TY  - CHAP
A1  - Suryoputri, Nathania
A1  - Ghaderi, Aydin
A1  - Linder, Peter
A1  - Kotliar, Konstantin
A1  - Göttler, Jens
A1  - Sorg, Christian
A1  - Grimmer, Timo
ED  - Erni, Daniel
ED  - Fischerauer, Alice
ED  - Himmel, Jörg
ED  - Seeger, Thomas
ED  - Thelen, Klaus
T1  - Does hemodynamic response function change in Alzheimer disease?
T2  - 2nd YRA MedTech Symposium 2017 : June 8th - 9th / 2017 / Hochschule Ruhr-West
Y1  - 2017
SN  - 978-3-9814801-9-1
U6  - http://dx.doi.org/10.17185/duepublico/43984
N1  - A young researchers track of the 7th IEEE Workshop & SENSORICA 2017
SP  - 92
PB  - Universität Duisburg-Essen
CY  - Duisburg
ER  - 
TY  - CHAP
A1  - Surtees, A. J.
A1  - Gillespie, A.
A1  - Kern, Alexander
A1  - Rousseau, A.
T1  - DEVELOPMENT OF A RISK ASSESSMENT CALCULATOR BASED ON A SIMPLIFIED FORM OF THE IEC 62305-2 STANDARD ON LIGHTNING PROTECTION
N2  - Neue Blitzschutznorm IEC 62305. Entwicklung einer einfachen Software zur Risikoabwägung
N2  - IEC Technical Committee 81 is currently creating the new IEC 62305 series of standards on Lightning Protection. Working Group 9 is responsible for Part 2 of this series, which deals with the assessment and management of risk its CDV (Committee Draft for Voting) stage and has been circulated to National Committees for comment. The paper details the development of the Simplified IEC Risk Assessment Calculator software tool as described in Informative Annex J of IEC62305-2 Ed.1/CDV 2. This tool is intended as a simplified implementation of the more rigorous treatment of risk management found in the written document. It is designed to be relatively intuitive for users who wish to obtain an initial assessment of risk sensitivity, but should not be considered a substitute to a full understanding of the methods provided in the standard when dealing with more complicated structures or those where greater risks to personal or system operation are involved.
KW  - Risiko
KW  - Risikoabwägung
KW  - Blitzrisiko
KW  - Blitzschutz
KW  - Risk
KW  - Risk Management
KW  - Risk Assessment
KW  - Lightning Risk
KW  - Lightning Protection
Y1  - 2004
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Sun, Hui
A1  - Altherr, Lena
A1  - Pei, Ji
A1  - Pelz, Peter F.
A1  - Yuan, Shouqi
T1  - Optimal booster station design and operation under uncertain load
JF  - Applied Mechanics and Materials
N2  - Given industrial applications, the costs for the operation and maintenance of a pump system typically far exceed its purchase price. For finding an optimal pump configuration which minimizes not only investment, but life-cycle costs, methods like Technical Operations Research which is based on Mixed-Integer Programming can be applied. However, during the planning phase, the designer is often faced with uncertain input data, e.g. future load demands can only be estimated. In this work, we deal with this uncertainty by developing a chance-constrained two-stage (CCTS) stochastic program. The design and operation of a booster station working under uncertain load demand are optimized to minimize total cost including purchase price, operation cost incurred by energy consumption and penalty cost resulting from water shortage. We find optimized system layouts using a sample average approximation (SAA) algorithm, and analyze the results for different risk levels of water shortage. By adjusting the risk level, the costs and performance range of the system can be balanced, and thus the
system’s resilience can be engineered
KW  - Stochastic Programming
KW  - Chance Constraint
KW  - Engineering Application
KW  - Pump System
KW  - Water Distribution
Y1  - 2018
U6  - http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.885.102
SN  - 1662-7482
VL  - 885
SP  - 102
EP  - 115
PB  - Trans Tech Publications
CY  - Bäch
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Sukhotina, Irina
A1  - Streckert, Joachim R.
A1  - Bitz, Andreas
A1  - Hansen, Volkert W.
