TY  - JOUR
A1  - Miyamoto, Ko-ichiro
A1  - Hayashi, Kosuke
A1  - Sakamoto, Azuma
A1  - Werner, Frederik
A1  - Wagner, Torsten
A1  - Schöning, Michael Josef
A1  - Yoshinobu, Tatsuo
T1  - A high-Q resonance-mode measurement of EIS capacitive sensor by elimination of series resistance
JF  - Sensor and Actuators B: Chemical
N2  - An EIS capacitive sensor is a semiconductor-based potentiometric sensor, which is sensitive to the ion concentration or pH value of the solution in contact with the sensing surface. To detect a small change in the ion concentration or pH, a small capacitance change must be detected. Recently, a resonance-mode measurement was proposed, in which an inductor was connected to the EIS capacitive sensor and the resonant frequency was correlated with the pH value. In this study, the Q factor of the resonant circuit was enhanced by canceling the internal resistance of the reference electrode and the internal resistance of the inductor coil with the help of a bypass capacitor and a negative impedance converter, respectively. 1% variation of the signal in the developed system corresponded to a pH change of 3.93 mpH, which was about 1/12 of the conventional method, suggesting a better performance in detection of a small pH change.
KW  - Negative impedance convertor
KW  - Resonance-mode measurement
KW  - Chemical sensor
KW  - EIS capacitive sensor
Y1  - 2017
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2017.03.002
SN  - 0925-4005
VL  - 248
SP  - 1006
EP  - 1010
PB  - Elsevier
CY  - Amsterdam
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Werner, Frederik
A1  - Miyamoto, Ko-ichiro
A1  - Wagner, Torsten
A1  - Schöning, Michael Josef
A1  - Yoshinobu, Tatsuo
T1  - Lateral resolution enhancement of pulse-driven light-addressable potentiometric sensor
JF  - Sensor and Actuators B: Chemical
N2  - To study chemical and biological processes, spatially resolved determination of the concentrations of one or more analyte species is of distinct interest. With a light-addressable potentiometric sensor (LAPS), chemical images can be created, which visualize the concentration distribution above the sensor plate. One important challenge is to achieve a good lateral resolution in order to detect events that take place in a small and limited region. LAPS utilizes a focused light spot to address the measurement region. By moving this light spot along the semiconductor sensor plate, the concentration distribution can be observed. In this study, we show that utilizing a pulse as light excitation instead of a traditionally used continuously modulated light excitation, the lateral resolution can be improved by a factor of 6 or more.
KW  - Chemical images
KW  - LAPS
KW  - Light-addressable potentiometric sensor
Y1  - 2017
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2017.02.057
SN  - 0925-4005
VL  - 248
SP  - 961
EP  - 965
PB  - Elsevier
CY  - Amsterdam
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Scholl, Fabio
A1  - Morais, Paulo
A1  - Gabriel, Rayla
A1  - Schöning, Michael Josef
A1  - Siqueira, Jose Roberto, Jr.
A1  - Caseli, Luciano
T1  - Carbon nanotubes arranged as smart interfaces in lipid Langmuir-Blodgett films enhancing the enzymatic properties of penicillinase for biosensing applications
JF  - Applied Materials & Interfaces
N2  - In this paper, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were incorporated in penicillinase-phospholipid Langmuir and Langmuir–Blodgett (LB) films to enhance the enzyme catalytic properties. Adsorption of the penicillinase and CNTs at dimyristoylphosphatidic acid (DMPA) monolayers at the air–water interface was investigated by surface pressure–area isotherms, vibrational spectroscopy, and Brewster angle microscopy. The floating monolayers were transferred to solid supports through the LB technique, forming mixed DMPA-CNTs-PEN films, which were investigated by quartz crystal microbalance, vibrational spectroscopy, and atomic force microscopy. Enzyme activity was studied with UV–vis spectroscopy and the feasibility of the supramolecular device nanostructured as ultrathin films were essayed in a capacitive electrolyte–insulator–semiconductor (EIS) sensor device. The presence of CNTs in the enzyme–lipid LB film not only tuned the catalytic activity of penicillinase but also helped conserve its enzyme activity after weeks, showing increased values of activity. Viability as penicillin sensor was demonstrated with capacitance/voltage and constant capacitance measurements, exhibiting regular and distinctive output signals over all concentrations used in this work. These results may be related not only to the nanostructured system provided by the film, but also to the synergism between the compounds on the active layer, leading to a surface morphology that allowed a fast analyte diffusion because of an adequate molecular accommodation, which also preserved the penicillinase activity. This work therefore demonstrates the feasibility of employing LB films composed of lipids, CNTs, and enzymes as EIS devices for biosensing applications.
