TY - BOOK A1 - Schwarzer, Klemens A1 - Müller, C. T1 - Entwicklung und Optimierung einer Gebäudeheizung für den Einsatz in Hochgebirgsregionen mit hoher solarer Einstrahlung : Abschlussbericht Y1 - 2003 PB - Solar-Institut Juelich, Fachhochschule Aachen CY - Jülich ER - TY - BOOK A1 - Schwarzer, Klemens A1 - Meer, Andreas von A1 - Siggelkow, Patricio T1 - Entwicklung und Erprobung von kleinen regenerativen Energiesystemen für den ländlichen Raum in Chile : Schlußbericht ; gefördert durch den Bundesminister für Bildung und Technologie, Förderkennzeichen: 0329179 A/B ; Laufzeit: 01.07.1991 - 31.12.1995 / Andreas von Meer ; Klemens Schwarzer ; Patricio Siggelkow. - (Berichte aus der Energietechnik) Y1 - 1997 SN - 3-8265-2112-9 PB - Shaker CY - Aachen ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schwarzer, Klemens A1 - Meer, A. von A1 - Roth, P. T1 - Entwicklung und Erprobung von kleinen regenerativen Energiesystemen für den ländlichen Raum in Chile / A. von Meer ; P. Roth ; C. Schwarzer JF - Energie für die Zukunft : 28. Juni bis 1. Juli 1994 ; [Tagungsbericht 2] / 9. Internationales Sonnenforum '94. [Hrsg. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Sonnenenergie e.V. - DGS. Red. A. Hohmann ; H. H. Hohmann]. - (Internationales Sonnenforum ; 9,2) Y1 - 1994 N1 - Internationales Sonnenforum <9, 1994, Stuttgart> SP - 1414 EP - 1421 PB - DGS-Sonnenenergie CY - München ER - TY - BOOK A1 - Schwarzer, Klemens A1 - Kröger, Wolfgang A1 - Escherich, Karl-Heinz T1 - Kernreaktoranlage in unterirdischer Bauweise ; Patentschrift DE000002713824C2 ; Veröffentlichungstag: 18.3.82 / Patentinhaber: Kernforschungsanlage Jülich GmbH Y1 - 1982 N1 - Volltext über Datenbank: http://depatisnet.dpma.de/ PB - Deutsches Patentamt CY - München ER - TY - BOOK A1 - Schwarzer, Klemens A1 - Krings, Thomas T1 - Demonstrations- und Feldtest von Solarkochern mit temporärem Speicher in Indien und Mali. - Als Ms. gedr. - (Berichte aus der Energietechnik) Y1 - 1996 SN - 3-8265-1981-7 PB - Shaker CY - Aachen ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schwarzer, Klemens A1 - Krings, T. A1 - Hafner, B. T1 - Verbreitung von solaren Kochern mit und ohne zuschaltbarem Speicher : ein Bericht aus der Praxis ; Erfahrungen aus Indien und Chile JF - Energie für die Zukunft : 28. Juni bis 1. Juli 1994 ; [Tagungsbericht 2] / 9. Internationales Sonnenforum '94. [Hrsg. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Sonnenenergie e.V. - DGS. Red. A. Hohmann ; H. H. Hohmann]. - (Internationales Sonnenforum ; 9,2) Y1 - 1994 N1 - Internationales Sonnenforum <9, 1994, Stuttgart> SP - 1428 EP - 1435 PB - DGS-Sonnenenergie CY - München ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schwarzer, Klemens A1 - Krings, T. T1 - Dissemination of solar cookers with and without temporary storage : a report of concrete examples ; experiences from Chile, India and Mali JF - Proceedings / EuroSun '96 : 10. Internationales Sonnenforum. Ed. by A. Goetzberger ... - Bd. 4 Y1 - 1996 N1 - EuroSun <1, 1996, Freiburg, Breisgau> SP - 1479 EP - 1482 PB - DGS-Sonnenenergie-Verl. CY - München ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schwarzer, Klemens A1 - Katscher, W. A1 - Stauch, B. T1 - Untersuchungen zum Kerosinbrand im AVR-Trockenlager bei einem postulierten Flugzeugabsturz / W. Katscher ; B. Stauch ; C. Schwarzer JF - Tagungsbericht : Meistersingerhalle, 15.-17.5.1990 Nürnberg = Proceedings / Kerntechnische Gesellschaft e.V.. Deutsches Atomforum e.V. / [Red.: Karl G. Bauer] Y1 - 1990 N1 - Jahrestagung Kerntechnik <1990, Nürnberg> ; Annual Meeting of Nuclear Technology <1990, Nürnberg> SP - 243 EP - 246 PB - Inforum-Verl. CY - Bonn ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schwarzer, Klemens A1 - Hafner, B. A1 - Wemhöner, C. A1 - Wenzel, T. T1 - Das Programm CARNOT zur Simulation solarthermischer Anlagen unter MATLAB-Simulink / B. Hafner ; C. Wemhöner ; T. Wenzel ; K. Schwarzer JF - Sonne - die Energie des 21. Jahrhunderts : Kurzfassungen; 5. - 7. Juli 2000 Freiburg; inklusive 11. Jahrestagung Forschungsverbund Sonnenenergie / 12. Internationales Sonnenforum. [Hrsg.: Deutsche Gesellschaft für Sonnenenergie e.V., DGS. Red.: Joachim Berner; Forschungsverbund Sonnenenergie] Y1 - 2000 SN - 3-934349-07-2 N1 - Internationales Sonnenforum <12, 2000, Freiburg, Breisgau> ; Deutsche Gesellschaft für Sonnenenergie ; Forschungsverbund Sonnenenergie SP - 181 EP - 186 PB - Solar Promotion CY - München ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schwarzer, Klemens A1 - Hafner, B. A1 - Krings, T. T1 - Simulations- und Auslegungsprogramm für solare Kocher mit temporärem Speicher : Vergleich der Ergebnisse mit Messungen JF - Energie für die Zukunft : 28. Juni bis 1. Juli 1994 ; [Tagungsbericht 2] / 9. Internationales Sonnenforum '94. [Hrsg. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Sonnenenergie e.V. - DGS. Red. A. Hohmann ; H. H. Hohmann]. - (Internationales Sonnenforum ; 9,2) Y1 - 1994 N1 - Internationales Sonnenforum <9, 1994, Stuttgart> SP - 1422 EP - 1427 PB - DGS-Sonnenenergie CY - München ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schwarzer, Klemens A1 - Hafner, B. A1 - Krings, D. T1 - Optimierung von solarthermischen Kochersystemen JF - Energiewirtschaftliche Tagesfragen. 44 (1994), H. 9 Y1 - 1994 SN - 0720-6240 SP - 44 EP - 46 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schwarzer, Klemens A1 - Hafner, B. T1 - Entwicklung von Kollektoren und Speicher für solare Prozesswärmesysteme / B. Hafner ; K. Schwarzer JF - Sechstes Symposium Thermische Solarenergie : Kloster Banz ; [Termin: 08. - 10. Mai 1996] / OTTI-Technologie-Kolleg. Fachliche Gesamtltg.: Jürgen Schmid] Y1 - 1996 N1 - Symposium Thermische Solarenergie <6, 1996, Kloster Banz> ; Ostbayerisches Technologie-Transfer-Institut SP - 245 EP - 249 PB - OTTI CY - Regensburg ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schwarzer, Klemens A1 - Göttsche, Joachim A1 - Jellinghaus, Sabine T1 - FORSCHUNG UND TECHNIK - Messtechnik - Was will der Nutzer? - Eine langfristige Studie hat Nutzer zu einer Farblichtsteuerung befragt. Teil 1: Untersuchungsdesign, Leuchtenentwicklung und Messwerterfassung JF - Licht : Planung, Design, Technik, Handel ; Organ der Deutschen Lichttechnischen Gesellschaft e.V. (LiTG) ; Organ des Normenausschusses Lichttechnik (FNL) im DIN Deutsches Institut für Normung e.V. ; Organ des Verbandes Wohnraumleuchten-, Lampenschirm und . 58 (2006), H. 7-8 Y1 - 2006 SN - 0024-2861 SP - 754 EP - 759 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schwarzer, Klemens A1 - Göttsche, Joachim A1 - Jellinghaus, Sabine T1 - FORSCHUNG UND TECHNIK - Messtechnik - Was will der Nutzer? Eine langfristige Studie hat Nutzer zu einer Farblichtsteuerung befragt (Teil 2) JF - Licht : Planung, Design, Technik, Handel ; Organ der Deutschen Lichttechnischen Gesellschaft e.V. (LiTG) ; Organ des Normenausschusses Lichttechnik (FNL) im DIN Deutsches Institut für Normung e.V. ; Organ des Verbandes Wohnraumleuchten-, Lampenschirm und . 58 (2006), H. 9 Y1 - 2006 SN - 0024-2861 SP - 862 EP - 867 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schwarzer, Klemens A1 - Faber, C. A1 - Stracke, T. T1 - Teststelle fuer Warmwasser-Kollektoren und -Systeme JF - Energiewirtschaftliche Tagesfragen. 44 (1994), H. 9 Y1 - 1994 SN - 0720-6240 N1 - Zusammenarbeit mit dem tunesischen Forschungsinstitut INRST SP - 41 EP - 43 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schwarzer, Klemens A1 - Ehrhardt, J. A1 - Bayer, A. A1 - Kroeger, W. T1 - Unfallfolgen- und Risikoabschätzung für die probabilistische HTR-1160-Sicherheitsstudie / J. Ehrhardt ; A. Bayer ; W. Kroeger ; K. Schwarzer JF - Atomwirtschaft - Atomtechnik. 27 (1982), H. 10 Y1 - 1982 SN - 0004-721x N1 - 2. ISSN: 0365-8414 SP - 527 EP - 529 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schwarzer, Klemens A1 - da Silva, Vieira E. A1 - Hoffschmidt, Bernhard A1 - Schwarzer, T. T1 - A new solar desalination system with heat recovery for decentralised drinking water production JF - Desalination. 248 (2009), H. 1-3 Y1 - 2009 SN - 0011-9164 N1 - Water and Sanitation in International Development and Disaster Relief (WSIDDR) International Workshop Edinburgh, Scotland, UK, 28–30 May 2008 SP - 204 EP - 211 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schwarzer, Klemens A1 - Bieger, W. A1 - Späte, F. T1 - Untersuchungen zur Leistungsfähigkeit von solaren Warmwasserbereitungsanlagen / W. Bieger ; C. Schwarzer ; F. Späte ... JF - Rationelle Energieverwendung und Nutzung erneuerbarer Energiequellen im regionalen und kommunalen Bereich : welchen Beitrag können sie zur Abwehr der Klimabedrohung leisten? / 7. Internationales Sonnenforum, Frankfurt, 9. - 12. Oktober 1990. [Hrsg.: Deutsche Gesellschaft für Sonnenenergie e.V. - DGS. Red.: A. Hohmann ...] - Bd. 1 Y1 - 1990 N1 - Internationales Sonnenforum <7, 1990, Frankfurt, Main> ; Deutsche Gesellschaft für Sonnenenergie SP - 615 EP - 620 PB - DGS-Sonnenenergie-Verl. CY - München ER - TY - BOOK A1 - Schwarzer, Klemens A1 - Bieger, W. A1 - Ricking, N. T1 - Entwicklung und Erprobung von solaren Kochern mit und ohne temporärem Speicher und deren thermodynamische Charakterisierung : Contract 0328877A / Fachbereich Kerntechnik und Biotechnik, Fachhochschule Aachen, Jülich ; Bundesministerium für Forschung und Technologie, Bonn Y1 - 1992 PB - Fachhochschule Aachen CY - Jülich ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schwarzer, Klemens A1 - Bieger, W. A1 - Ricking, N. T1 - Solares Kochen JF - Rationelle Energieverwendung und Nutzung erneuerbarer Energiequellen im regionalen und kommunalen Bereich : welchen Beitrag können sie zur Abwehr der Klimabedrohung leisten? / 7. Internationales Sonnenforum, Frankfurt, 9. - 12. Oktober 1990. [Hrsg.: Deutsche Gesellschaft für Sonnenenergie e.V. - DGS. Red.: A. Hohmann ...] - Bd. 2 Y1 - 1990 N1 - Internationales Sonnenforum <7, 1990, Frankfurt, Main> ; Deutsche