TY - JOUR A1 - Hoffstadt, Kevin A1 - Pohen, Gino D. A1 - Dicke, Max D. A1 - Paulsen, Svea A1 - Krafft, Simone A1 - Zang, Joachim W. A1 - Fonseca-Zang, Warde A. da A1 - Leite, Athaydes A1 - Kuperjans, Isabel T1 - Challenges and prospects of biogas from energy cane as supplement to bioethanol production JF - Agronomy N2 - Innovative breeds of sugar cane yield up to 2.5 times as much organic matter as conventional breeds, resulting in a great potential for biogas production. The use of biogas production as a complementary solution to conventional and second-generation ethanol production in Brazil may increase the energy produced per hectare in the sugarcane sector. Herein, it was demonstrated that through ensiling, energy cane can be conserved for six months; the stored cane can then be fed into a continuous biogas process. This approach is necessary to achieve year-round biogas production at an industrial scale. Batch tests revealed specific biogas potentials between 400 and 600 LN/kgVS for both the ensiled and non-ensiled energy cane, and the specific biogas potential of a continuous biogas process fed with ensiled energy cane was in the same range. Peak biogas losses through ensiling of up to 27% after six months were observed. Finally, compared with second-generation ethanol production using energy cane, the results indicated that biogas production from energy cane may lead to higher energy yields per hectare, with an average energy yield of up to 162 MWh/ha. Finally, the Farm²CBG concept is introduced, showing an approach for decentralized biogas production. Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10060821 SN - 2073-4395 VL - 10 IS - 6 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Breuß, Michael A1 - Kleefeld, Andreas T1 - Implicit monotone difference methods for scalar conservation laws with source terms JF - Acta Mathematica Vietnamica N2 - In this article, a concept of implicit methods for scalar conservation laws in one or more spatial dimensions allowing also for source terms of various types is presented. This material is a significant extension of previous work of the first author (Breuß SIAM J. Numer. Anal. 43(3), 970–986 2005). Implicit notions are developed that are centered around a monotonicity criterion. We demonstrate a connection between a numerical scheme and a discrete entropy inequality, which is based on a classical approach by Crandall and Majda. Additionally, three implicit methods are investigated using the developed notions. Next, we conduct a convergence proof which is not based on a classical compactness argument. Finally, the theoretical results are confirmed by various numerical tests. KW - Entropy solution KW - Source term KW - Monotone methods KW - Implicit methods KW - Finite difference methods KW - Conservation laws Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s40306-019-00354-1 SN - 2315-4144 N1 - Corresponding author: Andreas Kleefeld VL - 45 SP - 709 EP - 738 PB - Springer Singapore CY - Singapore ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Gaigall, Daniel T1 - Hoeffding-Blum-Kiefer-Rosenblatt independence test statistic on partly not identically distributed data JF - Communications in Statistics - Theory and Methods N2 - The established Hoeffding-Blum-Kiefer-Rosenblatt independence test statistic is investigated for partly not identically distributed data. Surprisingly, it turns out that the statistic has the well-known distribution-free limiting null distribution of the classical criterion under standard regularity conditions. An application is testing goodness-of-fit for the regression function in a non parametric random effects meta-regression model, where the consistency is obtained as well. Simulations investigate size and power of the approach for small and moderate sample sizes. A real data example based on clinical trials illustrates how the test can be used in applications. KW - Brownian Pillow KW - Hoeffding-Blum-Kiefer-Rosenblatt independence test KW - not identically distributed KW - random effects meta-regression model Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/03610926.2020.1805767 SN - 1532-415X VL - 51 IS - 12 SP - 4006 EP - 4028 PB - Taylor & Francis CY - London ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Kleefeld, Andreas ED - Constanda, Christian T1 - Numerical calculation of interior transmission eigenvalues with mixed boundary conditions T2 - Computational and Analytic Methods in Science and Engineering N2 - Interior transmission eigenvalue problems for the Helmholtz equation play an important role in inverse wave scattering. Some distribution properties of those eigenvalues in the complex plane are reviewed. Further, a new scattering model for the interior transmission eigenvalue problem with mixed boundary conditions is described and an efficient algorithm for computing the interior transmission eigenvalues is proposed. Finally, extensive numerical results for a variety of two-dimensional scatterers are presented