EU may not only increase global energy demand and CO₂-emissions, but may also be to the disadvantage of developing countries. Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2020.114633 SN - 0306-2619 VL - 264 IS - Article number: 114633 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Valero, Daniel A1 - Chanson, Hubert A1 - Bung, Daniel Bernhard T1 - Robust estimators for free surface turbulence characterization: A stepped spillway application JF - Flow Measurement and Instrumentation N2 - Robust estimators are parameters insensitive to the presence of outliers. However, they presume the shape of the variables’ probability density function. This study exemplifies the sensitivity of turbulent quantities to the use of classic and robust estimators and the presence of outliers in turbulent flow depth time series. A wide range of turbulence quantities was analysed based upon a stepped spillway case study, using flow depths sampled with Acoustic Displacement Meters as the flow variable of interest. The studied parameters include: the expected free surface level, the expected fluctuation intensity, the depth skewness, the autocorrelation timescales, the vertical velocity fluctuation intensity, the perturbations celerity and the one-dimensional free surface turbulence spectrum. Three levels of filtering were utilised prior to applying classic and robust estimators, showing that comparable robustness can be obtained either using classic estimators together with an intermediate filtering technique or using robust estimators instead, without any filtering technique. Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2020.101809 SN - 0955-5986 VL - 76 IS - Art. 101809 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - GEN A1 - Golland, Alexander T1 - Immaterieller Schadensersatz für die Weiterleitung von Daten über ein berufsbezogenes soziales Netzwerk T2 - DSB Datenschutz-Berater Y1 - 2020 SN - 0170-7256 N1 - Anmerkung zu LG Darmstadt, Urteil vom 26.5.2020 – 13 O 244/19 VL - 44 IS - 11 SP - 286 EP - 288 PB - DFV Mediengruppe CY - Frankfurt a.M. ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Akimbekov, Nuraly S. A1 - Qiao, Xiaohui A1 - Digel, Ilya A1 - Abdieva, Gulzhamal A1 - Ualieva, Perizat A1 - Zhubanova, Azhar T1 - The effect of leonardite-derived amendments on soil microbiome structure and potato yield JF - Agriculture N2 - Humic substances originating from various organic matters can ameliorate soil properties, stimulate plant growth, and improve nutrient uptake. Due to the low calorific heating value, leonardite is rather unsuitable as fuel. However, it may serve as a potential source of humic substances. This study was aimed at characterizing the leonardite-based soil amendments and examining the effect of their application on the soil microbial community, as well as on potato growth and tuber yield. A high yield (71.1%) of humic acid (LHA) from leonardite has been demonstrated. Parental leonardite (PL) and LHA were applied to soil prior to potato cultivation. The 16S rRNA sequencing of soil samples revealed distinct relationships between microbial community composition and the application of leonardite-based soil amendments. Potato tubers were planted in pots in greenhouse conditions. The tubers were harvested at the mature stage for the determination of growth and yield parameters. The results demonstrated that the LHA treatments had a significant effect on increasing potato growth (54.9%) and tuber yield (66.4%) when compared to the control. The findings highlight the importance of amending leonardite-based humic products for maintaining the biogeochemical stability of soils, for keeping their healthy microbial community structure, and for increasing the agronomic productivity of potato plants. Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10050147 VL - 10 IS - Art. 147 SP - 1 EP - 17 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Kasch, Susanne A1 - Schmidt, Thomas A1 - Eichler, Fabian A1 - Thurn, Laura A1 - Jahn, Simon A1 - Bremen, Sebastian T1 - Solution approaches and process concepts for powder bed-based melting of glass T2 - Industrializing Additive Manufacturing. Proceedings of AMPA2020 N2 - In the study, the process chain of additive manufacturing by means of powder bed fusion will be presented based on the material glass. In order to reliably process components additively, new concepts with different solutions were developed and investigated. Compared to established metallic materials, the properties of glass materials differ significantly. Therefore, the process control was adapted to the material glass in the investigations. With extensive parameter studies based on various glass powders such as borosilicate glass and quartz glass, scientifically proven results on powder bed fusion of glass are presented. Based on the determination of the particle