TY - JOUR A1 - Sildatke, Michael A1 - Karwanni, Hendrik A1 - Kraft, Bodo A1 - Zündorf, Albert T1 - A distributed microservice architecture pattern for the automated generation of information extraction pipelines JF - SN Computer Science N2 - Companies often build their businesses based on product information and therefore try to automate the process of information extraction (IE). Since the information source is usually heterogeneous and non-standardized, classic extract, transform, load techniques reach their limits. Hence, companies must implement the newest findings from research to tackle the challenges of process automation. They require a flexible and robust system that is extendable and ensures the optimal processing of the different document types. This paper provides a distributed microservice architecture pattern that enables the automated generation of IE pipelines. Since their optimal design is individual for each input document, the system ensures the ad-hoc generation of pipelines depending on specific document characteristics at runtime. Furthermore, it introduces the automated quality determination of each available pipeline and controls the integration of new microservices based on their impact on the business value. The introduced system enables fast prototyping of the newest approaches from research and supports companies in automating their IE processes. Based on the automated quality determination, it ensures that the generated pipelines always meet defined business requirements when they come into productive use. KW - Architectural design KW - Model-driven software engineering KW - Software and systems modeling KW - Enterprise information systems KW - Information extraction Y1 - 2023 U6 - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s42979-023-02256-4 SN - 2661-8907 N1 - Corresponding authors: Michael Sildatke, Hendrik Karwanni IS - 4, Article number: 833 PB - Springer Singapore CY - Singapore ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Siebigteroth, Ines A1 - Kraft, Bodo A1 - Schmidts, Oliver A1 - Zündorf, Albert T1 - A Study on Improving Corpus Creation by Pair Annotation T2 - Proceedings of the Poster Session of the 2nd Conference on Language, Data and Knowledge (LDK-PS 2019) Y1 - 2019 SN - 1613-0073 SP - 40 EP - 44 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Kohl, Philipp A1 - Freyer, Nils A1 - Krämer, Yoka A1 - Werth, Henri A1 - Wolf, Steffen A1 - Kraft, Bodo A1 - Meinecke, Matthias A1 - Zündorf, Albert ED - Conte, Donatello ED - Fred, Ana ED - Gusikhin, Oleg ED - Sansone, Carlo T1 - ALE: a simulation-based active learning evaluation framework for the parameter-driven comparison of query strategies for NLP T2 - Deep Learning Theory and Applications. DeLTA 2023. Communications in Computer and Information Science N2 - Supervised machine learning and deep learning require a large amount of labeled data, which data scientists obtain in a manual, and time-consuming annotation process. To mitigate this challenge, Active Learning (AL) proposes promising data points to annotators they annotate next instead of a subsequent or random sample. This method is supposed to save annotation effort while maintaining model performance. However, practitioners face many AL strategies for different tasks and need an empirical basis to choose between them. Surveys categorize AL strategies into taxonomies without performance indications. Presentations of novel AL strategies compare the performance to a small subset of strategies. Our contribution addresses the empirical basis by introducing a reproducible active learning evaluation (ALE) framework for the comparative evaluation of AL strategies in NLP. The framework allows the implementation of AL strategies with low effort and a fair data-driven comparison through defining and tracking experiment parameters (e.g., initial dataset size, number of data points per query step, and the budget). ALE helps practitioners to make more informed decisions, and researchers can focus on developing new, effective AL strategies and deriving best practices for specific use cases. With best practices, practitioners can lower their annotation costs. We present a case study to illustrate how to use the framework. KW - Active learning KW - Query learning KW - Natural language processing KW - Deep learning KW - Reproducible