Gesellschaft für Sonnenenergie SP - 1002 EP - 1007 PB - DGS-Sonnenenergie-Verl. CY - München ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schwarzer, Klemens A1 - Bieger, W. T1 - Tests von solaren Brauchwassersystemen / W. Bieger ; K. Schwarzer JF - Erneuerbare Energiequellen : Aktivitäten deutscher Hochschulen / zsgest. von F. A. Peuser ... Y1 - 1987 SP - 6 EP - 7 PB - Zentralstelle für Solartechnik CY - Hilden ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schwarzer, Klemens A1 - Bieger, W. T1 - Entwicklung von solaren Unterrichtsmessplätzen fuer Indonesien / W. Bieger ; K. Schwarzer JF - Erneuerbare Energiequellen : Aktivitäten deutscher Hochschulen / zsgest. von F. A. Peuser ... Y1 - 1987 SP - 4 EP - 5 PB - Zentralstelle für Solartechnik CY - Hilden ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schwarzer, Klemens A1 - Bieger, W. T1 - Entwicklung eines solaren Kochers JF - Erneuerbare Energiequellen : Aktivitäten deutscher Hochschulen / zsgest. von F. A. Peuser ... Y1 - 1987 SP - 2 EP - 3 PB - Zentralstelle für Solartechnik CY - Hilden ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schwarzer, Klemens A1 - Bieger, A. A1 - Späte, F. T1 - Leistungsfähigkeit von solaren Warmwasserbereitungsanlagen : Ergebnisse des Forschungsprojektes VELS I JF - Energie und unsere Umwelt : 30. Juni bis 3. Juli 1992 ; [Tagungsbericht 1] ; 8. Internationales Sonnenforum '92 / [Hrsg.: Deutsche Gesellschaft für Sonnenenergie e.V., DGS. Red.: A. Hohmann ...]. - (Internationales Sonnenforum ; 8,1) Y1 - 1992 N1 - Internationales Sonnenforum <8, 1992, Berlin> SP - 307 EP - 312 PB - DGS-Sonnenenergie CY - München ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schwarzer, Klemens A1 - Bieger, A. A1 - Meer, A. von T1 - Ein neuartiger effizienter Solarkocher mit temporärem Speicher JF - Energie und unsere Umwelt : 30. Juni bis 3. Juli 1992 ; [Tagungsbericht 2] ; 8. Internationales Sonnenforum '92 / [Hrsg.: Deutsche Gesellschaft für Sonnenenergie e.V., DGS. Red.: A. Hohmann ...]. - (Internationales Sonnenforum ; 8,2) Y1 - 1992 N1 - Internationales Sonnenforum <8, 1992, Berlin> SP - 1321 EP - 1326 PB - DGS-Sonnenenergie CY - München ER - TY - BOOK A1 - Schwarzer, Klemens A1 - Altes, J. T1 - Zum Störungsverhalten des HTR 500 : eine Trendanalyse ; [Report] / von J. Altes ... K. Schwarzer ... - (Spezielle Berichte der Kernforschungsanlage Jülich ; 220) Y1 - 1983 N1 - Überarb. Fassung des internat. Berichtes KFA-ISF-IB-3/83. - Erg.-Bd. u. d. T.: Sicherheitstechnische Untersuchungen zum Störfallverhalten des HTR-500 PB - Zentralbibliothek der Kernforschungsanlage CY - Jülich ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schwarzer, Klemens T1 - Anwendung solarer Hochtemperaturwärme am Beispiel eines Solarkochers JF - Wege in die Solargesellschaft 4 : Dokumentation zur Vortragsreihe an der Fachhochschule Darmstadt in Zusammenarbeit mit dem IKU-Institut für kommunale Wirtschaft und Umweltplanung im Sommersemester 1993 / [Hrsg.: Projektgruppe Solarenergie an der Fachhochschule Darmstadt ; IKU-Inst. für Kommunale Wirtschaft u. Umweltplanung. Red.: Helmut C. Büscher] Y1 - 1993 N1 - Ringvorlesung Wege in die Solargesellschaft <4, 1993, Darmstadt> SP - 13 EP - 24 PB - FHD CY - Darmstadt ER - TY - BOOK A1 - Schwarzer, Klemens T1 - Verfahren zur Abscheidung von Spalt- und Aktivierungsprodukten aus einer Gasatmosphäre und Vorrichtung zur Durchführung des Verfahrens ; Patentschrift DE000002755881C3 ; Veröffentlichungstag: 11.6.81 / Patentinhaber: Kernforschungsanlage Jülich GmbH Y1 - 1981 N1 - Volltext über Datenbank: http://depatisnet.dpma.de/ PB - Deutsches Patentamt CY - München ER - TY - BOOK A1 - Schwarzer, Klemens T1 - Lacasa : Einsatz von MATLAB-Simulink zur energetischen Analyse und Optimierung von Alt- und Neubauten inklusive Heizungs-, Lüftungs- und Klimatechnik / Hrsg.: FIA-Projekt, Forschungs-Informations-Austausch im Fachinstitut Gebäude-Klima e.V. Projekt: Solar-Institut Jülich an der Fachhochschule Aachen Y1 - 2004 SN - 3-938210-07-9 PB - FIA-Projekt im Fachinst. Gebäude-Klima CY - Bietigheim-Bissingen ER - TY - BOOK A1 - Schwarzer, Klemens T1 - Gutachten zu möglichen Strahlenexpositionen durch äußere radioaktive Kontaminationen an Transportbehältern oder Transportwaggons beim Transport von abgebrannten Brennelementen nach Frankreich / Auftraggeber: Staatsanwaltschaft Hanau Y1 - 1999 PB - IBEU, Ing.