properties with different methods, extensive investigations are made regarding the melting behavior of glass by means of laser beams. Furthermore, the experimental setup was steadily expanded. In addition to the integration of coaxial temperature measurement and regulation, preheating of the building platform is of major importance. This offers the possibility to perform 3D printing at the transformation temperatures of the glass materials. To improve the component’s properties, the influence of a subsequent heat treatment was also investigated. The experience gained was incorporated into a new experimental system, which allows a much better exploration of the 3D printing of glass. Currently, studies are being conducted to improve surface texture, building accuracy, and geometrical capabilities using three-dimensional specimen. The contribution shows the development of research in the field of 3D printing of glass, gives an insight into the machine and process engineering as well as an outlook on the possibilities and applications. KW - Glass powder KW - Laser processing KW - Additive manufacturing KW - Melting KW - L-PBF Y1 - 2020 SN - 978-3-030-54333-4 (Print) SN - 978-3-030-54334-1 (Online) U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-54334-1_7 N1 - International Conference on Additive Manufacturing in Products and Applications. 01.-03. September 2020. Zurich, Switzerland SP - 82 EP - 95 PB - Springer CY - Cham ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Elgamal, Abdelrahman A1 - Heuermann, Holger T1 - Design and Development of a Hot S-Parameter Measurement System for Plasma and Magnetron Applications T2 - Proceedings of the 2020 German Microwave Conference N2 - This paper presents the design, development and calibration procedures of a novel hot S-parameter measurement system for plasma and magnetron applications with power level up to 6 kW. Based on a vector network analyzer, a power amplifier and two directional couplers, the input matching hotS 11 and transmission hotS 21 of the device under test are measured at 2.45 GHz center frequency and 300MHz bandwidth, while the device is driven by the magnetron. This measurement system opens a new horizon to develop many new industrial applications such as microwave plasma jets, dryer systems, dryers and so forth. Furthermore, the developing, controlling and monitoring a 2kW 2.45GHz plasma jet and a dryer system using the measurement system are presented and explained. Y1 - 2020 SN - 978-3-9820397-1-8 N1 - 13th German Microwave Conference 2020, March 09–11, Cottbus SP - 124 EP - 127 PB - IEEE CY - New York, NY ER - TY - CHAP A1 - von den Driesch, Elena A1 - Steuer-Dankert, Linda A1 - Berg, Tobias A1 - Leicht-Scholten, Carmen T1 - Implementation of gender and diversity perspectives in transport development plans in germany T2 - Engendering cities: designing sustainable urban spaces for all N2 - As mobility should ensure the accessibility to and participation in society, transport planning has to deal with a variety of gender and diversity categories affecting users’ mobility needs and patterns. Exemplified by an analysis of an instrument of transport development processes – German Transport Development Plans (TDPs) – we investigated to what extent diverse target groups and their mobility requirements are implemented in transport strategy papers. Research results illustrate a still-prevalent neglect of several relevant gender and diversity categories while prioritizing and focusing on eco-friendly topics. But how sustainable can transport be without facing the diversification of life circumstances? Y1 - 2020 SN - 978-1-351-20090-5 SP - 90 EP - 109 PB - Routledge CY - London ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Finger, Felix A1 - de Vries, Reynard A1 - Vos, Roelof A1 - Braun, Carsten A1 - Bil, Cees T1 - A comparison of hybrid-electric aircraft sizing methods T2 - AIAA Scitech 2020 Forum N2 - The number of case studies focusing on hybrid-electric aircraft is steadily increasing, since these configurations are thought to lead to lower operating costs and environmental impact than traditional aircraft. However, due to the lack of reference data of actual hybrid-electric aircraft, in most cases, the design tools and results are difficult to validate. In this paper, two independently developed approaches for hybrid-electric conceptual aircraft design are compared. An existing 19-seat commuter aircraft is selected as the conventional baseline, and both design tools are used to size that aircraft. The aircraft is then re-sized under consideration of hybrid-electric propulsion technology. This is performed for parallel, serial, and fully-electric powertrain architectures. Finally, sensitivity studies are conducted to assess the validity of the basic assumptions and approaches regarding the design of hybrid-electric aircraft. Both methods are found to predict the maximum take-off mass (MTOM) of the reference aircraft with less than 4% error. The MTOM and payload-range energy efficiency of various (hybrid-) electric configurations are predicted with a maximum difference of approximately 2% and 5%, respectively. The results of this study confirm a correct formulation and implementation of the two design methods, and the data obtained can be used by researchers to benchmark and validate their design tools. Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2020-1006 N1 - AIAA Scitech 2020 Forum, Driving aerospace solutions for global challenges, Orlando, 06. - 10. January 2020 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Golland, Alexander T1 - Verantwortlichkeit, Data Breach, das Ende von Fax & E-Mail: Aufsichtsbehörden mit streitbaren Thesen JF - DSB Datenschutz-Berater Y1 - 2020 SN - 0170-7256 VL - 44 IS - 4 SP - 98 EP - 100 PB - DFV Mediengruppe CY - Frankfurt a.M. ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rupp, Matthias A1 - Rieke, Christian A1 - Handschuh, Nils A1 - Kuperjans, Isabel T1 - Economic and ecological optimization of electric bus charging considering variable electricity prices and CO₂eq intensities JF - Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment N2 - In many cities, diesel buses are being replaced by electric buses with the aim of reducing local emissions and thus improving air quality. The protection of the environment and the health of the population is the highest priority of our society. For the transport companies that operate these buses, not only ecological issues but also economic issues are of great importance. Due to the high purchase costs of electric buses compared to conventional buses, operators are forced to use electric vehicles in a targeted manner in order to ensure amortization over the service life of the vehicles. A compromise between ecology and economy must be found in order to both protect the environment and ensure economical operation of the buses. In this study, we present a new methodology for optimizing the vehicles’ charging time as a function of the parameters CO₂eq emissions and electricity costs. Based on recorded driving profiles in daily bus operation, the energy demands of conventional and electric buses are calculated for the passenger transportation in the city of Aachen in 2017. Different charging scenarios are defined to analyze the influence of the temporal variability of CO₂eq intensity and electricity price on the environmental impact and economy of the bus. For every individual day of a year, charging periods with the lowest and highest costs and emissions are identified and recommendations for daily bus operation are made. To enable both the ecological and economical operation of the bus, the parameters of electricity price and CO₂ are weighted differently, and several charging periods are proposed, taking into account the priorities previously set. A sensitivity analysis is carried out to evaluate the influence of selected parameters and to derive recommendations for improving the ecological and economic balance of the battery-powered electric vehicle. In all scenarios, the optimization of the charging period results in energy cost savings of a maximum of 13.6% compared to charging at a fixed electricity price. The savings potential of CO₂eq emissions is similar, at 14.9%. From an economic point of view, charging between 2 a.m. and 4 a.m. results in the lowest energy costs on average. The CO₂eq intensity is also low in this period, but midday charging leads to the largest savings in CO₂eq emissions. From a life cycle perspective, the electric bus is not economically competitive with the conventional bus. However, from an ecological point of view, the electric bus saves on average 37.5% CO₂eq emissions over its service life compared to the diesel bus. The reduction potential is maximized if the electric vehicle exclusively consumes electricity from solar and wind power. Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2020.102293 SN - 1361-9209 VL - 81 IS - Article 102293 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Sattler, Johannes Christoph A1 - Röger, Marc A1 - Schwarzbözl, Peter A1 - Buck, Reiner A1 - Macke, Ansgar A1 - Raeder, Christian A1 - Göttsche, Joachim T1 - Review of heliostat calibration and tracking control methods JF - Solar Energy N2 - Large scale central receiver systems typically deploy between thousands to more than a hundred thousand heliostats. During solar operation, each heliostat is aligned individually in such a way that the overall surface normal bisects the angle between the sun’s position and the aim point coordinate on the receiver. Due to various tracking error sources, achieving accurate alignment ≤1 mrad for all the heliostats with respect to the aim points on the receiver