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In this chapter, the key technologies and the instrumentation required for the subsurface exploration of ocean worlds are discussed. The focus is laid on Jupiter’s moon Europa and Saturn’s moon Enceladus because they have the highest potential for such missions in the near future. The exploration of their oceans requires landing on the surface, penetrating the thick ice shell with an ice-penetrating probe, and probably diving with an underwater vehicle through dozens of kilometers of water to the ocean floor, to have the chance to find life, if it exists. Technologically, such missions are extremely challenging. The required key technologies include power generation, communications, pressure resistance, radiation hardness, corrosion protection, navigation, miniaturization, autonomy, and sterilization and cleaning. Simpler mission concepts involve impactors and penetrators or – in the case of Enceladus – plume-fly-through missions.
We present the novel concept of a combined drilling and melting probe for subsurface ice research. This probe, named “IceMole”, is currently developed, built, and tested at the FH Aachen University of Applied Sciences’ Astronautical Laboratory. Here, we describe its first prototype design and report the results of its field tests on the Swiss Morteratsch glacier. Although the IceMole design is currently adapted to terrestrial glaciers and ice shields, it may later be modified for the subsurface in-situ investigation of extraterrestrial ice, e.g., on Mars, Europa, and Enceladus. If life exists on those bodies, it may be present in the ice (as life can also be found in the deep ice of Earth).
Evaluation of fragility curves for a three-storey-reinforced-concrete mock-up of SMART 2013 project
(2016)
Eine Einführung in die Anwendung der VOB in der baubetrieblichen Praxis im Rahmen der ergänzenden Schriften zu den Vorlesungen. Die Anwendung der VOB als Vertragsbedingung für einen Bauvertrag ist gängige Praxis, über die der Architekt im Baubetrieb umfassend informiert sein muß. Die Anwendung der VOB im Bauvertrag bedarf der vorherigen Vereinbarung zwischen den Vertragsparteien. Dabei muß die VOB im Ganzen vereinbart werden. Eine Veränderung dieser Bestimmungen führt zur teilweisen Unwirksamkeit der vertraglichen Vereinbarung. Der Architekt, der für seinen Bauherrn die Vergabeunterlagen zusammenstellen muß, haftet für Fehler bei der Formulierung oder der Zusammenstellung. Es ist daher für den Architekten unerläßlich, die vertraglichen Zusammenhänge zu kennen. Dieser Fachaufsatz soll zu einem sicheren Umgang mit der VOB als Vertragsgrundlage beitragen.
Textauszug: Nach dem Leistungsbild der HOAI hat der Architekt bei Planung und Baubetrieb vier Stationen der Kostenermittlung entsprechend der DIN 276, Abschnitt 2.3 abzuarbeiten. Der Architekt, der seiner Verantwortung gerecht werden will, wird hier weitere Kontrollmechanismen einbauen wollen. Über die genannten Kostenermittlungen hinaus kennt die DIN 276 daher noch das Erfordernis der Kostenkontrolle in Abschnitt 2.4 und der Kostensteuerung in Abschnitt 2.5. Die Kostensteuerung greift immer dann, wenn die Kostenkontrolle eine Abweichung des Kostenrahmens von den Sollwerten aufzeigt. Dazu müssen die Kontrollinstanzen dort eingebaut werden, wo Korrekturen noch möglich sind. Eine erste Kontrolle der Kosten ist daher zwischen Massenermittlung und Vergabe sinnvoll einzuflechten. Zu diesem Zeitpunkt kann die Planung noch verändert werden, was einen ersten steuernden Eingriff in die Baukosten ermöglicht, und zwar bevor die Angebotsunterlagen verschickt werden. Die Grundlagen zu einer effektiven Kostensteuerung werden in der Mengenermittlung der Leistungsphase 6 gelegt. Wenn dort die Mengen nicht sorgfältig und nachvollziehbar ermittelt wurden, wird der Soll- Ist- Abgleich während der Bauphase nicht frühzeitig genug gelingen, wenn nicht gar ganz entfallen. Es gilt also, dafür zu sorgen, dass die Mengenermittlung zur Vergabe mit entsprechender Sorgfalt und vor Allem „projektnah“ erfolgt. Schätzungen haben hier keine Berechtigung.
Gamifizierte Online-Schulung zur IT-Sicherheit : Konzeption & Gestaltung verschiedener Ansätze
(2024)
Das Ziel der webbasierten, gamifizierten Schulung ist die Awareness der IT-Sicherheit für Studierende. Das Verhalten der Studierenden soll nachhaltig geändert werden, damit zukünftige Cyberangriffe weniger wirksam werden. Im Mittelpunkt steht ein spannendes und motivierendes Konzept auf den Grundlagen des Game Based Learnings, das z. B. mit Interactives arbeitet. Zur Stärkung des Risiko-Bewusstseins wurde eine Roadmap entwickelt, die wie ein Spielbrett Zusammenhänge, aber auch den Fortschritt der Schulung aufzeigt. So entstand zunächst in interdisziplinärer Zusammenarbeit mit einer Wirtschaftsinformatik-Studentin ein technischer Prototyp. Darauf aufbauend wurden weitere konzeptionelle und visuelle Ansätze entwickelt, die das breite Spektrum von Game Based Learning zeigen. Dieses realitätsnahe Projekt zeigt zukunftsweisende Lernumgebungen auf.