research Y1 - 2023 SN - 978-3-031-39058-6 (Print) SN - 978-3-031-39059-3 (Online) U6 - http://dx.doi.org/978-3-031-39059-3 N1 - 4th International Conference, DeLTA 2023, Rome, Italy, July 13–14, 2023. SP - 235 EP - 253 PB - Springer CY - Cham ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kraft, Bodo A1 - Heer, Thomas A1 - Retkowitz, Daniel T1 - Algorithm and Tool for Ontology Integration Based on Graph Rewriting / Heer, Thomas ; Retkowitz, Daniel ; Kraft, Bodo JF - Applications of Graph Transformations with Industrial Relevance / Third International Symposium, AGTIVE 2007, Kassel, Germany, October 10-12, 2007, Revised Selected and Invited Papers Y1 - 2008 SN - 978-3-540-89019-5 N1 - Lecture Notes in Computer Science ; 5088 SP - 577 EP - 582 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Kraft, Bodo A1 - Kohl, Philipp A1 - Meinecke, Matthias ED - Bernert, Christian ED - Scheurer, Steffen ED - Wehnes, Harald T1 - Analyse und Nachverfolgung von Projektzielen durch Einsatz von Natural Language Processing T2 - KI in der Projektwirtschaft : was verändert sich durch KI im Projektmanagement? Y1 - 2024 SN - 978-3-3811-1132-9 (Online) SN - 978-3-3811-1131-2 (Print) U6 - http://dx.doi.org/10.24053/9783381111329 SP - 157 EP - 167 PB - UVK Verlag ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Sildatke, Michael A1 - Karwanni, Hendrik A1 - Kraft, Bodo A1 - Schmidts, Oliver A1 - Zündorf, Albert T1 - Automated Software Quality Monitoring in Research Collaboration Projects T2 - ICSEW'20: Proceedings of the IEEE/ACM 42nd International Conference on Software Engineering Workshops Y1 - 2020 U6 - http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3387940.3391478 SP - 603 EP - 610 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Schmidts, Oliver A1 - Kraft, Bodo A1 - Winkens, Marvin A1 - Zündorf, Albert T1 - Catalog integration of heterogeneous and volatile product data T2 - DATA 2020: Data Management Technologies and Applications N2 - The integration of frequently changing, volatile product data from different manufacturers into a single catalog is a significant challenge for small and medium-sized e-commerce companies. They rely on timely integrating product data to present them aggregated in an online shop without knowing format specifications, concept understanding of manufacturers, and data quality. Furthermore, format, concepts, and data quality may change at any time. Consequently, integrating product catalogs into a single standardized catalog is often a laborious manual task. Current strategies to streamline or automate catalog integration use techniques based on machine learning, word vectorization, or semantic similarity. However, most approaches struggle with low-quality or real-world data. We propose Attribute Label Ranking (ALR) as a recommendation engine to simplify the integration process of previously unknown, proprietary tabular format into a standardized catalog for practitioners. We evaluate ALR by focusing on the impact of different neural network architectures, language features, and semantic similarity. Additionally, we consider metrics for industrial application and present the impact of ALR in production and its limitations. Y1 - 2021 SN - 978-3-030-83013-7 U6 - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-83014-4_7 N1 - International Conference on Data Management Technologies and Applications, DATA 2020, 7-9 July SP - 134 EP - 153 PB - Springer CY - Cham ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Schmidts, Oliver A1 - Kraft, Bodo A1 - Winkens, Marvin A1 - Zündorf, Albert T1 - Catalog integration of low-quality product data by attribute label ranking T2 - Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Data Science, Technology and Applications - Volume 1: DATA Y1 - 2020 SN - 978-989-758-440-4 U6 - http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0009831000900101 SP - 90 EP - 101 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kraft, Bodo T1 - Conceptual design mit ArchiCAD 8 : Forschungsprojekt an der RWTH Aachen N2 - Projektbericht in GraphisoftNews - Architektur und Bauen in einer vernetzten Welt 3/2003 4 Seiten KW - CAD KW - CAD KW - Bauingenieurwesen KW - Architektur KW - CAD KW - civil engineering KW - architecture Y1 - 2003 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Kraft, Bodo T1 - Conceptual