Y1  - 2017
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.7b08095
SN  - 1944-8252
VL  - 9
IS  - 36
SP  - 31054
EP  - 31066
PB  - ACS
CY  - Washington
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Tran, Linda
A1  - Mottaghy, K.
A1  - Arlt-Körfer, Sabine
A1  - Waluga, Christian
A1  - Behbahani, Mehdi
T1  - An experimental study of shear-dependent human platelet adhesion and underlying protein-binding mechanisms in a cylindrical Couette system
JF  - Biomedizinische Technik
Y1  - 2017
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1515/bmt-2015-0034
SN  - 0013-5585
VL  - 62
IS  - 4
SP  - 383
EP  - 392
PB  - De Gruyter
CY  - Berlin
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Morais, Paulo V.
A1  - Gomes, Vanderley F., Jr.
A1  - Silva, Anielle C. A.
A1  - Dantas, Noelio O.
A1  - Schöning, Michael Josef
A1  - Siqueira, José R., Jr.
T1  - Nanofilm of ZnO nanocrystals/carbon nanotubes as biocompatible layer for enzymatic biosensors in capacitive field-effect devices
JF  - Journal of Materials Science
N2  - The incorporation of nanomaterials that are biocompatible with different types of biological compounds has allowed the development of a new generation of biosensors applied especially in the biomedical field. In particular, the integration of film-based nanomaterials employed in field-effect devices can be interesting to develop biosensors with enhanced properties. In this paper, we studied the fabrication of sensitive nanofilms combining ZnO nanocrystals and carbon nanotubes (CNTs), prepared by means of the layer-by-layer (LbL) technique, in a capacitive electrolyte-insulator-semiconductor (EIS) structure for detecting glucose and urea. The ZnO nanocrystals were incorporated in a polymeric matrix of poly(allylamine) hydrochloride (PAH), and arranged with multi-walled CNTs in a LbL PAH-ZnO/CNTs film architecture onto EIS chips. The electrochemical characterizations were performed by capacitance–voltage and constant capacitance measurements, while the morphology of the films was characterized by atomic force microscopy. The enzymes glucose oxidase and urease were immobilized on film’s surface for detection of glucose and urea, respectively. In order to obtain glucose and urea biosensors with optimized amount of sensitive films, we investigated the ideal number of bilayers for each detection system. The glucose biosensor showed better sensitivity and output signal for an LbL PAH-ZnO/CNTs nanofilm with 10 bilayers. On the other hand, the urea biosensor presented enhanced properties even for the first bilayer, exhibiting high sensitivity and output signal. The presence of the LbL PAH-ZnO/CNTs films led to biosensors with better sensitivity and enhanced response signal, demonstrating that the adequate use of nanostructured films is feasible for proof-of-concept biosensors with improved properties that may be employed for biomedical applications.