to show the validity of the proposed scheme. Y1 - 2020 SN - 978-3-030-48185-8 (Hardcover) U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-48186-5_9 SP - 173 EP - 195 PB - Birkhäuser CY - Cham ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Abele, Daniel A1 - Kleefeld, Andreas ED - Constanda, Christian T1 - New Numerical Results for the Optimization of Neumann Eigenvalues T2 - Computational and Analytic Methods in Science and Engineering N2 - We present new numerical results for shape optimization problems of interior Neumann eigenvalues. This field is not well understood from a theoretical standpoint. The existence of shape maximizers is not proven beyond the first two eigenvalues, so we study the problem numerically. We describe a method to compute the eigenvalues for a given shape that combines the boundary element method with an algorithm for nonlinear eigenvalues. As numerical optimization requires many such evaluations, we put a focus on the efficiency of the method and the implemented routine. The method is well suited for parallelization. Using the resulting fast routines and a specialized parametrization of the shapes, we found improved maxima for several eigenvalues. Y1 - 2020 SN - 978-3-030-48185-8 (Print) SN - 978-3-030-48186-5 (Online) U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-48186-5_1 SP - 1 EP - 20 PB - Birkhäuser CY - Cham ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Biewendt, Marcel A1 - Blaschke, Florian A1 - Böhnert, Arno T1 - The rebound effect – a systematic review of the current state of affairs JF - European Journal of Economics and Business Studies N2 - This publication is intended to present the current state of research on the rebound effect. First, a systematic literature review is carried out to outline (current) scientific models and theories. Research Question 1 follows with a mathematical introduction of the rebound effect, which shows the interdependence of consumer behaviour, technological progress, and interwoven effects for both. Thereupon, the research field is analysed for gaps and limitations by a systematic literature review. To ensure quantitative and qualitative results, a review protocol is used that integrates two different stages and covers all relevant publications released between 2000 and 2019. Accordingly, 392 publications were identified that deal with the rebound effect. These papers were reviewed to obtain relevant information on the two research questions. The literature review shows that research on the rebound effect is not yet comprehensive and focuses mainly on the effect itself rather than solutions to avoid it. Research Question 2 finds that the main gap, and thus the limitations, is that not much research has been published on the actual avoidance of the rebound effect yet. This is a major limitation for practical application by decision-makers and politicians. Therefore, a theoretical analysis was carried out to identify potential theories and ideas to avoid the rebound effect. The most obvious idea to solve this problem is the theory of a Steady-State Economy (SSE), which has been described and reviewed. KW - sustainability KW - rebound-effect KW - literature KW - systematic KW - critical KW - SSE) JEL : O33 KW - review Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.26417/134nvy47z SN - 2601-8659 VL - 6 IS - 1 SP - 106 EP - 120 PB - Revistia CY - London ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Biewendt, Marcel A1 - Blaschke, Florian A1 - Böhnert, Arno T1 - An evaluation of corporate sustainability in context of the Jevons paradox JF - SocioEconomic Challenges N2 - The successful implementation and continuous development of sustainable corporate-level solutions is a challenge. These are endeavours in which social, environmental, and financial aspects must be weighed against each other. They can prove difficult to handle and, in some cases, almost unrealistic. Concepts such as green controlling, IT, and manufacturing look promising and are constantly evolving. This paper aims to achieve a better understanding of the field of corporate sustainability (CS). It will evaluate the hypothesis by which Corporate Sustainability thrives, via being efficient, increasing the performance, and raising the value of the input of the enterprises to the resources used. In fact, Corporate Sustainability on the surface could seem to contradict the idea, which supports the understanding that it encourages the reduction of the heavy reliance on the use of natural resources, the overall environmental impact, and above all, their protection. To understand how the contradictory notion of CS came about, in this part of the paper, the emphasis is placed on providing useful insight to this regard. The first part of this paper summarizes various definitions, organizational theories, and measures used for CS and its derivatives like green controlling, IT, and manufacturing. Second, a case study is given that combines the aforementioned sustainability