design tools for civil engineering N2 - Applications of Graph Transformations with Industrial Relevance Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 2004, Volume 3062/2004, 434-439, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-25959-6_33 This paper gives a brief overview of the tools we have developed to support conceptual design in civil engineering. Based on the UPGRADE framework, two applications, one for the knowledge engineer and another for architects allow to store domain specific knowledge and to use this knowledge during conceptual design. Consistency analyses check the design against the defined knowledge and inform the architect if rules are violated. KW - CAD KW - CAD KW - Bauingenieurwesen KW - CAD KW - civil engineering Y1 - 2004 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Schmidts, Oliver A1 - Kraft, Bodo A1 - Schreiber, Marc A1 - Zündorf, Albert T1 - Continuously evaluated research projects in collaborative decoupled environments T2 - 2018 ACM/IEEE 5th International Workshop on Software Engineering Research and Industrial PracticePractice, May 29, 2018, Gothenburg, Sweden : SER&IP' 18 N2 - Often, research results from collaboration projects are not transferred into productive environments even though approaches are proven to work in demonstration prototypes. These demonstration prototypes are usually too fragile and error-prone to be transferred easily into productive environments. A lot of additional work is required. Inspired by the idea of an incremental delivery process, we introduce an architecture pattern, which combines the approach of Metrics Driven Research Collaboration with microservices for the ease of integration. It enables keeping track of project goals over the course of the collaboration while every party may focus on their expert skills: researchers may focus on complex algorithms, practitioners may focus on their business goals. Through the simplified integration (intermediate) research results can be introduced into a productive environment which enables getting an early user feedback and allows for the early evaluation of different approaches. The practitioners’ business model benefits throughout the full project duration. Y1 - 2018 SP - 1 EP - 9 PB - ACM CY - New York, NY ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Schreiber, Marc A1 - Kraft, Bodo A1 - Zündorf, Albert T1 - Cost-efficient quality assurance of natural language processing tools through continuous monitoring with continuous integration T2 - 3rd International Workshop on Software Engineering Research and Industrial Practice Y1 - 2016 U6 - http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2897022.2897029 N1 - SER&IP’16, May 17 2016, Austin, TX, USA SP - 46 EP - 52 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Kirchhof, Michael A1 - Kraft, Bodo T1 - Dogmatisches „Entweder agil oder klassisch" im Projektmanagement hat ausgedient - die richtige Mischung macht's T2 - Projekt-Sternstunden : strahlende Erfolge durch Kompetenz Y1 - 2011 SN - 978-3-924841-60-7 N1 - PM-Forum <28, 2011, Nürnberg> ; PM-Forum 2011, 28. Internationales Deutsches Projektmanagement-Forum ; Nürnberg, 25. - 26.10.2011 ; Tagungsband SP - 414 EP - 425 PB - GPM CY - Nürnberg ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Klöser, Lars A1 - Büsgen, André A1 - Kohl, Philipp A1 - Kraft, Bodo A1 - Zündorf, Albert ED - Conte, Donatello ED - Fred, Ana ED - Gusikhin, Oleg ED - Sansone, Carlo T1 - Explaining relation classification models with semantic extents T2 - DeLTA 2023: Deep Learning Theory and Applications N2 - In recent years, the development of large pretrained language models, such as BERT and GPT, significantly improved information extraction systems on various tasks, including relation classification. State-of-the-art systems are highly accurate on scientific benchmarks. A lack of explainability is currently a complicating factor in many real-world applications. Comprehensible systems are necessary to prevent biased, counterintuitive, or harmful decisions. We introduce semantic extents, a concept to analyze decision patterns for the relation classification task. Semantic extents are the most influential parts of texts concerning classification decisions. Our definition allows similar procedures to determine semantic extents for humans and models. We provide an