Y1  - 2017
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-017-1369-y
SN  - 1573-4803
VL  - 52
IS  - 20
SP  - 12314
EP  - 12325
PB  - Springer
CY  - Berlin
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Röhlen, Desiree
A1  - Pilas, Johanna
A1  - Schöning, Michael Josef
A1  - Selmer, Thorsten
T1  - Development of an amperometric biosensor platform for the combined determination of l-Malic, Fumaric, and l-Aspartic acid
JF  - Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology
N2  - Three amperometric biosensors have been developed for the detection of L-malic acid, fumaric acid, and L -aspartic acid, all based on the combination of a malate-specific dehydrogenase (MDH, EC 1.1.1.37) and diaphorase (DIA, EC 1.8.1.4). The stepwise expansion of the malate platform with the enzymes fumarate hydratase (FH, EC 4.2.1.2) and aspartate ammonia-lyase (ASPA, EC 4.3.1.1) resulted in multi-enzyme reaction cascades and, thus, augmentation of the substrate spectrum of the sensors. Electrochemical measurements were carried out in presence of the cofactor β-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) and the redox mediator hexacyanoferrate (III) (HCFIII). The amperometric detection is mediated by oxidation of hexacyanoferrate (II) (HCFII) at an applied potential of + 0.3 V vs. Ag/AgCl. For each biosensor, optimum working conditions were defined by adjustment of cofactor concentrations, buffer pH, and immobilization procedure. Under these improved conditions, amperometric responses were linear up to 3.0 mM for L-malate and fumarate, respectively, with a corresponding sensitivity of 0.7 μA mM−1 (L-malate biosensor) and 0.4 μA mM−1 (fumarate biosensor). The L-aspartate detection system displayed a linear range of 1.0–10.0 mM with a sensitivity of 0.09 μA mM−1. The sensor characteristics suggest that the developed platform provides a promising method for the detection and differentiation of the three substrates.
Y1  - 2017
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-017-2578-1
SN  - 1559-0291
VL  - 183
SP  - 566
EP  - 581
PB  - Springer
CY  - Berlin
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Pilas, Johanna
A1  - Yazici, Yasemen
A1  - Selmer, Thorsten
A1  - Keusgen, Michael
A1  - Schöning, Michael Josef
T1  - Optimization of an amperometric biosensor array for simultaneous measurement of ethanol, formate, d- and l-lactate
JF  - Electrochimica Acta
N2  - The immobilization of NAD+-dependent dehydrogenases, in combination with a diaphorase, enables the facile development of multiparametric sensing devices. In this work, an amperometric biosensor array for simultaneous determination of ethanol, formate, d- and l-lactate is presented. Enzyme immobilization on platinum thin-film electrodes was realized by chemical cross-linking with glutaraldehyde. The optimization of the sensor performance was investigated with regard to enzyme loading, glutaraldehyde concentration, pH, cofactor concentration and temperature. Under optimal working conditions (potassium phosphate buffer with pH 7.5, 2.5 mmol L-1 NAD+, 2.0 mmol L-1 ferricyanide, 25 °C and 0.4% glutaraldehyde) the linear working range and sensitivity of the four sensor elements was improved. Simultaneous and cross-talk free measurements of four different metabolic parameters were performed successfully. The reliable analytical performance of the biosensor array was demonstrated by application in a clarified sample of inoculum sludge. Thereby, a promising approach for on-site monitoring of fermentation processes is provided.
KW  - Simultaneous determination
KW  - Enzymatic biosensor
KW  - Diaphorase
KW  - Dehydrogenase
Y1  - 2017
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2017.07.119
SN  - 0013-4686
VL  - 251
SP  - 256
EP  - 262
PB  - Elsevier
CY  - Amsterdam
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Albanna, Walid
A1  - Lueke, Jan Niklas
A1  - Sjapic, Volha
A1  - Kotliar, Konstantin
A1  - Hescheler, Jürgen
A1  - Clusmann, Hans
A1  - Sjapic, Sergej
A1  - Alpdogan, Serdan
A1  - Schneider, Toni
A1  - Schubert, Gerrit Alexander
A1  - Neumaier, Felix
T1  - Electroretinographic Assessment of Inner Retinal Signaling in the Isolated and Superfused Murine Retina
JF  - Current Eye Research
Y1  - 2017
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1080/02713683.2017.1339807
SN  - 1460-2202
IS  - Article in press
SP  - 1
EP  - 9
PB  - Taylor & Francis
CY  - London
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Kotliar, Konstantin
A1  - Hauser, Christine
A1  - Ortner, Marion
A1  - Muggenthaler, Claudia
A1  - Diehl-Schmid, Janine
A1  - Angermann, Susanne
A1  - Hapfelmeier, Alexander
A1  - Schmaderer, Christoph
A1  - Grimmer, Timo
T1  - Altered neurovascular coupling as measured by optical imaging: a biomarker for Alzheimer’s disease
JF  - Scientific Reports
Y1  - 2017
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-13349-5
SN  - 2045-2322
N1  - Article 12906
VL  - 7
IS  - 1
SP  - 1
EP  - 11
PB  - Springer Nature
CY  - Cham
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Breuer, Lars
A1  - Mang, Thomas
A1  - Schöning, Michael Josef
A1  - Thoelen, Ronald
A1  - Wagner, Torsten
T1  - Investigation of the spatial resolution of a laser-based stimulation process for light-addressable hydrogels with incorporated graphene oxide by means of IR thermography
JF  - Sensors and Actuators A: Physical
Y1  - 2017
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sna.2017.11.031
SN  - 0924-4247
VL  - 268
SP  - 126
EP  - 132
PB  - Elsevier
CY  - Amsterdam
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Garibaldi, F.