A1  - Lerchl, Alexander
T1  - 1800 MHz electromagnetic field effects on melatonin release from isolated pineal glands
JF  - Journal of Pineal Research
Y1  - 2006
U6  - http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-079X.2005.00284.x
SN  - 1600-079X
VL  - 40
IS  - 1
SP  - 86
EP  - 91
ER  - 
TY  - CHAP
A1  - Stöbe, Rolf
A1  - Höfken, Hans-Wilhelm
A1  - Schuba, Marko
A1  - Breuer, Michael
T1  - Artificial ageing of mobile devices using a simulated GSM/GPRS network
T2  - Eighth International Conference on Availability, Reliability and Security (ARES) : 2-6 Sept. 2013, Regensburg
Y1  - 2013
SP  - 493
EP  - 497
PB  - IEEE
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Stäudle, Benjamin
A1  - Seynnes, Olivier
A1  - Laps, Guido
A1  - Göll, Fabian
A1  - Brüggemann, Gert-Peter
A1  - Albracht, Kirsten
T1  - Recovery from achilles tendon repair: a combination of Postsurgery Outcomes and Insufficient remodeling of muscle and tendon
JF  - Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise
N2  - Achilles tendon rupture (ATR) patients have persistent functional deficits in the triceps surae muscle–tendon unit (MTU). The complex remodeling of the MTU accompanying these deficits remains poorly understood. The purpose of the present study was to associate in vivo and in silico data to investigate the relations between changes inMTU properties and strength deficits inATR patients. Methods: Elevenmale subjects who had undergone surgical repair of complete unilateral ATR were examined 4.6 ± 2.0 (mean ± SD) yr after rupture. Gastrocnemius medialis (GM) tendon stiffness, morphology, and muscle architecture were determined using ultrasonography. The force–length relation of the plantar flexor muscles was assessed at five ankle joint angles. In addition, simulations (OpenSim) of the GM MTU force–length properties were performed with various iterations of MTU properties found between the unaffected and the affected side. Results: The affected side of the patients displayed a longer, larger, and stiffer GM tendon (13% ± 10%, 105% ± 28%, and 54% ± 24%, respectively) compared with the unaffected side. The GM muscle fascicles of the affected side were shorter (32% ± 12%) and with greater pennation angles (31% ± 26%). A mean deficit in plantarflexion moment of 31% ± 10% was measured. Simulations indicate that pairing an intact muscle with a longer tendon shifts the optimal angular range of peak force outside physiological angular ranges, whereas the shorter muscle fascicles and tendon stiffening seen in the affected side decrease this shift, albeit incompletely. Conclusions: These results suggest that the substantial changes in MTU properties found in ATR patients may partly result from compensatory remodeling, although this process appears insufficient to fully restore muscle function.
KW  - Tendon Rupture
KW  - Stiffness
KW  - Simulation
KW  - Muscle Force
KW  - Muscle Fascicle
Y1  - 2021
U6  - http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000002592
SN  - 1530-0315
VL  - 53
IS  - 7
SP  - 1356
EP  - 1366
PB  - American College of Sports Medicine
CY  - Philadelphia, Pa.
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Stäudle, Benjamin
A1  - Seynnes, Olivier
A1  - Laps, Guido
A1  - Brüggemann, Gert-Peter
A1  - Albracht, Kirsten
T1  - Altered gastrocnemius contractile behavior in former achilles tendon rupture patients during walking
JF  - Frontiers in Physiology
N2  - Achilles tendon rupture (ATR) remains associated with functional limitations years after injury. Architectural remodeling of the gastrocnemius medialis (GM) muscle is typically observed in the affected leg and may compensate force deficits caused by a longer tendon. Yet patients seem to retain functional limitations during—low-force—walking gait. To explore the potential limits imposed by the remodeled GM muscle-tendon unit (MTU) on walking gait, we examined the contractile behavior of muscle fascicles during the stance phase. In a cross-sectional design, we studied nine former patients (males; age: 45 ± 9 years; height: 180 ± 7 cm; weight: 83 ± 6 kg) with a history of complete unilateral ATR, approximately 4 years post-surgery. Using ultrasonography, GM tendon morphology, muscle architecture at rest, and fascicular behavior were assessed during walking at 1.5 m⋅s–1 on a treadmill. Walking patterns were recorded with a motion capture system. The unaffected leg served as control. Lower limbs kinematics were largely similar between legs during walking. Typical features of ATR-related MTU remodeling were observed during the stance sub-phases corresponding to series elastic element (SEE) lengthening (energy storage) and SEE shortening (energy release), with shorter GM fascicles (36 and 36%, respectively) and greater pennation angles (8° and 12°, respectively). However, relative to the optimal fascicle length for force production, fascicles operated at comparable length in both legs. Similarly, when expressed relative to optimal fascicle length, fascicle contraction velocity was not different between sides, except at the time-point of peak series elastic element (SEE) length, where it was 39 ± 49% lower in the affected leg. Concomitantly, fascicles rotation during contraction was greater in the affected leg during the whole stance-phase, and architectural gear ratios (AGR) was larger during SEE lengthening. Under the present testing conditions, former ATR patients had recovered a relatively symmetrical walking gait pattern. Differences in seen AGR seem to accommodate the profound changes in MTU architecture, limiting the required fascicle shortening velocity. Overall, the contractile behavior of the GM fascicles does not restrict length- or velocity-dependent force potentials during this locomotor task.