annotation tool and a software framework to determine semantic extents for humans and models conveniently and reproducibly. Comparing both reveals that models tend to learn shortcut patterns from data. These patterns are hard to detect with current interpretability methods, such as input reductions. Our approach can help detect and eliminate spurious decision patterns during model development. Semantic extents can increase the reliability and security of natural language processing systems. Semantic extents are an essential step in enabling applications in critical areas like healthcare or finance. Moreover, our work opens new research directions for developing methods to explain deep learning models. KW - Relation classification KW - Natural language processing KW - Natural language understanding KW - Information extraction KW - Trustworthy artificial intelligence Y1 - 2023 SN - 978-3-031-39058-6 (Print) SN - 978-3-031-39059-3 (Online) U6 - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-39059-3_13 N1 - 4th International Conference, DeLTA 2023, Rome, Italy, July 13–14, 2023. SP - 189 EP - 208 PB - Springer CY - Cham ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Büsgen, André A1 - Klöser, Lars A1 - Kohl, Philipp A1 - Schmidts, Oliver A1 - Kraft, Bodo A1 - Zündorf, Albert T1 - Exploratory analysis of chat-based black market profiles with natural language processing T2 - Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Data Science, Technology and Applications N2 - Messenger apps like WhatsApp or Telegram are an integral part of daily communication. Besides the various positive effects, those services extend the operating range of criminals. Open trading groups with many thousand participants emerged on Telegram. Law enforcement agencies monitor suspicious users in such chat rooms. This research shows that text analysis, based on natural language processing, facilitates this through a meaningful domain overview and detailed investigations. We crawled a corpus from such self-proclaimed black markets and annotated five attribute types products, money, payment methods, user names, and locations. Based on each message a user sends, we extract and group these attributes to build profiles. Then, we build features to cluster the profiles. Pretrained word vectors yield better unsupervised clustering results than current state-of-the-art transformer models. The result is a semantically meaningful high-level overview of the user landscape of black market chatrooms. Additionally, the extracted structured information serves as a foundation for further data exploration, for example, the most active users or preferred payment methods. KW - Clustering KW - Natural Language Processing KW - Information Extraction KW - Profile Extraction KW - Text Mining Y1 - 2022 SN - 978-989-758-583-8 U6 - http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0011271400003269 SN - 2184-285X SP - 83 EP - 94 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Büsgen, André A1 - Klöser, Lars A1 - Kohl, Philipp A1 - Schmidts, Oliver A1 - Kraft, Bodo A1 - Zündorf, Albert ED - Cuzzocrea, Alfredo ED - Gusikhin, Oleg ED - Hammoudi, Slimane ED - Quix, Christoph T1 - From cracked accounts to fake IDs: user profiling on German telegram black market channels T2 - Data Management Technologies and Applications N2 - Messenger apps like WhatsApp and Telegram are frequently used for everyday communication, but they can also be utilized as a platform for illegal activity. Telegram allows public groups with up to 200.000 participants. Criminals use these public groups for trading illegal commodities and services, which becomes a concern for law enforcement agencies, who manually monitor suspicious activity in these chat rooms. This research demonstrates how natural language processing (NLP) can assist in analyzing these chat rooms, providing an explorative overview of the domain and facilitating purposeful analyses of user behavior. We provide a publicly available corpus of annotated text messages with entities and relations from four self-proclaimed black market chat rooms. Our pipeline approach aggregates the extracted product attributes from user messages to profiles and uses these with their sold products as features for clustering. The extracted structured information is the foundation for further data