The paper deals with the development of the probabilistic approach to the assessment of risk due to lightning. Sources of damage, types of damage and types of loss are defined and, accordingly, the procedure for risk analysis and the way of assessment of different risk components is proposed. The way to evaluate the influence of different protection measures (lightning protection system; shielding of structure, cables and equipment; routing of internal wiring; surge protective device) in reducing such probabilities is considered. The paper has been prepared within the framework of the activity of IEC TC81-WG9/CLC TC81-WG4 directed to prepare the draft IEC 62305-2 Risk Management, in cooperation with the Secretary of IEC/CLC TC81.
Funktionsprinzip Emissionsrechtehandel, Betroffene Anlagen und Branchen, Erstverteilung der Emissionsrechte, Bereits erbrachte Emissionsreduktionen (early actions), Ausstieg von betroffenen Unternehmen (opt-out), Teilnahme von nicht betroffenen Unternehmen, Einsatz von Biobrennstoffen, Erfassung und Dokumentation der Emissionen
Ausgangslage, Funktionsprinzip des virtuellen Kraftwerkes, Energiemanagementsysteme (EMS), Einsatzgebiete, Anlagesysteme eines VKW's, Einsatzbereich der verschiedenen dezentralen Energieanlagen, Vorteile des virtuellen Kraftwerkes, Auswirkungen auf das elektrische Netz, Wirtschaftliche Aspekte, Beispielprojekte
In this work, the effects of carbon sources and culture media on the production and structural properties of bacterial cellulose (BC) synthesized by Medusomyces gisevii have been studied. The culture medium was composed of different initial concentrations of glucose or sucrose dissolved in 0.4% extract of plain green tea. Parameters of the culture media (titratable acidity, substrate conversion degree etc.) were monitored daily for 20 days of cultivation. The BC pellicles produced on different carbon sources were characterized in terms of biomass yield, crystallinity and morphology by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), atomic force microscopy and X-ray diffraction. Our results showed that Medusomyces gisevii had higher BC yields in media with sugar concentrations close to 10 g L−1 after a 18–20 days incubation period. Glucose in general lead to a higher BC yield (173 g L−1) compared to sucrose (163.5 g L−1). The BC crystallinity degree and surface roughness were higher in the samples synthetized from sucrose. Obtained FE-SEM micrographs show that the BC pellicles synthesized in the sucrose media contained densely packed tangles of cellulose fibrils whereas the BC produced in the glucose media displayed rather linear geometry of the BC fibrils without noticeable aggregates.
A melting probe equipped with autofluorescence-based detection system combined with a light scattering unit, and, optionally, with a microarray chip would be ideally suited to probe icy environments like Europa’s ice layer as well as the polar ice layers of Earth and Mars for recent and extinct live.
Mechanical stimulation of the cells resulted in evident changes in the cell morphology, protein composition and gene expression. Microscopically, additional formation of stress fibers accompanied by cell re-arrangements in a monolayer was observed. Also, significant activation of p53 gene was revealed as compared to control. Interestingly, the use of CellTech membrane coating induced cell death after mechanical stress had been applied. Such an effect was not detected when fibronectin had been used as an adhesion substrate.
Recently, SHARP corporation has developed the world’s first “Plasma Cluster Ions (PCI)” air purification technology, which uses plasma discharge to generate cluster ions. The new plasma cluster device releases into the air positive and negative ions, which are harmless to humans and are able to decompose and deactivate airborne substances by chemical reactions. A lot of phenomenological tests of the PCI air purification technology on microbial cells have been conducted. And, in most cases, it has been shown that PCI demonstrate strongly pronounced killing effect. Although, the particular mechanisms of PCI action are still not evident. We studied variations in resistance to PCI among gram-positive airborne microorganisms, as well as some dose-dependent, spatial, cultural and biochemical properties of PCI action in respect of Staphylococcus spp, Enterococcus spp, Micrococcus spp.
Recently, the SHARP Corporation, Japan, has developed the world’s first "Plasma Cluster Ions (PCI)" air purification technology using plasma discharge to generate cluster ions. The new plasma cluster device releases positive and negative ions into the air, which are able to decompose and deactivate harmful airborne substances by chemical reactions. Because cluster ions consist of positive and negative ions that normally exist in the natural world, they are completely harmless and safe to humans. The amount of ozone generated by cluster ions is less than 0.01 ppm, which is significantly less than the 0.05-ppm standard for industrial operations and consumer electronics. This amount, thus, has no harming effects whatsoever on the human body. But particular properties and chemical processes in PCI treatment are still under study. It has been shown that PCI in most cases show strongly pronounced irreversible killing effects in respect of airborne microflora due to free-radical induced reactions and can be considered as a potent technology to disinfect both home, medical and industrial appliances.
Summary and Conclusions PCIs were clearly effective in terms of their antibacterial effects with the strains tested. This efficacy increased with the time the bacteries were exposed to PCIs. The bactericidal action has proved to be irreversible. PCIs were significantly less effective in shadowed areas. PCI exposure caused multiple protein damages as observed in SDS PAGE studies. There was no single but multiple molecular mechanism causing the bacterial death.
Recently, SHARP corporation has developed the world’s first "Plasma Cluster Ions® (PCI)" air purification technology, which uses plasma discharge to generate cluster ions. The new Plasma Cluster Device releases positive and negative ions into the air, which are harmless to humans and are able to decompose and deactivate airborne substances by chemical reactions. In the past, phenomenological tests on the efficacy of the PCI air purification technology on microbial cells have been conducted. In most cases, it has been shown that PCI demonstrated strongly pronounced killing effects on microorganisms. However, the particular mechanisms of PCI action still have to be uncovered.