models. In addition to evaluating the hypothesis, the overarching objective of this paper is to demonstrate the use of green controlling, IT, and manufacturing in the corporate sector. Furthermore, this paper outlines the current challenges and possible directions for CS in the future. KW - rebound-effect KW - grey energy KW - efficiency side-effects KW - jevons paradox KW - corporate sustainability Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.21272/sec.4(3).46-65.2020 SN - 2520-6214 VL - 4 IS - 3 SP - 46 EP - 65 PB - ARMG Publishing CY - Sumy ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Biewendt, Marcel A1 - Böhnert, Arno A1 - Blaschke, Florian T1 - The repercussions of the digital twin in the automotive industry on the new marketing logic JF - European Journal of Marketing and Economics N2 - Rapid development of virtual and data acquisition technology makes Digital Twin Technology (DT) one of the fundamental areas of research, while DT is one of the most promissory developments for the achievement of Industry 4.0. 48% percent of organisations implementing the Internet of Things are already using DT or plan to use DT in 2020. The global market for DT is expected to grow by 38 percent annually, reaching USD16 billion by 2023. In addition, the number of participating organisations using digital twins is expected to triple by 2022. DTs are characterised by the integration between physical and virtual spaces. The driving idea for DT is to develop, test and build our devices in a virtual environment. The objective of this paper is to study the impact of DT in the automotive industry on the new marketing logic. This paper outlines the current challenges and possible directions for the future DT in marketing. This paper will be helpful for managers in the industry to use the advantages and potentials of DT. KW - industry 4.0 KW - marketing KW - automotive KW - digital twin Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.26417/229eim64f SN - 2601-8659 VL - 4 IS - 1 SP - 68 EP - 73 PB - Revistia CY - London ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Raffeis, Iris A1 - Adjei-Kyeremeh, Frank A1 - Vroomen, Uwe A1 - Westhoff, Elmar A1 - Bremen, Sebastian A1 - Hohoi, Alexandru A1 - Bührig-Polaczek, Andreas T1 - Qualification of a Ni-Cu alloy for the laser powder bed fusion process (LPBF): Its microstructure and mechanical properties JF - Applied Sciences N2 - As researchers continue to seek the expansion of the material base for additive manufacturing, there is a need to focus attention on the Ni–Cu group of alloys which conventionally has wide industrial applications. In this work, the G-NiCu30Nb casting alloy, a variant of the Monel family of alloys with Nb and high Si content is, for the first time, processed via the laser powder bed fusion process (LPBF). Being novel to the LPBF processes, optimum LPBF parameters were determined, and hardness and tensile tests were performed in as-built conditions and after heat treatment at 1000 °C. Microstructures of the as-cast and the as-built condition were compared. Highly dense samples (99.8% density) were achieved after varying hatch distance (80 µm and 140 µm) with scanning speed (550 mm/s–1500 mm/s). There was no significant difference in microhardness between varied hatch distance print sets. Microhardness of the as-built condition (247 HV0.2) exceeded the as-cast microhardness (179 HV0.2.). Tensile specimens built in vertical (V) and horizontal (H) orientations revealed degrees of anisotropy and were superior to conventionally reported figures. Post heat treatment increased ductility from 20% to 31% (V), as well as from 16% to 25% (H), while ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and yield strength (YS) were considerably reduced. Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3390/app10103401 SN - 2076-3417 N1 - Special Issue Materials Development by Additive Manufacturing Techniques VL - 10 IS - Art. 3401 SP - 1 EP - 15 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Biewendt, Marcel T1 - Sustainable development: A quantitative analysis regarding the impact of resource rents on state welfare from 2002 to 2017 JF - SocioEconomic Challenges N2 - This paper uses a quantitative analysis to examine the interdependence and impact of resource rents on socio-economic development from 2002 to 2017. Nigeria and Norway have been chosen as reference countries due to their abundance of natural resources by similar economic performance, while the ranking in the Human Development Index differs dramatically. As the Human Development Index provides insight into a country’s cultural and socio-economic characteristics and development in addition to economic indicators, it allows a comparison of the two countries. The hypothesis presented and discussed in this paper was researched before. A qualitative research approach was used in the author’s master’s thesis “The Human Development Index (HDI) as a Reflection of Resource Abundance (using Nigeria and