TY - CHAP A1 - Funke, Harald A1 - Esch, Thomas A1 - Roosen, Peter ED - Bartz, Wilfried J. T1 - Using motor gasoline for aircrafts - coping with growing bio-fuel-caused risks by understanding cause-effect relationship T2 - Fuels 2009 : mineral oil based and alternative fuels ; 7th international colloquium ; January 14 - 15, 2009 N2 - The utilisation of vehicle-oriented gasoline in general aviation is very desirable for both ecological and economical reasons, as well as for general considerations of availability. As of today vehicle fuels may be used if the respective engine and cell are certified for such an operation. For older planes a supplementary technical certificate is provided for gasoline mixtures with less than 1 % v/v ethanol only, though. Larger admixtures of ethanol may lead to sudden engine malfunction and should be considered as considerable security risks. Major problems are caused by the partially ethanol non-withstanding materials, a necessarily changed stochiometric adjustment of the engine for varying ethanol shares and the tendency for phase separation in the presence of absorbed water. The concepts of the flexible fuel vehicles are only partially applicable in the view of air security. Y1 - 2009 SN - 978-3-924813-75-8 SP - 237 EP - 244 PB - Technische Akademie Esslingen (TAE) CY - Ostfildern ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Robinson, A. E. A1 - Rönna, Uwe A1 - Funke, Harald T1 - Testing of a 10 kW diffusive micro-mix combustor for hydrogen-fuelled micro-scale gas turbines JF - International Workshop on Micro and Nanotechnology for Power Generation and Energy Conversion Applications <7, 2007, Freiburg, Breisgau> ; PowerMEMS ; 7 Y1 - 2007 SP - 225 EP - 228 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bécret, P. A1 - Grossen, J. A1 - Trilla, J. A1 - Robinson, A. A1 - Bosschaerts, W. A1 - Funke, Harald A1 - Hendrick, P. T1 - Testing and numerical study of a 10 kW hydrogen micro combustor JF - International Workshop on Micro and Nanotechnology for Power Generation and Energy Conversion Applications <7, 2007, Freiburg, Breisgau> ; PowerMEMS ; 7 Y1 - 2007 SP - 367 EP - 370 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Funke, Harald A1 - Keinz, Jan A1 - Börner, S. A1 - Hendrick, P. A1 - Elsing, R. T1 - Testing and analysis of the impact on engine cycle parameters and control system modifications using hydrogen or methane as fuel in an industrial gas turbine T2 - Progress in propulsion physics ; Volume 8 Y1 - 2016 SN - 978-5-94588-191-4 U6 - http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/eucass/201608409 SP - 409 EP - 426 PB - EDP Sciences CY - o.O. ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bohn, D. A1 - Funke, Harald A1 - Gier, J. T1 - Temperature jet development in a cross-over channel JF - Third European Conference on Turbomachinery - fluid dynamics and thermodynamics : : 2 - 5 March 1999, Royal National Hotel, London, UK / organized by the Energy Transfer and Thermofluid Mechanics Group of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers (IMechE); with support and sponsorship from European Commission / Vol. B. Y1 - 1999 N1 - C557/158/99 ; IMechE conference transactions 1999-1B SP - 671 EP - 680 PB - Professional Engineering Publ. CY - Bury St. Edmunds ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Esch, Thomas A1 - Funke, Harald A1 - Roosen, Petra T1 - SIoBiA – Safety Implications of Biofuels in Aviation N2 - Biofuels potentially interesting also for aviation purposes are predominantly liquid fuels produced from biomass. The most common biofuels today are biodiesel and bioethanol. Since diesel engines are rather rare in aviation this survey is focusing on ethanol admixed to gasoline products. The Directive 2003/30/EC of the European Parliament and the Council of May 8th 2003 on the promotion of the use of biofuels or other renewable fuels for transport encourage a growing admixture of biogenic fuel components to fossil