A1  - Beging, Stefan
A1  - Canese, R.
A1  - Carpinelli, G.
A1  - Clinthorne, N.
A1  - Colilli, S.
A1  - Cosentino, L.
A1  - Finocchiaro, P.
A1  - Giuliani, F.
A1  - Gricia, M.
A1  - Lucentini, M.
A1  - Majewski, S.
A1  - Monno, E.
A1  - Musico, P.
A1  - Santavenere, F.
A1  - Tödter, J.
A1  - Wegener, Hans-Peter
A1  - Ziemons, Karl
T1  - A novel TOF-PET MRI detector for diagnosis and follow up of the prostate cancer
JF  - European Physical Journal Plus
Y1  - 2017
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1140/epjp/i2017-11662-x
SN  - 2190-5444
VL  - 132
IS  - 9
PB  - Springer
CY  - Berlin
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Müller, Wolfram
A1  - Jung, Alexander
A1  - Ahammer, Helmut
T1  - Advantages and problems of nonlinear methods applied to analyze physiological time signals: human balance control as an example
JF  - Scientific Reports
Y1  - 2017
SN  - 2045-2322
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-02665-5
VL  - 7
IS  - Article number 2464
SP  - 1
EP  - 11
PB  - Springer Nature
CY  - Cham
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Zange, Jochen
A1  - Schopen, Kathrin
A1  - Albracht, Kirsten
A1  - Gerlach, Darius A.
A1  - Frings-Meuthen, Petra
A1  - Maffiuletti, Nicola A.
A1  - Bloch, Wilhelm
A1  - Rittweger, Jörn
T1  - Using the Hephaistos orthotic device to study countermeasure effectiveness of neuromuscular electrical stimulation and dietary lupin protein supplementation, a randomised controlled trial
JF  - Plos one
Y1  - 2017
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0171562
VL  - 12
IS  - 2
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Muschallik, Lukas
A1  - Molinnus, Denise
A1  - Bongaerts, Johannes
A1  - Pohl, Martina
A1  - Wagner, Torsten
A1  - Schöning, Michael Josef
A1  - Siegert, Petra
A1  - Selmer, Thorsten
T1  - (R,R)-Butane-2,3-diol Dehydrogenase from Bacillus clausii DSM 8716T: Cloning and Expression of the bdhA-Gene, and Initial Characterization of Enzyme
JF  - Journal of Biotechnology
N2  - The gene encoding a putative (R,R)-butane-2,3-diol dehydrogenase (bdhA) from Bacillus clausii DSM 8716T was isolated, sequenced and expressed in Escherichia coli. The amino acid sequence of the encoded protein is only distantly related to previously studied enzymes (identity 33–43%) and exhibited some uncharted peculiarities. An N-terminally StrepII-tagged enzyme variant was purified and initially characterized. The isolated enzyme catalyzed the (R)-specific oxidation of (R,R)- and meso-butane-2,3-diol to (R)- and (S)-acetoin with specific activities of 12 U/mg and 23 U/mg, respectively. Likewise, racemic acetoin was reduced with a specific activity of up to 115 U/mg yielding a mixture of (R,R)- and meso-butane-2,3-diol, while the enzyme reduced butane-2,3-dione (Vmax 74 U/mg) solely to (R,R)-butane-2,3-diol via (R)-acetoin. For these reactions only activity with the co-substrates NADH/NAD+ was observed. The enzyme accepted a selection of vicinal diketones, α-hydroxy ketones and vicinal diols as alternative substrates. Although the physiological function of the enzyme in B. clausii remains elusive, the data presented herein clearly demonstrates that the encoded enzyme is a genuine (R,R)-butane-2,3-diol dehydrogenase with potential for applications in biocatalysis and sensor development.