Norway as a case study)” in 2018. The management of scarce resources is an important aspect in the development of modern countries and those on the threshold of becoming industrialised nations. The effects of a mistaken resource management are not only of a purely economic nature but also of a social and socio-economic nature. In order to present a partial aspect of these dependencies and influences this paper uses a quantitative analysis to examine the interdependence and impact of resource rents on socio-economic development from 2002 to 2017. Nigeria and Norway have been chosen as reference countries due to their abundance of natural resources by similar economic performance, while the ranking in the Human Development Index differs significantly. As the Human Development Index provides insight into a country’s cultural and socio-economic characteristics and development in addition to economic indicators, it allows a comparison of the two countries. This paper found out in a holistic perspective that (not or poorly managed) resource wealth in itself has a negative impact on socio-economic development and significantly reduces the productivity of the citizens of a state. This is expressed in particular for the years 2002 till 2017 in a negative correlation of GDP per capita and HDI value with the share respectively the size of resources in the GDP of a country. KW - socio-economic welfare KW - resource abundance KW - sustainability KW - Human Development Index Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.21272/sec.4(4).119-131.2020 SN - 2520-6214 VL - 4 IS - 4 SP - 119 EP - 131 PB - ARMG Publishing CY - Sumy ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Asar, Hande A1 - Stapenhorst, Carolin T1 - Zvi Hecker: Drawing on drawing JF - Archives of Design Research N2 - Background: Architectural representation, nurtured by the interaction between design thinking and design action, is inherently multi-layered. However, the representation object cannot always reflect these layers. Therefore, it is claimed that these reflections and layerings can gain visibility through ‘performativity in personal knowledge’, which basically has a performative character. The specific layers of representation produced during the performativity in personal knowledge permit insights about the ‘personal way of designing’ [1]. Therefore, the question, ‘how can these layered drawings be decomposed to understand the personal way of designing’, can be defined as the beginning of the study. On the other hand, performativity in personal knowledge in architectural design is handled through the relationship between explicit and tacit knowledge and representational and non-representational theory. To discuss the practical dimension of these theoretical relations, Zvi Hecker's drawing of the Heinz-Galinski-School is examined as an example. The study aims to understand the relationships between the layers by decomposing a layered drawing analytically in order to exemplify personal ways of designing. Methods: The study is based on qualitative research methodologies. First, a model has been formed through theoretical readings to discuss the performativity in personal knowledge. This model is used to understand the layered representations and to research the personal way of designing. Thus, one drawing of Hecker’s Heinz-Galinski-School project is chosen. Second, its layers are decomposed to detect and analyze diverse objects, which hint to different types of design tools and their application. Third, Zvi Hecker’s statements of the design process are explained through the interview data [2] and other sources. The obtained data are compared with each other. Results: By decomposing the drawing, eleven layers are defined. These layers are used to understand the relation between the design idea and its representation. They can also be thought of as a reading system. In other words, a method to discuss Hecker’s performativity in personal knowledge is developed. Furthermore, the layers and their interconnections are described in relation to Zvi Hecker’s personal way of designing. Conclusions: It can be said that layered representations, which are associated with the multilayered structure of performativity in personal knowledge, form the personal way of designing. KW - performativity in personal knowledge KW - personal way of designing KW - architectural layered representation KW - architectural design Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.15187/adr.2020.08.33.3.45 SN - 1226-8046 SN - 2288-2987 (eISSN) VL - 33 IS - 3 SP - 45 EP - 53 PB - Korean Society of Design Science CY - Seongnam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Orzada, Stephan A1 - Fiedler, Thomas M. A1 - Bitz, Andreas A1 - Ladd, Mark E. A1 - Quick, Harald H. T1 - Local SAR compression with overestimation control to reduce maximum relative SAR overestimation and improve multi-channel RF array performance JF - Magnetic Resonance Materials in Physics, Biology and Medicine