KW  - tendon rupture
KW  - muscle fascicle behavior
KW  - walking gait
KW  - force generation
KW  - ultrasound imaging
Y1  - 2022
U6  - http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2022.792576
SN  - 1664-042X
VL  - 13
PB  - Frontiers Research Foundation
CY  - Lausanne
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Stulpe, Werner
A1  - Swat, Maciej
T1  - Quantum States as Probability Measures
JF  - Foundations of Physics Letters. 14 (2001), H. 3
Y1  - 2001
SN  - 1572-9524
SP  - 285
EP  - 293
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Stulpe, Werner
A1  - Singer, Matthias
T1  - Informational Incompleteness of the Observables Sx,Sy,Sz for Spin-1 Systems. Singer, Matthias; Stulpe, W.
JF  - Foundations of Physics. 20 (1990), H. 4
Y1  - 1990
SN  - 1572-9516
SP  - 471
EP  - 472
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Stulpe, Werner
A1  - Singer, Matthias
T1  - Some Remarks on the Determination of Quantum States by Measurements
JF  - Foundations of Physics Letters. 3 (1990), H. 2
Y1  - 1990
SN  - 1572-9524
SP  - 153
EP  - 166
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Stulpe, Werner
A1  - Singer, Matthias
T1  - Phase-Space Representations of General Statistical Physical Theories. Singer, Matthias; Stulpe, Werner
JF  - Journal of Mathematical Physics. 33 (1992), H. 1
Y1  - 1992
SN  - 1089-7658
SP  - 131
EP  - 142
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Stulpe, Werner
A1  - Scholz, Erhard
T1  - Hilbert Space / Scholz, Erhard ; Stulpe, Werner
JF  - Compendium of Quantum Physics : concepts, experiments, history and philosophy / Daniel Greenberger ... ed.
Y1  - 2009
SN  - 978-3-540-70622-9
SP  - 291
EP  - 295
PB  - Springer
CY  - Berlin
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Stulpe, Werner
A1  - Ruch, Ernst
T1  - Proof of the Mixing Theorem for Statistical Systems in Classical Physics. Ruch, Ernst; Stulpe, Werner
JF  - Acta Applicandae Mathematicae. 53 (1998), H. 3
Y1  - 1998
SN  - 1572-9036
SP  - 329
EP  - 352
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Stulpe, Werner
A1  - Hellwig, K.-E.
T1  - A Formulation of Quantum Stochastic Processes and Some of its Properties. Hellwig, K.-E.; Stulpe, W.
JF  - Foundations of Physics. 13 (1983), H. 7
Y1  - 1983
SN  - 1572-9516
SP  - 673
EP  - 699
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Stulpe, Werner
A1  - Hellwig, K.-E.
T1  - A Classical Reformulation of Finite-Dimensional Quantum Mechanics. Hellwig, K.-E.; Stulpe, W.
JF  - Quantum measurement, irreversibility and the physics of information / Symposium on the Foundations of Modern Physics 1993, Cologne, Germany 1 - 5 June 1993. Ed. Paul Busch
Y1  - 1993
SN  - 981021507X
N1  - Symposium on the Foundations of Modern Physics ; <1993, Köln>
SP  - 209
EP  - 214
PB  - World Scientific
CY  - Singapore [u.a.]
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Stulpe, Werner
A1  - Gudder, S.
A1  - Hagler, J.
T1  - An Uncertainty Relation for Joint Position-Momentum Measurements
JF  - Foundations of Physics Letters. 1 (1988), H. 3
Y1  - 1988
SN  - 1572-9524
SP  - 287
EP  - 292
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Stulpe, Werner
A1  - Busch, Paul
T1  - The structure of classical extensions of quantum probability theory
JF  - Journal of Mathematical Physics. 49 (2008), H. 3
Y1  - 2008
SN  - 1089-7658
N1  - 032104
SP  - 1
EP  - 22
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Stulpe, Werner
A1  - Busch, P.
A1  - Hellwig, K.-E.
T1  - Classical Representations of Finite-Dimensional Quantum Mechanics. Busch, P.; Hellwig, K.-E.; Stulpe, W.
JF  - International Journal of Theoretical Physics. 32 (1993), H. 3
Y1  - 1993
SN  - 1572-9575
SP  - 399
EP  - 405
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Stulpe, Werner
A1  - Bugajski, S.
A1  - Hellwig, K.-E.
T1  - On Fuzzy Random Variables and Statistical Maps. Bugajski, S.; Hellwig, K.-E.; Stulpe, W.