Y1  - 2017
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiotec.2017.07.020
SN  - 0168-1656
VL  - 258
SP  - 41
EP  - 50
PB  - Elsevier
CY  - Amsterdam
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Savitskaya, I. S.
A1  - Kistaubayeva, A. S.
A1  - Digel, Ilya
A1  - Shokatayeva, D. H.
T1  - Physicochemical and Antibacterial Properties of Composite Films Based on Bacterial Cellulose and Chitosan for Wound Dressing Materials
JF  - Eurasian Chemico-Technological Journal
Y1  - 2017
U6  - https://doi.org/10.18321/ectj670
SN  - 2522-4867
VL  - 19
IS  - 3
SP  - 255
EP  - 264
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Karnatak, Rajat
A1  - Kantz, Holger
A1  - Bialonski, Stephan
T1  - Early warning signal for interior crises in excitable systems
JF  - Physical Review E
Y1  - 2017
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.96.042211
SN  - 2470-0053
VL  - 96
IS  - 4
SP  - 042211
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Hackl, M.
A1  - Andermahr, J.
A1  - Staat, Manfred
A1  - Bremer, I.
A1  - Borggrefe, J.
A1  - Prescher, A.
A1  - Müller, L. P.
A1  - Wegmann, K.
T1  - Suture button reconstruction of the central band of the interosseous membrane in Essex-Lopresti lesions: a comparative biomechanical investigation
JF  - The Journal of Hand Surgery (European Volume)
Y1  - 2017
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1177/1753193416665943
SN  - 2043-6289 (Online)
SN  - 1753-1934 (Print)
VL  - 42
IS  - 4
SP  - 370
EP  - 376
PB  - Sage
CY  - London
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Poghossian, Arshak
A1  - Werner, Frederik
A1  - Buniatyan, V. V.
A1  - Wagner, Torsten
A1  - Miamoto, K.
A1  - Yoshinobu, T.
A1  - Schöning, Michael Josef
T1  - Towards addressability of light-addressable potentiometric sensors: Shunting effect of non-illuminated region and cross-talk
JF  - Sensor and Actuators B: Chemical
N2  - The LAPS (light-addressable potentiometric sensor) platform is one of the most attractive approaches for chemical and biological sensing with many applications ranging from pH and ion/analyte concentration measurements up to cell metabolism detection and chemical imaging. However, although it is generally accepted that LAPS measurements are spatially resolved, the light-addressability feature of LAPS devices has not been discussed in detail so far. In this work, an extended electrical equivalent-circuit model of the LAPS has been presented, which takes into account possible cross-talk effects due to the capacitive coupling of the non-illuminated region. A shunting effect of the non-illuminated area on the measured photocurrent and addressability of LAPS devices has been studied. It has been shown, that the measured photocurrent will be determined not only by the local interfacial potential in the illuminated region but also by possible interfacial potential changes in the non-illuminated region, yielding cross-talk effects. These findings were supported by the experimental investigations of a penicillin-sensitive multi-spot LAPS and a metal-insulator-semiconductor LAPS as model systems.