-Büro für Energie- u. Umweltechnik CY - Jülich ER - TY - BOOK A1 - Schwarzer, Klemens T1 - Radionuklidtransport im Boden. - Als Ms. gedr. Y1 - 1979 N1 - (Berichte der Kernforschungsanlage Jülich ; 1572). - Zugl.: Aachen, Techn. Hochsch., Fak. für Maschinenwesen, Diss., 1979 PB - Zentralbibliothek der Kernforschungsanlage Jülich CY - Jülich ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schwager, Christian A1 - Flesch, Robert A1 - Schwarzbözl, Peter A1 - Herrmann, Ulf A1 - Teixeira Boura, Cristiano José T1 - Advanced two phase flow model for transient molten salt receiver system simulation JF - Solar Energy N2 - In order to realistically predict and optimize the actual performance of a concentrating solar power (CSP) plant sophisticated simulation models and methods are required. This paper presents a detailed dynamic simulation model for a Molten Salt Solar Tower (MST) system, which is capable of simulating transient operation including detailed startup and shutdown procedures including drainage and refill. For appropriate representation of the transient behavior of the receiver as well as replication of local bulk and surface temperatures a discretized receiver model based on a novel homogeneous two-phase (2P) flow modelling approach is implemented in Modelica Dymola®. This allows for reasonable representation of the very different hydraulic and thermal properties of molten salt versus air as well as the transition between both. This dynamic 2P receiver model is embedded in a comprehensive one-dimensional model of a commercial scale MST system and coupled with a transient receiver flux density distribution from raytracing based heliostat field simulation. This enables for detailed process prediction with reasonable computational effort, while providing data such as local salt film and wall temperatures, realistic control behavior as well as net performance of the overall system. Besides a model description, this paper presents some results of a validation as well as the simulation of a complete startup procedure. Finally, a study on numerical simulation performance and grid dependencies is presented and discussed. KW - Molten salt solar tower KW - Molten salt receiver system KW - Dynamic simulation KW - Two-phase modelling KW - Transient flux distribution Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2021.12.065 SN - 0038-092X (print) SN - 1471-1257 (online) VL - 232 SP - 362 EP - 375 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Schwager, Christian A1 - Angele, Florian A1 - Schwarzbözl, Peter A1 - Teixeira Boura, Cristiano José A1 - Herrmann, Ulf T1 - Model predictive assistance for operational decision making in molten salt receiver systems T2 - SolarPACES: Solar Power & Chemical Energy Systems N2 - Despite the challenges of pioneering molten salt towers (MST), it remains the leading technology in central receiver power plants today, thanks to cost effective storage integration and high cost reduction potential. The limited controllability in volatile solar conditions can cause significant losses, which are difficult to estimate without comprehensive modeling [1]. This paper presents a Methodology to generate predictions of the dynamic behavior of the receiver system as part of an operating assistance system (OAS). Based on this, it delivers proposals if and when to drain and refill the receiver during a cloudy period in order maximize the net yield and quantifies the amount of net electricity gained by this. After prior analysis with a detailed dynamic two-phase model of the entire receiver system, two different reduced modeling approaches where developed and implemented in the OAS. A tailored decision algorithm utilizes both models to deliver the desired predictions efficiently and with appropriate accuracy. KW - Power plants KW - Associated liquids KW - Decision theory KW - Electrochemistry Y1 - 2023 SN - 978-0-7354-4623-6 U6 - http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0151514 SN - 1551-7616 (online) SN - 0094-243X (print) N1 - 27th International Conference on Concentrating Solar Power and Chemical Energy Systems 27 September–1 October 2021 Online IS - 2815 / 1 PB - AIP conference proceedings / American Institute of Physics CY - Melville, NY ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Schwager, Christian A1 - Angele, Florian A1 - Nouri, Bijan A1 - Schwarzbözl, Peter A1 - Teixeira Boura, Cristiano José A1 - Herrmann, Ulf T1 - Impact of DNI forecast quality on performance prediction for a commercial scale solar tower: Application of nowcasting DNI maps to dynamic solar tower simulation T2 - SolarPACES conference proceedings N2 - Concerning current efforts to improve operational efficiency and to lower overall costs of concentrating solar power (CSP) plants with prediction-based algorithms, this study investigates the quality and uncertainty of nowcasting data regarding the implications for process predictions. DNI (direct normal irradiation) maps from an all-sky imager-based nowcasting system are applied to a dynamic prediction model coupled with ray tracing. The results underline the need for high-resolution DNI maps in order to predict net yield and receiver outlet temperature realistically. Furthermore, based on a statistical uncertainty analysis, a correlation is developed, which allows for predicting the uncertainty of the net power prediction based on the corresponding DNI forecast uncertainty. However, the study reveals significant prediction errors and the demand for further