without a calibration system can be regarded as unrealistic. Therefore, a calibration system is necessary not only to improve the aiming accuracy for achieving desired flux distributions but also to reduce or eliminate spillage. An overview of current larger-scale central receiver systems (CRS), tracking error sources and the basic requirements of an ideal calibration system is presented. Leading up to the main topic, a description of general and specific terms on the topics heliostat calibration and tracking control clarifies the terminology used in this work. Various figures illustrate the signal flows along various typical components as well as the corresponding monitoring or measuring devices that indicate or measure along the signal (or effect) chain. The numerous calibration systems are described in detail and classified in groups. Two tables allow the juxtaposition of the calibration methods for a better comparison. In an assessment, the advantages and disadvantages of individual calibration methods are presented. Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2020.06.030 VL - 207 SP - 110 EP - 132 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Laack, Walter van T1 - Schnittstelle Tod: Aufbruch oder Ende - Kontakte oder Hirngespinste? N2 - Tagungsbeiträge des 6. Europäischen Seminars am 09. November 2019 in Aachen zum Thema Nahtoderfahrungen mit dem Serientitel: "Schnittstelle Tod" Y1 - 2020 SN - 978-3-936624-51-9 N1 - 6. „Jour Fixe“ im Dreiländereck zum Themenkreis „Nahtoderfahrungen (NTE)“: Schnittstelle Tod „Aufbruch oder Ende – Kontakte oder Hirngespinste?“, 9. November 2019, Aachen PB - van Laack GmbH CY - Aachen ER - TY - GEN A1 - Ohrtmann, Jan-Peter A1 - Golland, Alexander T1 - Daten- und Privatsphäreschutz im Wandel der 2020er-Jahre Y1 - 2020 SP - 33 EP - 38 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Finger, Felix A1 - Götten, Falk A1 - Braun, Carsten A1 - Bil, Cees T1 - Mass, primary energy, and cost: the impact of optimization objectives on the initial sizing of hybrid-electric general aviation aircraft JF - CEAS Aeronautical Journal N2 - For short take-off and landing (STOL) aircraft, a parallel hybrid-electric propulsion system potentially offers superior performance compared to a conventional propulsion system, because the short-take-off power requirement is much higher than the cruise power requirement. This power-matching problem can be solved with a balanced hybrid propulsion system. However, there is a trade-off between wing loading, power loading, the level of hybridization, as well as range and take-off distance. An optimization method can vary design variables in such a way that a minimum of a particular objective is attained. In this paper, a comparison between the optimization results for minimum mass, minimum consumed primary energy, and minimum cost is conducted. A new initial sizing algorithm for general aviation aircraft with hybrid-electric propulsion systems is applied. This initial sizing methodology covers point performance, mission performance analysis, the weight estimation process, and cost estimation. The methodology is applied to the design of a STOL general aviation aircraft, intended for on-demand air mobility operations. The aircraft is sized to carry eight passengers over a distance of 500 km, while able to take off and land from short airstrips. Results indicate that parallel hybrid-electric propulsion systems must be considered for future STOL aircraft. Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s13272-020-00449-8 SN - 1869-5590 N1 - Corresponding author: Felix Finger VL - 2020 IS - 11 SP - 713 EP - 730 PB - Springer CY - Heidelberg ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Tran, Ngoc Trinh A1 - Staat, Manfred T1 - Direct plastic structural design under lognormally distributed strength by chance constrained programming JF - Optimization and Engineering N2 - We propose the so-called chance constrained programming model of stochastic programming theory to analyze limit and shakedown loads of structures under random strength with a lognormal distribution. A dual chance constrained programming algorithm is developed to calculate simultaneously both the upper and lower bounds of the plastic collapse limit and the shakedown limit. The edge-based smoothed finite element method (ES-FEM) is used with three-node linear triangular elements. Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s11081-019-09437-2 SN - 1573-2924 VL - 21 IS - 1 SP - 131 EP - 157 PB - Springer Nature CY - Cham ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Poghossian, Arshak A1 - Schöning, Michael Josef T1 - Capacitive field-effect eis chemical sensors and biosensors: A status report JF - Sensors N2 - Electrolyte-insulator-semiconductor (EIS) field-effect sensors belong to a new generation of electronic chips for biochemical sensing, enabling a direct electronic readout. The review gives an overview on recent advances and current trends in the research and development of chemical sensors and biosensors based on the capacitive field-effect EIS structure—the simplest field-effect device, which represents a biochemically sensitive capacitor. Fundamental concepts, physicochemical phenomena underlying the transduction mechanism and application of capacitive EIS sensors for the detection of pH, ion concentrations, and enzymatic reactions, as well as the label-free detection of charged molecules (nucleic acids, proteins, and polyelectrolytes) and nanoparticles, are presented and discussed. Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3390/s20195639 SN - 1424-8220 VL - 20 IS - 19 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Roepke, Rene A1 - Köhler, Klemens A1 - Drury, Vincent A1 - Schroeder, Ulrik A1 - Wolf, Martin R. A1 - Meyer, Ulrike T1 - A pond full of phishing games - analysis of learning games for anti-phishing education JF - Model-driven Simulation and Training Environments for Cybersecurity. MSTEC 2020 N2 - Game-based learning is a promising approach to anti-phishing education, as it fosters motivation and can help reduce the perceived difficulty of the educational material. Over the years, several prototypes for game-based applications have been proposed, that follow different approaches in content selection, presentation, and game mechanics. In this paper, a literature and product review of existing learning games is presented. Based on research papers and accessible applications, an in-depth analysis was conducted, encompassing target groups, educational contexts, learning goals based on Bloom’s Revised Taxonomy, and learning content. As a result of this review, we created the publications on games (POG) data set for the domain of anti-phishing education. While there are games that can convey factual and conceptual knowledge, we find that most games are either unavailable, fail to convey procedural knowledge or lack technical depth. Thus, we identify potential areas of improvement for games suitable for end-users in informal learning contexts. Y1 - 2020 SN - 978-3-030-62433-0 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-62433-0_32020 N1 - Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 12512 SP - 41 EP - 60 PB - Springer CY - Cham ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Finger, Felix A1 - Braun, Carsten A1 - Bil, Cees T1 - Impact of Battery Performance on the Initial Sizing of Hybrid-Electric General Aviation Aircraft JF - Journal of Aerospace Engineering N2 - Studies suggest that hybrid-electric aircraft have the potential to generate fewer emissions and be inherently quieter when compared to conventional aircraft. By operating combustion engines together with an electric propulsion system, synergistic benefits can be obtained. However, the performance of hybrid-electric aircraft is still constrained by a battery’s energy density and discharge rate. In this paper, the influence of battery performance on the gross mass for a four-seat general aviation aircraft with a hybrid-electric propulsion system is analyzed. For this design study, a high-level approach is chosen, using an innovative initial sizing methodology to determine the minimum required aircraft mass for a specific set of requirements and constraints. Only the peak-load shaving operational strategy is analyzed. Both parallel- and serial-hybrid propulsion configurations are considered for two different missions. The specific energy of the battery pack is varied from 200 to 1,000 W⋅h/kg, while the discharge time, and thus the normalized discharge rating (C-rating), is varied between 30 min (2C discharge rate) and 2 min (30C discharge rate). With the peak-load shaving operating strategy, it is desirable for hybrid-electric aircraft to use a light, low capacity battery system to boost performance. For this case, the battery’s specific power rating proved to be of much higher importance than for full electric designs, which have high capacity batteries. Discharge ratings of 20C allow a significant take-off mass reduction aircraft. The design point moves to higher wing loadings and higher levels of hybridization if batteries with advanced technology are used. Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)AS.1943-5525.0001113 SN - 1943-5525 VL - 33 IS - 3 PB - ASCE CY - Reston, Va. ER - TY - BOOK A1 - Heuermann, Holger T1 - Mikrowellentechnik: Feldsimulation, nichtlineare Schaltungstechnik, Komponenten und Subsysteme, Plasmatechnik, Antennen und Ausbreitung Y1 - 2020 SN - 978-3-658-29023-8 (eBook) SN - 978-3-658-29022-1 (Print) U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-29023-8 N1 - auch gedruckt in der Bereichsbibliothek Eupener Str. unter der Signatur 21 YFD 12 PB - Springer Vieweg CY - Wiesbaden ER -