JF  - Reports on Mathematical Physics. 41 (1998), H. 1
Y1  - 1998
SN  - 0034-4877
SP  - 1
EP  - 11
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Stulpe, Werner
A1  - Bjelakovic, Igor
T1  - The Projective Hilbert Space as a Classical Phase Space for Nonrelativistic Quantum Dynamics. Bjelakovic, Igor; Stulpe, Werner
JF  - International Journal of Theoretical Physics. 44 (2005), H. 11
Y1  - 2005
SN  - 1572-9575
SP  - 2041
EP  - 2049
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Stulpe, Werner
T1  - Conditional Expectations and Stochastic Processes in Quantum Probability
JF  - Information complexity and control in quantum physics : proceedings of the 4. Internat. Seminar on Mathematical Theory of Dynamical Systems and Microphysics, Udine, Sept. 4 - 13, 1985 / ed. by A. Blaquiere ...
Y1  - 1987
SN  - 3-211-81992-4
N1  - Courses and lectures / International Centre for Mechanical Sciences ; 294, International Seminar on Mathematical Theory of Dynamical Systems and Microphysics <4,1985, Udine>
SP  - 223
EP  - 234
PB  - Springer
CY  - Wien [u.a.]
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Stulpe, Werner
T1  - Conditional Expectations, Conditional Distributions, and A Posteriori Ensembles in Generalized Probability Theory
JF  - International Journal of Theoretical Physics. 27 (1988), H. 5
Y1  - 1988
SN  - 1572-9575
SP  - 587
EP  - 611
ER  - 
TY  - BOOK
A1  - Stulpe, Werner
T1  - Classical Representations of Quantum Mechanics Related to Statistically Complete Observables
Y1  - 1997
SN  - 3-89685-438-0
N1  - Zugl. Berlin, Techn. Univ., Habil.-Schr. 1997
PB  - Wissenschaft und Technik Verl.
CY  - Berlin
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Stulpe, Werner
T1  - On the Representation of Quantum Mechanics on Phase Space
JF  - International Journal of Theoretical Physics. 31 (1992), H. 9
Y1  - 1992
SN  - 1572-9575
SP  - 1785
EP  - 1795
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Stulpe, Werner
T1  - On the Representation of Quantum Mechanics on a Classical Sample Space
JF  - International Journal of Theoretical Physics. 37 (1998), H. 1
Y1  - 1998
SN  - 1572-9575
SP  - 349
EP  - 356
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Stulpe, Werner
T1  - Some Remarks on Classical Representations of Quantum Mechanics
JF  - Foundations of Physics . 24 (1994), H. 7
Y1  - 1994
SN  - 1572-9516
SP  - 1089
EP  - 1094
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Stulpe, Werner
T1  - Density Operator
JF  - Compendium of Quantum Physics : concepts, experiments, history and philosophy / Daniel Greenberger ... ed.
Y1  - 2009
SN  - 978-3-540-70622-9
SP  - 166
EP  - 169
PB  - Springer
CY  - Berlin
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Stulpe, Werner
T1  - Operator
JF  - Compendium of Quantum Physics : concepts, experiments, history and philosophy / Daniel Greenberger ... ed.
Y1  - 2009
SN  - 978-3-540-70622-9
SP  - 440
EP  - 444
PB  - Springer
CY  - Berlin
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Stulpe, Werner
T1  - Projection
JF  - Compendium of Quantum Physics : concepts, experiments, history and philosophy / Daniel Greenberger ... ed.
Y1  - 2009
SN  - 978-3-540-70622-9
SP  - 497
EP  - 499
PB  - Springer
CY  - Berlin
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Stulpe, Werner
T1  - Self-Adjoint Operator
JF  - Compendium of Quantum Physics : concepts, experiments, history and philosophy / Daniel Greenberger ... ed.
Y1  - 2009
SN  - 978-3-540-70622-9
SP  - 692
EP  - 697
PB  - Springer
CY  - Berlin
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Stulpe, Werner
T1  - Unitary Operator
JF  - Compendium of Quantum Physics : concepts, experiments, history and philosophy / Daniel Greenberger ... ed.
Y1  - 2009
SN  - 978-3-540-70622-9
SP  - 807
EP  - 809
PB  - Springer
CY  - Berlin
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Stulpe, Werner
T1  - From the attempt of certain classical reformulations of quantum mechanics to quasi-probability representations
JF  - Journal of Mathematical Physics
N2  - The concept of an injective affine embedding of the quantum states into a set of classical states, i.e., into the set of the probability measures on some measurable space, as well as its relation to statistically complete observables is revisited, and its limitation in view of a classical reformulation of the statistical scheme of quantum mechanics is discussed. In particular, on the basis of a theorem concerning a non-denseness property of a set of coexistent effects, it is shown that an injective classical embedding of the quantum states cannot be supplemented by an at least approximate classical description of the quantum mechanical effects. As an alternative approach, the concept of quasi-probability representations of quantum mechanics is considered.
Y1  - 2014
U6  - http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4861939
SN  - 222-488
N1  - bereits unter gleichem Titel aufgenommen bei arxiv : http://arxiv.org/pdf/1307.2314.pdf
VL  - 55
IS  - 1
PB  - AIP Publishing
CY  - College Park, Md.
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Stulpe, Werner
T1  - Aspects of the Quantum-Classical Connection Based on Statistical Maps
JF  - Foundations of Physics
Y1  - 2019
U6  - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10701-019-00269-9
VL  - 49
IS  - 6
SP  - 677
EP  - 692
PB  - Springer
CY  - Berlin
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Stulpe, Werner
T1  - Pairwise coexistence of effects versus coexistence
JF  - Journal of Physics: Conference Series
Y1  - 2020
U6  - http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1638/1/012004
SN  - 1742-6596
VL  - 1638
IS  - 012004
SP  - 1
EP  - 21
PB  - IOP
CY  - Bristol
ER  - 
TY  - CHAP
A1  - Striegan, Constantin J. D.
A1  - Struth, Benjamin
A1  - Dickhoff, Jens
A1  - Kusterer, Karsten
A1  - Funke, Harald
A1  - Bohn, Dieter
T1  - Numerical Simulations of the Micromix DLN Hydrogen Combustion Technology with LES and Comparison to Results of RANS and Experimental Data
T2  - Proceedings of International Gas Turbine Congress 2019 Tokyo, November 17-22, 2019, Tokyo, Japan.
Y1  - 2019
SN  - 978-4-89111-010-9
N1  - IGCT-2019-147
SP  - 1
EP  - 9
ER  - 
TY  - CHAP
A1  - Striegan, C.
A1  - Haj Ayed, A.
A1  - Funke, Harald
A1  - Loechle, S.
A1  - Kazari, M.
A1  - Horikawa, A.
A1  - Okada, K.
A1  - Koga, K.
T1  - Numerical combustion and heat transfer simulations and validation for a hydrogen fueled "micromix" test combustor in industrial gas turbine applications
T2  - Proceedings of the ASME Turbo Expo
Y1  - 2017
SN  - 978-079185085-5
U6  - http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/GT2017-64719
N1  - ASME Turbo Expo 2017: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition, GT 2017; Charlotte; United States; 26 June 2017 through 30 June 2017
IS  - Volume Part F130041-4B, 2017
ER  - 
TY  - CHAP
A1  - Striebing, Clemens
A1  - Müller, Jörg
A1  - Schraudner, Martina
A1  - Gewinner, Irina Valerie
A1  - Guerrero Morales, Patricia
A1  - Hochfeld, Katharina
A1  - Hoffman, Shekinah
A1  - Kmec, Julie A.
A1  - Nguyen, Huu Minh
A1  - Schneider, Jannick
A1  - Sheridan, Jennifer
A1  - Steuer-Dankert, Linda
A1  - Trimble O'Connor, Lindsey
A1  - Vandevelde-Rougale, Agnès
T1  - Promoting diversity and combatting discrimination in research organizations: a practitioner’s guide
T2  - Diversity and discrimination in research organizations
N2  - The essay is addressed to practitioners in research management and from
academic leadership. It describes which measures can contribute to creating an inclusive climate for research teams and preventing and effectively dealing with discrimination. The practical recommendations consider the policy and organizational levels, as well as the individual perspective of research managers. Following a series of basic recommendations, six lessons learned are formulated, derived from the contributions to the edited collection on “Diversity and Discrimination in Research Organizations.”
KW  - Inclusive work climate
KW  - lessons learned
KW  - policy recommendations
KW  - recommendations for actions
KW  - bullying
Y1  - 2022
SN  - 978-1-80117-959-1 (Print)
SN  - 978-1-80117-956-0 (Online)
U6  - http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/978-1-80117-956-020221012
SP  - 421
EP  - 442
PB  - Emerald Publishing Limited
CY  - Bingley
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Streun, M.
A1  - Larue, H.
A1  - Parl, C.