improvement in the accuracy at which local shadings are forecasted. KW - Process prediction KW - DNI forecasting KW - Nowcasting KW - Uncertainty analysis KW - Molten salt receiver system, Y1 - 2024 U6 - http://dx.doi.org/10.52825/solarpaces.v1i.675 SN - 2751-9899 (online) N1 - 28th International Conference on Concentrating Solar Power and Chemical Energy Systems, 27-30 September, Albuquerque, NM, USA IS - Vol. 1 PB - TIB Open Publishing CY - Hannover ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Schulte, Jonas A1 - Schwager, Christian A1 - Noureldin, Kareem A1 - May, Martin A1 - Teixeira Boura, Cristiano José A1 - Herrmann, Ulf T1 - Gradient controlled startup procedure of a molten-salt power-to-heat energy storage plant based on dynamic process simulation T2 - SolarPACES: Solar Power & Chemical Energy Systems N2 - The integration of high temperature thermal energy storages into existing conventional power plants can help to reduce the CO2 emissions of those plants and lead to lower capital expenditures for building energy storage systems, due to the use of synergy effects [1]. One possibility to implement that, is a molten salt storage system with a powerful power-to-heat unit. This paper presents two possible control concepts for the startup of the charging system of such a facility. The procedures are implemented in a detailed dynamic process model. The performance and safety regarding the film temperatures at heat transmitting surfaces are investigated in the process simulations. To improve the accuracy in predicting the film temperatures, CFD simulations of the electrical heater are carried out and the results are merged with the dynamic model. The results show that both investigated control concepts are safe regarding the temperature limits. The gradient controlled startup performed better than the temperature-controlled startup. Nevertheless, there are several uncertainties that need to be investigated further. KW - Power plants KW - Energy storage KW - Associated liquids Y1 - 2023 SN - 978-0-7354-4623-6 U6 - http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0148741 SN - 1551-7616 (online) SN - 0094-243X (print) N1 - 27th International Conference on Concentrating Solar Power and Chemical Energy Systems 27 September–1 October 2021 Online IS - 2815 / 1 PB - AIP conference proceedings / American Institute of Physics CY - Melville, NY ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Schulte, Jonas A1 - Schwager, Christian A1 - Frantz, Cathy A1 - Schloms, Felix A1 - Teixeira Boura, Cristiano José A1 - Herrmann, Ulf T1 - Control concept for a molten salt receiver in star design: Development, optimization and testing with cloud passage scenarios T2 - SolarPACES conference proceedings N2 - A promising approach to reduce the system costs of molten salt solar receivers is to enable the irradiation of the absorber tubes on both sides. The star design is an innovative receiver design, pursuing this approach. The unconventional design leads to new challenges in controlling the system. This paper presents a control concept for a molten salt receiver system in star design. The control parameters are optimized in a defined test cycle by minimizing a cost function. The control concept is tested in realistic cloud passage scenarios based on real weather data. During these tests, the control system showed no sign of unstable behavior, but to perform sufficiently in every scenario further research and development like integrating Model Predictive Controls (MPCs) need to be done. The presented concept is a starting point to do so. KW - Molten salt receiver KW - Star design KW - Control optimization KW - Cloud passages Y1 - 2023 U6 - http://dx.doi.org/10.52825/solarpaces.v1i.693 SN - 2751-9899 (online) N1 - 28th International Conference on Concentrating Solar Power and Chemical Energy Systems, 27-30 September, Albuquerque, NM, USA IS - Vol. 1 PB - TIB Open Publishing CY - Hannover ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schult, O. W. B. A1 - Sistemich, K. A1 - Hardt, Arno T1 - Plans for investigations of subthreshold K+ production in p+A collisions / O. W. B. Schult [u.a.] JF - Nuclear Physics A. Vol. 583 Y1 - 1995 SN - 1873-1554 (E-journal); 0375-9474 (Print) SP - 629 EP - 632 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Schmitt, Timo A1 - Rosin, Julia A1 - Butenweg, Christoph T1 - Seismic Impact And Design Of Buried Pipelines T2 - 16th European Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Thessaloniki, 18-21 June, 2018 N2 - Seismic design of buried pipeline systems for energy and water supply is not only important for plant and operational safety but also for the maintenance of the supply infrastructure after an earthquake. The present paper shows special issues of the seismic wave impacts on buried pipelines, describes calculation methods, proposes approaches and gives calculation examples. This paper regards the effects of transient