exploration, such as identifying the top vendors or fine-granular price analyses. Our evaluation shows that pretrained word vectors perform better for unsupervised clustering than state-of-the-art transformer models, while the latter is still superior for sequence labeling. KW - Clustering KW - Natural language processing KW - Information extraction KW - Profile extraction KW - Text mining Y1 - 2023 SN - 978-3-031-37889-8 (Print) SN - 978-3-031-37890-4 (Online) U6 - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-37890-4_9 N1 - 10th International Conference, DATA 2021, Virtual Event, July 6–8, 2021, and 11th International Conference, DATA 2022, Lisbon, Portugal, July 11-13, 2022 SP - 176 EP - 202 PB - Springer CY - Cham ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kraft, Bodo A1 - Nobisrath, Ulrich A1 - Salumaa, Priit A1 - Schultchen, Erhard T1 - Fujaba based Tool Development for eHome Systems / Nobisrath, Ulrich ; Salumaa, Priit ; Schultchen, Erhard ; Kraft, Bodo JF - Electronic Notes in Theoretical Computer Science. 127 (2004), H. 1 Y1 - 2004 SN - 1571-0661 N1 - Proceedings of the International Workshop on Graph-Based Tools (GraBaTs 2004) SP - 89 EP - 99 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Kraft, Bodo A1 - Meyer, Oliver A1 - Nagl, Manfred T1 - Graph technology support for conceptual design in civil engineering N2 - In: Advances in intelligent computing in engineering : proceedings of the 9.International EG-ICE Workshop ; Darmstadt, (01 - 03 August) 2002 / Martina Schnellenbach-Held ... (eds.) . - Düsseldorf: VDI-Verl., 2002 .- Fortschritt-Berichte VDI, Reihe 4, Bauingenieurwesen ; 180 ; S. 1-35 The paper describes a novel way to support conceptual design in civil engineering. The designer uses semantical tools guaranteeing certain internal structures of the design result but also the fulfillment of various constraints. Two different approaches and corresponding tools are discussed: (a) Visually specified tools with automatic code generation to determine a design structure as well as fixing various constraints a design has to obey. These tools are also valuable for design knowledge specialist. (b) Extensions of existing CAD tools to provide semantical knowledge to be used by an architect. It is sketched how these different tools can be combined in the future. The main part of the paper discusses the concepts and realization of two prototypes following the two above approaches. The paper especially discusses that specific graphs and the specification of their structure are useful for both tool realization projects. KW - CAD KW - CAD ; KW - CAD KW - civil engineering Y1 - 2002 SN - 3-18-318004-9 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Kraft, Bodo A1 - Retkowitz, Daniel T1 - Graph Transformations for Dynamic Knowledge Processing N2 - In: Proceedings of the 39th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, 2006. HICSS '06 http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/HICSS.2006.200 The conceptual design phase at the beginning of the building construction process is not adequately supported by any CAD-tool. Conceptual design support needs regarding two aspects: first, the architect must be able to develop conceptual sketches that provide abstraction from constructive details. Second, conceptually relevant knowledge should be available to check these conceptual sketches. The paper deals with knowledge to formalize for conceptual design. To enable domain experts formalizing knowledge, a graph-based specification is presented that allows the development of a domain ontology and design rules specific for one class of buildings at runtime. The provided tool support illustrates the introduced concepts and demonstrates the consistency analysis between knowledge and conceptual design. KW - CAD KW - CAD KW - Bauingenieurwesen KW - CAD KW - civil engineering Y1 - 2006 ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Nagl, Manfred A1 - Kraft, Bodo T1 - Graphbasierte Werkzeuge zur Unterstützung des konzeptuellen Gebäude-Entwurfs : Bericht über den 2. Förderzeitraum des Schwerpunktprogramms : DFG-Schwerpunktprogramm 1103 : Vernetzt-kooperative Planungsprozesse im Konstruktiven Ingenieurbau. - Auch unter dem Titel: Neue Software-Werkzeuge zur Unterstützung des konzeptuellen Gebäudeentwurfs N2 - Der konstruktive Entwurf wird in derzeitigen