N2 - Objective In local SAR compression algorithms, the overestimation is generally not linearly dependent on actual local SAR. This can lead to large relative overestimation at low actual SAR values, unnecessarily constraining transmit array performance. Method Two strategies are proposed to reduce maximum relative overestimation for a given number of VOPs. The first strategy uses an overestimation matrix that roughly approximates actual local SAR; the second strategy uses a small set of pre-calculated VOPs as the overestimation term for the compression. Result Comparison with a previous method shows that for a given maximum relative overestimation the number of VOPs can be reduced by around 20% at the cost of a higher absolute overestimation at high actual local SAR values. Conclusion The proposed strategies outperform a previously published strategy and can improve the SAR compression where maximum relative overestimation constrains the performance of parallel transmission. Y1 - 2020 SN - 1352-8661 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s10334-020-00890-0 IS - 34 (2021) SP - 153 EP - 164 PB - Springer CY - Heidelberg ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bayer, Robin A1 - Temiz Artmann, Aysegül A1 - Digel, Ilya A1 - Falkenstein, Julia A1 - Artmann, Gerhard A1 - Creutz, Till A1 - Hescheler, Jürgen T1 - Mechano-pharmacological testing of L-Type Ca²⁺ channel modulators via human vascular celldrum model JF - Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry N2 - Background/Aims: This study aimed to establish a precise and well-defined working model, assessing pharmaceutical effects on vascular smooth muscle cell monolayer in-vitro. It describes various analysis techniques to determine the most suitable to measure the biomechanical impact of vasoactive agents by using CellDrum technology. Methods: The so-called CellDrum technology was applied to analyse the biomechanical properties of confluent human aorta muscle cells (haSMC) in monolayer. The cell generated tensions deviations in the range of a few N/m² are evaluated by the CellDrum technology. This study focuses on the dilative and contractive effects of L-type Ca²⁺ channel agonists and antagonists, respectively. We analyzed the effects of Bay K8644, nifedipine and verapamil. Three different measurement modes were developed and applied to determine the most appropriate analysis technique for the study purpose. These three operation modes are called, particular time mode" (PTM), "long term mode" (LTM) and "real-time mode" (RTM). Results: It was possible to quantify the biomechanical response of haSMCs to the addition of vasoactive agents using CellDrum technology. Due to the supplementation of 100nM Bay K8644, the tension increased approximately 10.6% from initial tension maximum, whereas, the treatment with nifedipine and verapamil caused a significant decrease in cellular tension: 10nM nifedipine decreased the biomechanical stress around 6,5% and 50nM verapamil by 2,8%, compared to the initial tension maximum. Additionally, all tested measurement modes provide similar results while focusing on different analysis parameters. Conclusion: The CellDrum technology allows highly sensitive biomechanical stress measurements of cultured haSMC monolayers. The mechanical stress responses evoked by the application of vasoactive calcium channel modulators were quantified functionally (N/m²). All tested operation modes resulted in equal findings, whereas each mode features operation-related data analysis. Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.33594/000000225 SN - 1421-9778 VL - 54 SP - 371 EP - 383 PB - Cell Physiol Biochem Press CY - Düsseldorf ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Duran Paredes, Ludwin A1 - Mottaghy, Darius A1 - Herrmann, Ulf A1 - Groß, Rolf Fritz T1 - Online ground temperature and soil moisture monitoring of a shallow geothermal system with non-conventional components T2 - EGU General Assembly 2020 N2 - We present first results from a newly developed monitoring station for a closed loop geothermal heat pump test installation at our campus, consisting of helix coils and plate heat exchangers, as well as an ice-store system. There are more than 40 temperature sensors and several soil moisture content sensors distributed around the system, allowing a detailed monitoring under different operating conditions.In the view of the modern development of renewable energies along with the newly concepts known as Internet of Things and Industry 4.0 (high-tech strategy from the German government), we created a user-friendly web application, which will connect the things (sensors) with the open network (www). Besides other advantages, this allows a continuous remote monitoring of the data from the numerous sensors at an arbitrary sampling rate.Based on the recorded data, we will also present first results from numerical simulations, taking into account all relevant heat transport processes.The aim is to improve the