displacement differences and resulting tensions within the pipeline due to the wave propagation of the earthquake. However, the presented model can also be used to calculate fault rupture induced displacements. Based on a three-dimensional Finite Element Model parameter studies are performed to show the influence of several parameters such as incoming wave angle, wave velocity, backfill height and synthetic displacement time histories. The interaction between the pipeline and the surrounding soil is modeled with non-linear soil springs and the propagating wave is simulated affecting the pipeline punctually, independently in time and space. Special attention is given to long-distance heat pipeline systems. Here, in regular distances expansion bends are arranged to ensure movements of the pipeline due to high temperature. Such expansion bends are usually designed with small bending radii, which during the earthquake lead to high bending stresses in the cross-section of the pipeline. Finally, an interpretation of the results and recommendations are given for the most critical parameters. Y1 - 2018 N1 - Paper No 10600 SP - 1 EP - 12 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Schmitt, T. A1 - Butenweg, Christoph T1 - Seismische Einwirkungen auf erdverlegte Rohrleitungssysteme – Parameterstudie T2 - Erdbeben und bestehende Bauten : 14. D-A-C-H Tagung 20.08. - 21.08.2015, ETH Zürich. (Dokumentation / SIA ; D 0255) Y1 - 2015 SN - 978-3-03732-060-0 SP - 199 EP - 206 PB - SGEB CY - Zürich ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schmidt, R. A1 - Tonnesmann, A. A1 - Förster, Arnold A1 - Grimm, M. A1 - Kordos, P. A1 - Lüth, H. T1 - Metamorphic InAlAs/InGaAs HEMT's on GaAs substrates using an InP buffer layer JF - 8th IEEE International Symposium on High Performance Electron Devices for Microwave and Optoelectronic Applications : EDMO 2000 ; [13 - 14 November 2000, University of Glasgow] / organised by Department of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow Scotland. MTT/ED/AP/LEO Societies Joint Chapter, United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland Section. With technical co-sponsorship from IEEE Electron Device Society Y1 - 2000 SN - 0-7803-6550-X N1 - EDMO <8, 2000, Glasgow> ; University / Department of Electronics and Electrical Engineering ; IEEE catalog number 00TH8534 SP - 95 EP - 98 PB - IEEE Operations Center CY - Piscataway, NJ ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Schemm, R. A1 - Lintzel, P. A1 - Borchert, Jörg ED - Zenke, Ines T1 - Typische Elemente des Handelsmarktes T2 - Energiehandel in Europa Y1 - 2015 SN - 3-406-52443-5 SP - 195 EP - 216 PB - Beck CY - München ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Scheibe, Klaus A1 - Kern, Alexander T1 - Aktueller Stand der Normung zum Überspannungschutz JF - 9. VDE/ABB-Blitzschutztagung : Vorträge der 9. VDE/ABB-Fachtagung vom 27. bis 28. Oktober 2011 in Neu-Ulm / Veranst.: Ausschuss für Blitzschutz und Blitzforschung (ABB) im VDE Verband der Elektrotechnik Elektronik Informationstechnik e.V. Wiss. Tagungsleitung: K. Stimper Y1 - 2011 SN - 978-3-8007-3380-4 N1 - VDE/ABB-Blitzschutztagung ; (9 ; 2011.10.27-28 ; Neu-Ulm) SP - 13 EP - 17 PB - VDE-Verl. CY - Berlin ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Scheibe, K. A1 - Kern, Alexander T1 - Stand der Normung für Überspannungsschutzgeräte T2 - 10. VDE, VBB-Blitzschutztagung : Vorträge der 10. VDE, ABB-Fachtagung vom 24. bis 25. Oktober 2013 in Neu-Ulm. (VDE-Fachbericht ; 70) Y1 - 2013 SN - 978-3-8007-3540-2 SP - 23 EP - 27 PB - VDE-Verl. CY - Berlin ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Sattler, Johannes, Christoph A1 - Röger, Marc A1 - Schwarzbözl, Peter A1 - Buck, Reiner A1 - Macke, Ansgar A1 - Raeder, Christian A1 - Göttsche, Joachim T1 - Review of heliostat calibration and tracking control methods JF - Solar Energy N2 - Large scale central receiver systems typically deploy between thousands to more than a hundred thousand heliostats. During solar operation, each heliostat is aligned individually in such a way that the overall surface normal bisects the angle between the sun’s position and the aim point coordinate on the receiver. Due to various tracking error sources, achieving accurate alignment ≤1 mrad for all the heliostats with respect to the aim points on the receiver without a calibration system can be regarded as unrealistic. Therefore, a calibration system is necessary not only to improve the aiming accuracy for achieving desired flux distributions but also to reduce or eliminate spillage. An overview of current larger-scale central receiver systems (CRS), tracking error sources and the basic requirements of an ideal calibration system is presented. Leading up to the main topic, a description of general and specific terms on the topics heliostat calibration and tracking control clarifies the terminology used in this work. Various figures illustrate the signal flows