A1  - Ziemons, Karl
T1  - A compact PET detector readout using charge-to-time conversion
JF  - 2009 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium Conference Record (NSS/MIC)
N2  - The readout of gamma detectors is considerably simplified when the event intensity is encoded as a pulse width (Pulse Width Modulation, PWM). Time-to-Digital-Converters (TDC) replace the conventional ADCs and multiple TDCs can be realized easily in one PLD chip (Programmable Logic Device). The output of a PWM stage is only one digital signal per channel which is well suited for transport so that further processing can be performed apart from the detector. This is particularly interesting for large systems with high channel density (e.g. high resolution scanners). In this work we present a circuit with a linear transfer function that requires a minimum of components by performing the PWM already in the preamp stage. This allows a very compact and also cost-efficient implementation of the front-end electronics.
Y1  - 2009
SN  - 1082-3654
SP  - 1868
EP  - 1870
PB  - IEEE
CY  - New York
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Streun, M.
A1  - Christ, D.
A1  - Hellendung, A.
A1  - Larue, H.
A1  - Ziemons, Karl
A1  - Halling, H.
T1  - Effects of crosstalk and gain nonuniformity using multichannel PMTs in the Clearpet® scanner
JF  - Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment
N2  - The ClearPET® scanners developed by the Crystal Clear Collaboration use multichannel PMTs as photodetectors with scintillator pixels coupled individually to each channel. In order to localize an event each channel anode is connected to a comparator that triggers when the anode signal exceeds a common predefined threshold. Two major difficulties here are crosstalk of light and the gain nonuniformity of the PMT channels. Crosstalk can generate false triggering in channels adjacent to the actual event. On the one hand this can be suppressed by sufficiently increasing the threshold, but on the other hand a threshold too high can already prevent valid events on the lower gain channels from being detected. Finally, both effects restrict the dynamic range of pulse heights that can be processed. The requirements to the dynamic range are not low as the ClearPET® scanners detect the depth of interaction by phoswich pixels consisting of LSO and Lu0.7Y0.3AP, two scintillators with different light yields. We will present a model to estimate the achievable dynamic range and show solutions to increase it.
Y1  - 2005
SN  - 0168-9002
N1  - Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Inorganic Scintillators and their Use in Scientific and Industrial Applications
VL  - 537
IS  - 1-2
SP  - 402
EP  - 405
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Streun, M.
A1  - Chavan, U.
A1  - Lame, H.
A1  - Parl, C.
A1  - Müller-Veggian, Mattea
A1  - Ziemons, Karl
T1  - Treating the Gain Non-Uniformity of Multi Channel PMTs by Channel-Specific Trigger Levels
JF  - 2006 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium Conference Record, Vol. 2.
Y1  - 2006
SN  - 1082-3654
SP  - 1301
EP  - 1304
CY  - San Diego, CA
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Streun, M.
A1  - Brandenburg, G.
A1  - Larue, H.
A1  - Zimmermann, E.
A1  - Ziemons, Karl
A1  - Halling, H.
T1  - Pulse recording by free-running sampling
JF  - 2000 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium Conference Record, Vol. 2
N2  - Pulses from a position-sensitive photomultiplier (PS-PMT) are recorded by free running ADCs at a sampling rate of 40 MHz. A four-channel acquisition-board has been developed which is equipped with four 12 bit-ADCs connected to one FPGA (field programmable gate array). The FPGA manages data acquisition and the transfer to the host computer. It can also work as a digital trigger, so a separate hardware-trigger can be omitted. The method of free running sampling provides a maximum of information, besides the pulse charge and amplitude also pulse shape and starting time are contained in the sampled data. These informations are crucial for many tasks such as distinguishing between different scintillator materials, determination of radiation type, pile-up recovery, coincidence detection or time-of-flight applications. The absence of an analog integrator allows coping with very high count rates. Since this method is going to be employed in positron emission tomography (PET), the position of an event is another important information. The simultaneous readout of four channels allows localization by means of center-of-gravity weighting. First results from a test setup with LSO-scintillators coupled to the PS-PMT are presented
Y1  - 2000
SN  - 1082-3654
SP  - 9/179
EP  - 9/181
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Streun, M.
A1  - Brandenburg, G.
A1  - Larue, H.
A1  - Zimmermann, E.
A1  - Ziemons, Karl
A1  - Halling, H.
T1  - Pulse recording by free-running sampling
JF  - IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science
N2  - Pulses from a position-sensitive photomultiplier (PS-PMT) are recorded by free-running ADCs at a sampling rate of 40 MHz. A four-channel acquisition board has been developed which is equipped with four 12-bit ADCs connected to one field programmable gate array (FPGA). The FPGA manages data acquisition and the transfer to the host computer. It can also work as a digital trigger, so a separate hardware trigger can be omitted. The method of free-running sampling provides a maximum of information, besides the pulse charge and amplitude also pulse shape and starting time are contained in the sampled data. This information is crucial for many tasks such as distinguishing between different scintillator materials, determination of radiation type, pile-up recovery, coincidence detection or time-of-flight applications. The absence of an analog integrator allows very high count rates to be dealt with. Since this method is to be employed in positron emission tomography (PET), the position of an event is also important. The simultaneous readout of four channels allows localization by means of center-of-gravity weighting. First results from a test setup with LSO scintillators coupled to the PS-PMT are presented here
Y1  - 2001
SN  - 0018-9499
VL  - 48
IS  - 3
SP  - 524
EP  - 526
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Streun, M.