Y1  - 2017
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2017.01.047
SN  - 0925-4005
IS  - 244
SP  - 1071
EP  - 1079
PB  - Elsevier
CY  - Amsterdam
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Bäcker, Matthias
A1  - Koch, Claudia
A1  - Eiben, Sabine
A1  - Geiger, Fania
A1  - Eber, Fabian
A1  - Gliemann, Hartmut
A1  - Poghossian, Arshak
A1  - Wege, Christina
A1  - Schöning, Michael Josef
T1  - Tobacco mosaic virus as enzyme nanocarrier for electrochemical biosensors
JF  - Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical
N2  - The conjunction of (bio-)chemical recognition elements with nanoscale biological building blocks such as virus particles is considered as a very promising strategy for the creation of biohybrids opening novel opportunities for label-free biosensing. This work presents a new approach for the development of biosensors using tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) nanotubes or coat proteins (CPs) as enzyme nanocarriers. Sensor chips combining an array of Pt electrodes loaded with glucose oxidase (GOD)-modified TMV nanotubes or CP aggregates were used for amperometric detection of glucose as a model system for the first time. The presence of TMV nanotubes or CPs on the sensor surface allows binding of a high amount of precisely positioned enzymes without substantial loss of their activity, and may also ensure accessibility of their active centers for analyte molecules. Specific and efficient immobilization of streptavidin-conjugated GOD ([SA]-GOD) complexes on biotinylated TMV nanotubes or CPs was achieved via bioaffinity binding. These layouts were tested in parallel with glucose sensors with adsorptively immobilized [SA]-GOD, as well as [SA]-GOD crosslinked with glutardialdehyde, and came out to exhibit superior sensor performance. The achieved results underline a great potential of an integration of virus/biomolecule hybrids with electronic transducers for future applications in biosensorics and biochips.
Y1  - 2017
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2016.07.096
SN  - 0925-4005
VL  - 238
SP  - 716
EP  - 722
PB  - Elsevier
CY  - Amsterdam
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Honarvarfard, Elham
A1  - Gamella, Maria
A1  - Channaveerappa, Devika
A1  - Darie, Costel C.
A1  - Poghossian, Arshak
A1  - Schöning, Michael Josef
A1  - Katz, Evgeny
T1  - Electrochemically Stimulated Insulin Release from a Modified Graphene–functionalized Carbon Fiber Electrode
JF  - Electroanalysis
N2  - A graphene-functionalized carbon fiber electrode was modified with adsorbed polyethylenimine to introduce amino functionalities and then with trigonelline and 4-carboxyphenylboronic acid covalently bound to the amino groups. The trigonelline species containing quarterized pyridine groups produced positive charge on the electrode surface regardless of the pH value, while the phenylboronic acid species were neutral below pH 8 and negatively charged above pH 9 (note that their pKa=8.4). The total charge on the monolayer-modified electrode was positive at the neutral pH and negative at pH > 9. Note that 4-carboxyphenylboronic acid was attached to the electrode surface in molar excess to trigonelline, thus allowing the negative charge to dominate on the electrode surface at basic pH. Negatively charged fluorescent dye-labeled insulin (insulin-FITC) was loaded on the modified electrode surface at pH 7.0 due to its electrostatic attraction to the positively charged interface. The local pH in close vicinity to the electrode surface was increased to ca. 9–10 due to consumption of H+ ions upon electrochemical reduction of oxygen proceeding at the potential of −1.0 V (vs. Ag/AgCl) applied on the modified electrode. The process resulted in recharging of the electrode surface to the negative value due to the formation of the negative charge on the phenylboronic acid groups, thus resulting in the electrostatic repulsion of insulin-FITC and stimulating its release from the electrode surface. The insulin release was characterized by fluorescence spectroscopy (using the FITC-labeled insulin), by electrochemical measurements on an iridium oxide, IrOx, electrode and by mass spectrometry. The graphene-functionalized carbon fiber electrode demonstrated significant advantages in the signal-stimulated insulin release comparing with the carbon fiber electrode without the graphene species.
Y1  - 2017
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1002/elan.201700095
SN  - 1521-4109
VL  - 29
IS  - 6
SP  - 1543
EP  - 1553
PB  - Wiley-VCH
CY  - Weinheim
ER  -