along various typical components as well as the corresponding monitoring or measuring devices that indicate or measure along the signal (or effect) chain. The numerous calibration systems are described in detail and classified in groups. Two tables allow the juxtaposition of the calibration methods for a better comparison. In an assessment, the advantages and disadvantages of individual calibration methods are presented. Y1 - 2020 U6 - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2020.06.030 VL - 207 SP - 110 EP - 132 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Sattler, Johannes, Christoph A1 - Caminos, Ricardo Alexander Chico A1 - Ürlings, Nicolas A1 - Dutta, Siddharth A1 - Ruiz, Victor A1 - Kalogirou, Soteris A1 - Ktistis, Panayiotis A1 - Agathokleous, Rafaela A1 - Jung, Christian A1 - Alexopoulos, Spiros A1 - Atti, Vikrama Nagababu A1 - Teixeira Boura, Cristiano José A1 - Herrmann, Ulf T1 - Operational experience and behaviour of a parabolic trough collector system with concrete thermal energy storage for process steam generation in Cyprus T2 - AIP Conference Proceedings Y1 - 2020 U6 - http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0029278 IS - 2303 SP - 140004-1 EP - 140004-10 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Sattler, Johannes, Christoph A1 - Alexopoulos, Spiros A1 - Caminos, Ricardo Alexander Chico A1 - Mitchell, John C. A1 - Ruiz, Victor C. A1 - Kalogirou, Soteris A1 - Ktistis, Panayiotis K. A1 - Teixeira Boura, Cristiano José A1 - Herrmann, Ulf T1 - Dynamic simulation model of a parabolic trough collector system with concrete thermal energy storage for process steam generation T2 - AIP Conference Proceedings Y1 - 2019 U6 - http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5117663 SN - 0094243X VL - 2126 SP - 150007-1 EP - 150007-8 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Sattler, Johannes Christoph A1 - Schneider, Iesse Peer A1 - Angele, Florian A1 - Atti, Vikrama A1 - Teixeira Boura, Cristiano José A1 - Herrmann, Ulf T1 - Development of heliostat field calibration methods: Theory and experimental test results T2 - SolarPACES conference proceedings N2 - In this work, three patent pending calibration methods for heliostat fields of central receiver systems (CRS) developed by the Solar-Institut Jülich (SIJ) of the FH Aachen University of Applied Sciences are presented. The calibration methods can either operate in a combined mode or in stand-alone mode. The first calibration method, method A, foresees that a camera matrix is placed into the receiver plane where it is subjected to concentrated solar irradiance during a measurement process. The second calibration method, method B, uses an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) such as a quadrocopter to automatically fly into the reflected solar irradiance cross-section of one or more heliostats (two variants of method B were tested). The third calibration method, method C, foresees a stereo central camera or multiple stereo cameras installed e.g. on the solar tower whereby the orientations of the heliostats are calculated from the location detection of spherical red markers attached to the heliostats. The most accurate method is method A which has a mean accuracy of 0.17 mrad. The mean accuracy of method B variant 1 is 1.36 mrad and of variant 2 is 1.73 mrad. Method C has a mean accuracy of 15.07 mrad. For method B there is great potential regarding improving the measurement accuracy. For method C the collected data was not sufficient for determining whether or not there is potential for improving the accuracy. KW - Heliostat Field Calibration KW - Unmanned aerial vehicle KW - UAV KW - Quadrocopter KW - Camera system Y1 - 2024 U6 - http://dx.doi.org/10.52825/solarpaces.v1i.678 SN - 2751-9899 (online) N1 - 28th International Conference on Concentrating Solar Power and Chemical Energy Systems, 27-30 September, Albuquerque, NM, USA IS - Vol. 1 PB - TIB Open Publishing CY - Hannover ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Sattler, Johannes Christoph A1 - Atti, Vikrama A1 - Alexopoulos, Spiros A1 - Teixeira Boura, Cristiano José A1 - Herrmann, Ulf A1 - Dutta, Siddharth A1 - Kioutsioukis, Ioannis T1 - DNI forecast tool for the smart operation of a parabolic trough collector system with concrete thermal energy storage: Theory, results and outlook T2 - SolarPACES conference proceedings N2 - This work presents a basic forecast tool for predicting direct normal irradiance (DNI) in hourly resolution, which the Solar-Institut Jülich (SIJ) is developing within a research project. The DNI forecast data shall be used for a parabolic trough collector (PTC) system with a concrete thermal energy storage (C-TES) located at the company KEAN Soft Drinks Ltd in Limassol, Cyprus. On a daily basis, 24-hour DNI prediction data in hourly resolution shall be automatically produced using free or very low-cost weather forecast data as input. The purpose of