automotive gasoline. Some aircraft models equipped with spark ignited piston engines are approved for operation with automotive gasoline, frequently called “MOGAS” (motor gasoline). The majority of those approvals is limited to MOGAS compositions that do not contain methanol or ethanol beyond negligible amounts. In the past years (bio-)MTBE or (bio-)ETBE have been widely used as blending component of automotive gasoline whilst the usage of low-molecular alcohols like methanol or ethanol has been avoided due to the handling problems especially with regard to the strong affinity for water. With rising mandatory bio-admixtures the conversion of the basic biogenic ethanol to ETBE, causing a reduction of energetic payoff, becomes more and more unattractive. Therefore the direct ethanol admixture is accordingly favoured. Due to the national enforcements of the directive 2003/30/EC more oxygenates produced from organic materials like bioethanol have started to appear in automotive gasolines already. The current fuel specification EN 228 already allows up to 3 % volume per volume (v/v) (bio-)methanol or up to 5 % v/v (bio-)ethanol as fuel components. This is also roughly the amount of biogenic components to comply with the legal requirements to avoid monetary penalties for producers and distributors of fuels. Since automotive fuel is cheaper than the common aviation gasoline (AVGAS), creates less problems with lead deposits in the engine, and in general produces less pollutants it is strongly favoured by pilots. But being designed for a different set of usage scenarios the use of automotive fuel with low molecular alcohols for aircraft operation may have adverse effects in aviation operation. Increasing amounts of ethanol admixtures impose various changes in the gasoline’s chemical and physical properties, some of them rather unexpected and not within the range of flight experiences even of long-term pilots. Y1 - 2010 N1 - Analysis of the safety implications of the use of biofuels (ethanol admixture) for piston engines and general aviation aircraft and assessment of potential environmental benefits. PB - EASA CY - Köln ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Funke, Harald A1 - Esch, Thomas A1 - Roosen, Petra T1 - Powertrain Adaptions for LPG Usage in General Aviation JF - MTZ worldwide N2 - In general aviation, too, it is desirable to be able to operate existing internal combustion engines with fuels that produce less CO₂ than Avgas 100LL being widely used today It can be assumed that, in comparison, the fuels CNG, LPG or LNG, which are gaseous under normal conditions, produce significantly lower emissions. Necessary propulsion system adaptations were investigated as part of a research project at Aachen University of Applied Sciences. Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s38313-021-0756-6 VL - 2022 IS - 83 SP - 58 EP - 62 PB - Springer Nature CY - Basel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Funke, Harald A1 - Recker, E. A1 - Bosschaerts, W. A1 - Boonen, Q. A1 - Börner, Sebastian T1 - Parametrical study of the „Micromix“ hydrogen combustion principle JF - 10th International Symposium on Experimental and Computational Aerothermodynamics of Internal Flows, ISAIF10-049, Brussels, Belgium, 4-7 July 2011 Y1 - 2011 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Funke, Harald A1 - Haj Ayed, A. A1 - Kusterer, K. A1 - Keinz, Jan A1 - Kazari, M. A1 - Kitajima, J. A1 - Horikawa, A. A1 - Okada, K. T1 - Numerical Study on Increased Energy Density for the DLN Micromix Hydrogen Combustion Principle T2 - Combustion, Fuels and Emissions (ASME Turbo Expo 2014: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition : Düsseldorf, Germany, June 16–20, 2014 ; Vol. 4A) Y1 - 2014 SN - 978-0-7918-4568-4 N1 - Paper No. GT2014-25848 SP - V04AT04A057 PB - ASME CY - New York, N.Y. ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Striegan, Constantin J. D. A1 - Struth, Benjamin A1 - Dickhoff, Jens A1 - Kusterer, Karsten A1 - Funke, Harald A1 - Bohn, Dieter T1 - Numerical Simulations of the Micromix DLN Hydrogen Combustion Technology with LES and Comparison to Results of RANS and Experimental Data T2 - Proceedings of International Gas Turbine Congress 2019 Tokyo, November 17-22, 2019, Tokyo, Japan. Y1 - 2019 SN - 978-4-89111-010-9 N1 - IGCT-2019-147 SP - 1 EP - 9 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Kroniger, Daniel A1 - Horikawa, Atsushi A1 - Funke, Harald A1 - Pfäffle, Franziska T1 - Numerical investigation of micromix hydrogen flames at different combustor pressure levels T2 - Proceedings of the International Conference on Power Engineering 2021 N2 - This study investigates the influence of pressure on the temperature distribution of the micromix (MMX) hydrogen flame and the NOx emissions. A steady computational fluid dynamic (CFD) analysis is performed by simulating a reactive flow with a detailed chemical reaction model. The numerical analysis is validated based on experimental investigations. A quantitative correlation is parametrized based on the numerical results. We find, that the flame initiation point shifts with increasing pressure from anchoring behind a downstream located bluff body towards anchoring upstream at the hydrogen jet. The numerical NOx emissions trend regarding to a variation of pressure is in good agreement with the experimental results. The pressure has an impact on both, the residence time within the maximum temperature region and on the peak temperature itself. In conclusion, the numerical model proved to be adequate for future prototype design exploration studies targeting on improving the operating range. KW - Gas turbine combustion KW - Hydrogen KW - NOx emissions KW - Flame temperature KW - Flame residence time Y1 - 2021 N1 - Proceedings of the International Conference on Power Engineering 2021 (ICOPE-2021). October 17 - 21, 2021. Kobe, Japan (Online) ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Striegan, C. A1 - Haj Ayed, A. A1 - Funke, Harald A1 - Loechle, S. A1 - Kazari, M. A1 - Horikawa, A. A1 - Okada, K. A1 - Koga, K. T1 - Numerical combustion and heat transfer simulations and validation for a hydrogen fueled "micromix" test combustor in industrial gas turbine applications T2 - Proceedings of the ASME Turbo Expo Y1 - 2017 SN - 978-079185085-5 U6 - http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/GT2017-64719 N1 - ASME Turbo Expo 2017: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition, GT 2017; Charlotte; United States; 26 June 2017 through 30 June 2017 IS - Volume Part F130041-4B, 2017 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bohn, D. A1 - Funke, Harald A1 - Gier, J. T1 - Numerical and Experimental Investigations on the Flow in a 4-Stage Turbine with Special Focus on the Development of a Radial Temperature Streak JF - ASME Turbo Expo 1999, Indianapolis, USA, 1999 Y1 - 1999 N1 - ASME-Paper 99-GT-027 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bohn, Dieter A1 - Funke, Harald A1 - Sürken, Norbert A1 - Kreitmeier, F. T1 - Numerical and experimental investigations on endwall contouring in a four-stage turbine JF - ASME Turbo Expo Land Sea & Air 2001 : June 4 - 8, 2001, New Orleans, Louisiana / IGTI, International Gas Turbine Institute. American Society of Mechanical Engineers. International Gas Turbine Institute .. Y1 - 2001 SN - 0-7918-3528-6 N1 - ASME-Paper 2001-GT-0481 PB - ASME CY - New York, NY ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bohn, Dieter A1 - Funke, Harald A1 - Heuer, Tom A1 - Bütikofer, J. T1 - Numerical and experimental investigations of the influence of different swirl-ratios on the temperature streak equalization in a 4-stage turbine JF - ASME Turbo Expo 2000 ; Munich, May 8-11 2000 Y1 - 2000 N1 - ASME-paper ; 2000-GT-250 CY - Munich ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Robinson, A. E. A1 - Funke, Harald A1 - Wagemakers, R. A1 - Grossen, J. A1 - Bosschaerts, W. A1 - Hendrick, P. T1 - Numerical and Experimental Investigation of a Micromix Combustor for a Hydrogen Fuelled μ-Scale Gas Turbine JF - Proceedings of the ASME Turbo Expo 2009 : : presented at the 2009 ASME Turbo Expo, June 8 - 12, 2009, Orlando, Florida, USA / sponsored by the International Gas Turbine Institute Y1 - 2009 SN - 9780791848869 N1 - GT2009-60061 SP - 253 EP - 262 PB - ASME CY - New York, NY ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Funke, Harald A1 - Beckmann, Nils A1 - Keinz, Jan A1 - Abanteriba, Sylvester T1 - Numerical and Experimental Evaluation of a Dual-Fuel Dry-Low-NOx Micromix Combustor for Industrial Gas Turbine Applications T2 - Proceedings of the ASME Turbo Expo 2017: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. Volume 4B: Combustion, Fuels and Emissions. Charlotte, North Carolina, USA. June 26–30, 2017 N2 - The Dry-Low-NOx (DLN) Micromix combustion technology has been developed originally as a low emission alternative for industrial gas turbine combustors fueled with hydrogen. Currently the ongoing research process targets flexible fuel operation with hydrogen and syngas fuel. The non-premixed combustion process features jet-in-crossflow-mixing of fuel and oxidizer and combustion through multiple miniaturized flames. The miniaturization of the flames leads to a significant reduction of NOx emissions due to the very short residence time of reactants in the flame. The paper presents the results of a numerical and experimental combustor test campaign. It is conducted as part of an integration study for a dual-fuel (H2 and H2/CO 90/10 Vol.%) Micromix combustion chamber prototype for application under full scale, pressurized gas turbine conditions in the auxiliary power unit Honeywell Garrett GTCP 36-300. In the presented experimental studies, the integration-optimized dual-fuel Micromix combustor geometry is tested at atmospheric pressure over a range of gas turbine operating conditions with hydrogen and syngas fuel. The experimental investigations are supported by numerical combustion and flow simulations. For validation, the results of experimental exhaust gas analyses are applied. Despite the significantly differing fuel characteristics between pure hydrogen and hydrogen-rich syngas the evaluated dual-fuel Micromix prototype shows a significant low NOx performance and high combustion efficiency. The combustor features an increased energy density that benefits manufacturing complexity and costs. Y1 - 2017 SN - 978-0-7918-5085-5 U6 - http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/GT2017-64795 N1 - Paper No. GT2017-64795, V04BT04A045 PB - ASME CY - New York ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Funke, Harald A1 - Beckmann, Nils A1 - Keinz, Jan A1 - Abanteriba, Sylvester T1 - Numerical and Experimental Evaluation of a Dual-Fuel Dry-Low-NOx Micromix Combustor for Industrial Gas Turbine Applications JF - Journal of Thermal Science and Engineering Applications Y1 - 2019 U6 - http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.4041495 SN - 19485085 N1 - Paper No: GT2017-64795 VL - 11 IS - 1 SP - 011015 PB - ASME CY - New York ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Funke, Harald A1 - Börner, Sebastian A1 - Keinz, Jan A1 - Kusterer, K. A1 - Kroninger, D. A1 - Kitajima, J. A1 - Kazari, M. A1 - Horikama, A. T1 - Numerical and experimental characterization of low NOx Micromix combustion principle for industrial hydrogen gas turbine applications T2 - Proceedings of ASME Turbo Expo 2012 Y1 - 2013 N1 - ASME Turbo Expo 2012, GT2012, June 11-15, 2012, Copenhagen, Denmark ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Funke, Harald A1 - Börner, Sebastian A1 - Hendrick, P. A1 - Recker, E. T1 - Modification and testing of an engine and fuel control system for a hydrogen fuelled gas turbine T2 - Progress in Propulsion Physics. Vol. 2 Y1 - 2011 SN - 978-2-7598-0673-7 SP - 475 EP - 486 PB - EDP Sciences CY - Les Ulis ER -