understanding of these processes and their influence on the thermal behavior of shallow geothermal systems in the unsaturated zone. This will in turn facilitate the prediction of the performance of these systems and therefore yield an improvement in their dimensioning when designing a specific shallow geothermal installation. Y1 - 2020 N1 - EGU General Assembly 2020, Online, 4–8 May 2020 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Sattler, Johannes Christoph A1 - Chico Caminos, Ricardo Alexander A1 - Ürlings, Nicolas A1 - Dutta, Siddharth A1 - Ruiz, Victor A1 - Kalogirou, Soteris A1 - Ktistis, Panayiotis A1 - Agathokleous, Rafaela A1 - Jung, Christian A1 - Alexopoulos, Spiros A1 - Atti, Vikrama Naga Babu A1 - Teixeira Boura, Cristiano José A1 - Herrmann, Ulf T1 - Operational experience and behaviour of a parabolic trough collector system with concrete thermal energy storage for process steam generation in Cyprus T2 - AIP Conference Proceedings N2 - As part of the transnational research project EDITOR, a parabolic trough collector system (PTC) with concrete thermal energy storage (C-TES) was installed and commissioned in Limassol, Cyprus. The system is located on the premises of the beverage manufacturer KEAN Soft Drinks Ltd. and its function is to supply process steam for the factory's pasteurisation process [1]. Depending on the factory's seasonally varying capacity for beverage production, the solar system delivers between 5 and 25 % of the total steam demand. In combination with the C-TES, the solar plant can supply process steam on demand before sunrise or after sunset. Furthermore, the C-TES compensates the PTC during the day in fluctuating weather conditions. The parabolic trough collector as well as the control and oil handling unit is designed and manufactured by Protarget AG, Germany. The C-TES is designed and produced by CADE Soluciones de Ingeniería, S.L., Spain. In the focus of this paper is the description of the operational experience with the PTC, C-TES and boiler during the commissioning and operation phase. Additionally, innovative optimisation measures are presented. Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0029278 N1 - SOLARPACES 2019: International Conference on Concentrating Solar Power and Chemical Energy Systems, 1–4 October 2019, Daegu, South Korea IS - 2303 SP - 140004-1 EP - 140004-10 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Henriques, A. A1 - Jurado, B. A1 - Grieser, M. A1 - Denis-Petit, D. A1 - Chiron, T. A1 - Gaudefroy, L. A1 - Glorius, J. A1 - Langer, Christoph A1 - Litvinov, Yu. A. A1 - Mathieu, L. A1 - Meot, V. A1 - Perez-Sanchez, R. A1 - Pibernat, J. A1 - Reifarth, R. A1 - Roig, O. A1 - Thomas, B. A. A1 - Thomas, B. A. A1 - Thomas, J. C. A1 - Tsekhanovich, I. T1 - Indirect measurements of neutron cross-secti at heavy-ion storage rings JF - Journal of Physics: Conference Series N2 - Cross sections for neutron-induced reactions of short-lived nuclei are essential for nuclear astrophysics since these reactions in the stars are responsible for the production of most heavy elements in the universe. These reactions are also key in applied domains like energy production and medicine. Nevertheless, neutron-induced cross-section measurements can be extremely challenging or even impossible to perform due to the radioactivity of the targets involved. Indirect measurements through the surrogate-reaction method can help to overcome these difficulties. The surrogate-reaction method relies on the use of an alternative reaction that will lead to the formation of the same excited nucleus as in the neutron-induced reaction of interest. The decay probabilities (for fission, neutron and gamma-ray emission) of the nucleus produced via the surrogate reaction allow one to constrain models and the prediction of the desired neutron cross sections. We propose to perform surrogate reaction measurements in inverse kinematics at heavy-ion storage rings, in particular at the CRYRING@ESR of the GSI/FAIR facility. We present the conceptual idea of the most promising setup to measure for the first time simultaneously the fission, neutron and gamma-ray emission probabilities. The results of the first simulations considering the 238U(d,d') reaction are shown, as well as new technical developments that are being carried out towards this set-up. Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1668/1/012019 VL - 1668 IS - Art. 012019 PB - IOP CY - Bristol ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Reke, Michael A1 - Peter, Daniel A1 - Schulte-Tigges, Joschua A1 - Schiffer, Stefan A1 - Ferrein, Alexander A1 - Walter, Thomas A1 - Matheis, Dominik T1 - A Self-Driving Car Architecture in ROS2 T2 - 2020 International SAUPEC/RobMech/PRASA Conference, Cape Town, South Africa N2 - In this paper we report on an architecture for a self-driving car that is based on ROS2. Self-driving cars have to take decisions based on their sensory input in real-time, providing high reliability with a strong demand in functional safety. In principle, self-driving cars are robots. However, typical robot software, in general, and the previous version of the Robot Operating System (ROS), in particular, does not always meet these requirements. With the successor ROS2 the situation has changed and it might be considered as a solution for automated and autonomous driving. Existing robotic software based on ROS was not ready for safety critical applications like self-driving cars. We propose an architecture for using ROS2 for a self-driving car that enables safe and reliable real-time behaviour, but keeping the advantages of ROS such as a distributed architecture and standardised message types. First experiments with an automated real passenger car at lower and higher speed-levels show that our approach seems feasible for autonomous driving under the necessary real-time conditions. Y1 - 2020 SN - 978-1-7281-4162-6 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1109/SAUPEC/RobMech/PRASA48453.2020.9041020 N1 - 2020 International SAUPEC/RobMech/PRASA Conference, 29-31 Jan. 2020, Cape Town, South Africa SP - 1 EP - 6 PB - IEEE CY - New York, NY ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Atmane, Ilias A1 - Hirech, Kamal A1 - Kassmi, K. A1 - Mahdi, Zahra A1 - Alexopoulos, Spiros A1 - Schwarzer, Klemens A1 - Chayeb, H. A1 - Bachiri, Najib ED - Omrane, Amina ED - Kassmi, Khalil ED - Akram, Muhammad Wasim ED - Khanna, Ashish ED - Mostafiz, Imtiaz T1 - Design and realization of a pilot solar desalination plant in Douar El Hamri in the province of Berkane (Morocco) T2 - Sustainable entrepreneurship, renewable energy-based projects, and digitalization N2 - Producing fresh water from saline water has become one of the most difficult challenges to overcome especially with the high demand and shortage of fresh water. In this context, as part of a collaboration with Germany, the authors propose a design and implementation of a pilot multi-stage solar desalination system (MSD), remotely controlled, at Douar Al Hamri in the rural town of Boughriba in the province of Berkane, Morocco. More specifically, they present their contribution on the remote control and supervision system, which makes the functioning of the MSD system reliable and guarantees the production of drinking water for the population of Douar. The results obtained show that the electronic cards and computer communication software implemented allow the acquisition of all electrical (currents, voltages, powers, yields), thermal (temperatures of each stage), and meteorological (irradiance and ambient temperature), remote control and maintenance (switching on, off, data transfer). By comparing with the literature carried out in the field of solar energy, the authors conclude that the MSD and electronic desalination systems realized during this work represent a contribution in terms of the reliability and durability of providing drinking water in rural and urban areas. Y1 - 2020 SN - 9781000292541 (E-Book) SN - 9781003097921 (E-Book) SN - 9780367468378 (Hardcover) PB - CRC Press CY - Boca Raton, Fa. ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Fiedler, Thomas M. A1 - Ladd, Mark E. A1 - Clemens, Markus A1 - Bitz, Andreas T1 - Safety of subjects during radiofrequency exposure in ultra-high-field magnetic resonance imaging JF - IEEE Letters on Electromagnetic Compatibility Practice and Applications N2 - Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is one of the most important medical imaging techniques. Since the introduction of MRI in the mid-1980s, there has been a continuous trend toward higher static magnetic fields to obtain i.a. a higher signal-to-noise ratio. The step toward ultra-high-field (UHF) MRI at 7 Tesla and higher, however, creates several challenges regarding the homogeneity of the spin excitation RF transmit field and the RF exposure of the subject. In UHF MRI systems, the wavelength of the RF field is in the range of the diameter of the human body, which can result in inhomogeneous spin excitation and local SAR hotspots. To optimize the homogeneity in a region of interest, UHF MRI systems use parallel transmit systems with multiple transmit antennas and time-dependent modulation of the RF signal in the individual transmit channels. Furthermore, SAR increases with increasing field strength, while the SAR limits remain unchanged. Two different approaches to generate the RF transmit field in UHF systems using antenna arrays close and remote to the body are investigated in this letter. Achievable imaging performance is evaluated compared to typical clinical RF transmit systems at lower field strength. The evaluation has been performed under consideration of RF exposure based on local SAR and tissue temperature. Furthermore, results for thermal dose as an alternative RF exposure metric are presented. Y1 - 2020 SN - 2637-6423 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1109/LEMCPA.2020.3029747 VL - 2 IS - 3 SP - 1 EP - 8 PB - IEEE CY - New York, NY ER -