A1  - Brandenburg, G.
A1  - Larue, H.
A1  - Zimmermann, E.
A1  - Ziemons, Karl
A1  - Halling, H.
T1  - A PET system with free running ADCs
JF  - Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment
N2  - A small PET system has been built up with two multichannel photomultipliers, which are attached to a matrix of 64 single LSO crystals each. The signal from each multiplier is being sampled continuously by a 12 bit ADC at a sampling frequency of 40 MHz. In case of a scintillation pulse a subsequent FPGA sends the corresponding set of samples together with the channel information and a time mark to the host computer. The data transfer is performed with a rate of 20 MB/s. On the host all necessary information is extracted from the data. The pulse energy is determined, coincident events are detected and multiple hits within one matrix can be identified. In order to achieve a narrow time window the pulse starting time is refined further than the resolution of the time mark (=25 ns) would allow. This is possible by interpolating between the pulse samples. First data obtained from this system will be presented. The system is part of developments for a much larger system and has been created to study the feasibility and performance of the technique and the hardware architecture.
Y1  - 2002
SN  - 0168-9002
N1  - Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Inorganic Scin tillators and their Use in Scientific and Industrial Applications
VL  - 486
IS  - 1-2
SP  - 18
EP  - 21
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Streun, M.
A1  - Brandenburg, G.
A1  - Larue, H.
A1  - Zimmermann, E.
A1  - Ziemons, Karl
A1  - Halling, H.
T1  - Coincidence detection by digital processing of free-running sampled pulses
JF  - Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment
N2  - Coincident events in two scintillator crystals coupled to photomultipliers (PMT) are detected by processing just the digital data of the recorded pulses. For this purpose the signals from both PMTs are continuously sampled by free-running ADCs at a sampling rate of 40 MHz. For each sampled pulse the starting time is determined by processing the pulse data. Even a fairly simple interpolating algorithm results in a FWHM of about 2 ns.
Y1  - 2002
SN  - 0168-9002
VL  - 487
IS  - 3
SP  - 530
EP  - 534
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Streun, M.
A1  - Brandenburg, G.
A1  - Larue, H.
A1  - Zimmermann, E.
A1  - Ziemons, Karl
A1  - Halling, H.
T1  - A PET system based on data processing of free-running sampled pulses
JF  - 2001 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium Conference Record, Vol. 2
N2  - Within the developments for the Crystal Clear small animal PET project (CLEARPET) a dual head PET system has been established. The basic principle is the early digitization of the detector pulses by free running ADCs. The determination of the γ-energy and also the coincidence detection is performed by data processing of the sampled pulses on the host computer. Therefore a time mark is attached to each pulse identifying the current cycle of the 40 MHz sampling clock. In order to refine the time resolution the pulse starting time is interpolated from the samples of the pulse rise. The detector heads consist of multichannel PMTs with a single LSO scintillator crystal coupled to each channel. For each PMT only one ADC is required. The position of an event is obtained separately from trigger signals generated for each single channel. An FPGA is utilized for pulse buffering, generation of the time mark and for the data transfer to the host via a fast I/O-interface.
Y1  - 2002
SN  - 1082-3654
SP  - 693
EP  - 694
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Streun, M.
A1  - Brandenburg, G.
A1  - Larue, H.
A1  - Saleh, H.
A1  - Zimmermann, E.
A1  - Ziemons, Karl
A1  - Halling, H.
T1  - Pulse shape discrimination of LSO and LuYAP scintillators for depth of interaction detection in PET
JF  - 2002 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium Conference Record, Vol. 3
N2  - A feasible way to gain the depth of interaction information in a PET scanner is the use of phoswich detectors. In general the layer of interaction is identified front the pulse shape of the corresponding scintillator material. In this work pulses from LSO and LuYAP crystals were investigated in order to find a practical method of distinguishing. It turned out that such a pulse processing could he kept simple due to an additional slow component in the light decay of the LuYAP pulse. At the same time the short decay time guarantees that the major amount of the light output is still collected within a short pulse recording time.
Y1  - 2003
SN  - 1082-3654
SP  - 1636
EP  - 1639
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Streun, M.
A1  - Brandenburg, G.
A1  - Larue, H.
A1  - Saleh, H.
A1  - Zimmermann, E.
A1  - Ziemons, Karl
A1  - Halling, H.
T1  - Pulse shape discrimination of LSO and LuYAP scintillators for depth of interaction detection in PET
JF  - IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science
N2  - A feasible way to gain the depth of interaction information in a positron emission tomography scanner is the use of phoswich detectors. In general, the layer of interaction is identified from the pulse shape of the corresponding scintillator material. In this work, pulses from LSO and LuYAP crystals were investigated in order to find a practical method of distinguishing. It turned out that such a pulse processing could be kept simple because of an additional slow component in the light decay of the LuYAP pulse. At the same time, the short decay time guarantees that the major amount of the light output is still collected within a short pulse recording time.
Y1  - 2003
SN  - 0018-9499
VL  - 50
IS  - 3
SP  - 344
EP  - 347
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Streun, M.
A1  - Brandenburg, G.
A1  - Larue, H.
A1  - Parl, C.
A1  - Ziemons, Karl
T1  - The data acquisition system of ClearPET neuro - a small animal PET scanner
JF  - IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science
N2  - The Crystal Clear Collaboration has developed a modular system for a small animal PET scanner (ClearPET). The modularity allows the assembly of scanners of different sizes and characteristics in order to satisfy the specific needs of the individual member institutions. The system performs depth of interaction detection by using a phoswich arrangement combining LSO and LuYAP scintillators which are coupled to Multichannel Photomultipliers (PMTs). For each PMT a free running 40 MHz ADC digitizes the signal and the complete scintillation pulse is sampled by an FPGA and sent with 20 MB/s to a PC for preprocessing. The pulse provides information about the gamma energy and the scintillator material which identifies the interaction layer. Furthermore, the exact pulse starting time is obtained from the sampled data. This is important as no hardware coincidence detection is implemented. All single events are recorded and coincidences are identified by software. The system in Jülich (ClearPET Neuro) is equipped with 10240 crystals on 80 PMTs. The paper will present an overview of the data acquisition system.
Y1  - 2006
SN  - 0018-9499
VL  - 53
IS  - 3
SP  - 700
EP  - 703
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Streun, M.
A1  - Brandenburg, G.
A1  - Khodaverdi, M.
A1  - Larue, H.
A1  - Parl, C.
A1  - Ziemons, Karl
T1  - Timemark correction for the ClearPET™ scanners
JF  - 2005 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium Conference Record, Vol. 4
N2  - The small animal PET scanners developed by the Crystal Clear Collaboration (ClearPETtrade) detect coincidences by analyzing timemarks which are attached to each event. The scanners are able to save complete single list mode data which allows analysis and modification of the timemarks after data acquisition. The timemarks are obtained from the digitally sampled detector pulses by calculating the baseline crossing of the rising edge of the pulse which is approximated as a straight line. But the limited sampling frequency causes a systematic error in the determination of the timemark. This error depends on the phase of the sampling clock at the time of the event. A statistical method that corrects these errors will be presented
Y1  - 2006
SN  - 1082-3654
SP  - 2057
EP  - 2060
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Streun, M.
A1  - Brandenburg, G.
A1  - Brökel, M.
A1  - Fuss, L.
A1  - Larue, H.
A1  - Parl, C.
A1  - Zimmermann, E.
A1  - Ziemons, Karl
A1  - Halling, H.
T1  - The ClearPET data acquisition
JF  - 2003 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium Conference Record, Vol. 5
N2  - Within the Crystal Clear Collaboration a modular system for a small animal PET scanner (ClearPET™) has been developed. The modularity allows the assembly of scanners of different sizes and characteristics in order to fit the specific needs of the individual member institutions. Now a first demonstrator is being completed in Julich. The system performs depth of interaction detection by using a phoswich arrangement combining LSO and LuYAP scintillators which are coupled to multi-channel photomultipliers (PMTs). A free-running ADC digitizes the signal from the PMT and the complete scintillation pulses are sampled by an FPGA and sent with 20 MB/S to a PC for preprocessing. The pulse provides information about the gamma energy and the scintillator material which identifies the interaction layer. Furthermore, the exact pulse starting time is obtained from the sampled data. This is important as no hardware coincidence detection is implemented. All single events are recorded and coincidences are identified by software. An advantage of that is that the coincidence window and the dimensions of the field of view can be adjusted easily. The ClearPET™ demonstrator is equipped with 10240 crystals on 80 PMTs. This paper presents an overview of the data acquisition system.
Y1  - 2004
SN  - 1082-3654
SP  - 3097
EP  - 3100
ER  -