CAD-Systemen gut unterstützt, nicht aber der konzeptuelle Gebäude-Entwurf. Dieser abstrahiert von konstruktiven Elementen wie Linie, Wand oder Decke, um auf die Konzepte, d.h. die eigentlichen Funktionen, heraus zu arbeiten. Diese abstraktere, funktionale Sichtweise auf ein Gebäude ist während der frühen Entwurfsphase essentiell, um Struktur und Organisation des gesamten Gebäudes zu erfassen. Bereits in dieser Phase muss Fachwissen (z. B. rechtliche, ökonomische und technische Bestimmungen) berücksichtigt werden. Im Rahmen des vorliegenden Projekts werden Software-Werkzeuge integriert in industrielle CAD-Systeme entwickelt, die den konzeptuellen Gebäude-Entwurf ermöglichen und diesen gegen Fachwissen prüfen. Das Projekt ist in zwei Teile gegliedert. Im Top-Down-Ansatz werden Datenstrukturen und Methoden zur Strukturierung, Repräsentation und Evaluation von gebäudespezifischem Fachwissen erarbeitet. Dieser Teil baut auf den graphbasierten Werkzeugen PROGRES und UPGRADE des Lehrstuhls auf. Der Bottom-Up-Ansatz ist industriell orientiert und hat zum Ziel, das kommerzielle CAD-System ArchiCAD zu erweitern. Hierbei soll der frühe, konzeptuelle Gebäude-Entwurf in einem CAD-System ermöglicht werden. Der Entwurf kann darüber hinaus gegen das definierte Fachwissen geprüft werden. Im Rahmen des graphbasierten Top-Down-Ansatzes wurde zunächst eine neue Spezifikationsmethode für die Sprache PROGRES entwickelt. Das PROGRES-System erlaubt die Spezifikation von Werkzeugen in deklarativer Form. Üblicherweise wird domänenspezifisches Fachwissen in der PROGRES-Spezifikation codiert, das daraus generierte visuelle Werkzeug stellt dann die entsprechende Funktionalität zur Verfügung. Mit dieser Methode sind am Lehrstuhl für Informatik III Werkzeuge für verschie-dene Anwendungsdomänen entstanden. In unserem Fall versetzen wir einen Domänen-Experten, z. B. einen erfahrenen Architekten, in die Lage, Fachwissen zur Laufzeit einzugeben, dieses zu evaluieren, abzuändern oder zu ergänzen. Im Rahmen der bisherigen Arbeit wurde dazu eine parametrisierte PROGRES-Spezifikation und zwei darauf aufbauende Werkzeuge entwickelt, welche die dynamische Eingabe von gebäude-technisch relevantem Fachwissen erlauben und einen graphbasierten, konzeptuellen Gebäude-Entwurf ermöglichen. In diesem konzeptuellen Gebäude-Entwurf wird von Raumgrößen und Positionen abstrahiert, um die funktionale Struktur eines Gebäudes zu beschreiben. Das Fachwissen kann von einem Architekten visuell definiert werden. Es können semantische Einheiten, im einfachsten Fall Räume, nach verschiedenen Kriterien kategorisiert und klassifiziert werden. Mit Hilfe von Attributen und Relationen können die semantischen Einheiten präziser beschrieben und in Beziehung zueinander gesetzt werden. Die in PROGRES spezifizierten Konsistenz-Analysen erlauben die Prüfung eines graphbasierten konzeptuellen Gebäude-Entwurfs gegen das dynamisch eingefügte Fachwissen. Im zweiten Teil des Forschungsprojekts, dem Bottom-Up-Ansatz, wird das CAD-System ArchiCAD erweitert, um den integrierten konzeptuellen Gebäude-Entwurf zu ermöglichen. Der Architekt erhält dazu neue Entwurfselemente, die Raumobjekte, welche die relevanten semantischen Einheiten während der frühen Entwurfsphase repräsentieren. Mit Hilfe der Raumobjekte kann der Architekt in ArchiCAD den Grundriss und das Raumprogramm eines Gebäudes entwerfen, ohne von konstruktiven Details in seiner Kreativität eingeschränkt zu werden. Die Arbeitsweise mit Raumobjekten entspricht dem informellen konzeptuellen Entwurf auf einer Papierskizze und ist daher für den Architekten intuitiv und einfach zu verwenden. Durch die Integration in ArchiCAD ergibt sich eine weitere Unterstützung: Das im Top-Down-Ansatz spezifizierte Fach-wissen wird verwendet, um den konzeptuellen Gebäude-Entwurf des Architekten auf Regelverletzungen zu überprüfen. Entwurfsfehler werden angezeigt. Zum Abschluss des konzeptuellen Gebäude-Entwurfs mit Raumobjekten wird durch ein weiteres neu entwickeltes Werkzeug eine initiale Wandstruktur automatisch erzeugt, die als Grundlage für die folgenden konstruktiven Entwurfsphasen dient. Alle beschriebenen Erwei-terungen sind in ArchiCAD integriert, sie sind für den Architekten daher leicht zu erlernen und einfach zu bedienen. KW - CAD KW - CAD KW - Bauingenieurwesen KW - CAD KW - civil engineering Y1 - 2004 ER -