the DNI forecast tool is to automatically transfer the DNI forecast data on a daily basis to a main control unit (MCU). The MCU automatically makes a smart decision on the operation mode of the PTC system such as steam production mode and/or C-TES charging mode. The DNI forecast tool was evaluated using historical data of measured DNI from an on-site weather station, which was compared to the DNI forecast data. The DNI forecast tool was tested using data from 56 days between January and March 2022, which included days with a strong variation in DNI due to cloud passages. For the evaluation of the DNI forecast reliability, three categories were created and the forecast data was sorted accordingly. The result was that the DNI forecast tool has a reliability of 71.4 % based on the tested days. The result fulfils SIJ’s aim to achieve a reliability of around 70 %, but SIJ aims to still improve the DNI forecast quality. KW - Direct normal irradiance forecast KW - DNI forecast KW - Parabolic trough collector KW - PTC KW - Thermal Energy Storage Y1 - 2024 U6 - http://dx.doi.org/10.52825/solarpaces.v1i.731 SN - 2751-9899 (online) N1 - 28th International Conference on Concentrating Solar Power and Chemical Energy Systems, 27-30 September, Albuquerque, NM, USA IS - VOL. 1 PB - TIB Open Publishing CY - Hannover ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Sabitova, A. A1 - Ebert, Ph. A1 - Lenz, A. A1 - Schaafhausen, S. A1 - Ivanova, L. A1 - Dähne, M. A1 - Hoffmann, A. A1 - Dunin-Borkowski, R. E. A1 - Förster, Arnold A1 - Grandidier, B. A1 - Eisele, H. T1 - Intrinsic bandgap of cleaved ZnO(112¯0) surfaces JF - Applied physics letters Y1 - 2013 SN - 1077-3118 (E-Journal); 0003-6951 (Print) VL - Vol. 102 SP - 021608 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rupp, Matthias A1 - Rieke, Christian A1 - Handschuh, Nils A1 - Kuperjans, Isabel T1 - Economic and ecological optimization of electric bus charging considering variable electricity prices and CO₂eq intensities JF - Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment N2 - In many cities, diesel buses are being replaced by electric buses with the aim of reducing local emissions and thus improving air quality. The protection of the environment and the health of the population is the highest priority of our society. For the transport companies that operate these buses, not only ecological issues but also economic issues are of great importance. Due to the high purchase costs of electric buses compared to conventional buses, operators are forced to use electric vehicles in a targeted manner in order to ensure amortization over the service life of the vehicles. A compromise between ecology and economy must be found in order to both protect the environment and ensure economical operation of the buses. In this study, we present a new methodology for optimizing the vehicles’ charging time as a function of the parameters CO₂eq emissions and electricity costs. Based on recorded driving profiles in daily bus operation, the energy demands of conventional and electric buses are calculated for the passenger transportation in the city of Aachen in 2017. Different charging scenarios are defined to analyze the influence of the temporal variability of CO₂eq intensity and electricity price on the environmental impact and economy of the bus. For every individual day of a year, charging periods with the lowest and highest costs and emissions are identified and recommendations for daily bus operation are made. To enable both the ecological and economical operation of the bus, the parameters of electricity price and CO₂ are weighted differently, and several charging periods are proposed, taking into account the priorities previously set. A sensitivity analysis is carried out to evaluate the influence of selected parameters and to derive recommendations for improving the ecological and economic balance of the battery-powered electric vehicle. In all scenarios, the optimization of the charging period results in energy cost savings of a maximum of 13.6% compared to charging at a fixed electricity price. The savings potential of CO₂eq emissions is similar, at 14.9%. From an economic point of view, charging between 2 a.m. and 4 a.m. results in the lowest energy costs on average. The CO₂eq intensity is also low in this period, but midday charging leads to the largest savings in CO₂eq emissions. From a life cycle perspective, the electric bus is not economically competitive with the conventional bus. However, from an ecological point of view, the electric bus saves on average 37.5% CO₂eq emissions over its service life compared to the diesel bus. The reduction potential is maximized if the electric vehicle exclusively consumes electricity from solar and wind power. Y1 - 2020 U6 - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2020.102293 SN - 1361-9209 VL - 81 IS - Article 102293 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER -