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Investigation Of The Seismic Behaviour Of Infill Masonry Using Numerical Modelling Approaches
(2017)
Masonry is a widely spread construction type which is used all over the world for different types of structures. Due to its simple and cheap construction, it is used as non-structural as well as structural element. In frame structures, such as
reinforced concrete frames, masonry may be used as infill. While the bare frame itself is able to carry the loads when it comes to seismic events, the infilled frame is not able to warp freely due to the constrained movement. This restraint results in a complex interaction between the infill and the surrounding frame, which may lead to severe damage to the infill as well as the surrounding frame. The interaction is studied in different projects and effective approaches for the description of the behavior are still lacking. Experimental programs are usually quite expensive, while numerical models, once validated, do offer an efficient approach for the investigation of the interaction when horizontally loaded. In order to study the numerous parameters influencing the seismic load bearing behavior, numerical models may be used. Therefore, this contribution presents a numerical approach for the simulation of infill masonry in reinforced concrete frames. Both parts, the surrounding frame as well as the infill are represented by micro modelling approaches to correctly take into account the different types of failure. The adopted numerical model describes the inelastic behavior of the system, as indicated by the obtained results of the overall structural response as well as the formation of damage in the infilled wall. Comparison of the numerical and experimental results highlights the valuable contribution of numerical simulations in the study and design of infilled frames. As damage of the infill masonry may occur in-plane due to the interaction as well as out-of-plane due to the low vertical load, both directions of loading are investigated.
The paper highlights the crucial role of seismic design in ensuring the functionality of buried pipeline systems, particularly in the context of future energy supply with the integration of LNG infrastructure and hydrogen-based energy sources. It is therefore important to design new buried pipeline systems to be earthquake-resistant based on comprehensible calculation principles and constructive rules. However, the current European and international codes for the seismic design of pipelines are only of limited suitability for practical use due to the complexity of the calculation approaches, the lack of connection to the pipeline standards in use, and the incompleteness for special pipeline situations. To address these issues, a research project funded by the DVGW (German Technical and Scientific Association for Gas and Water) has been initiated to develop a design guideline for high-pressure gas pipelines that can withstand earthquake actions based on DIN EN 1998.
The contributions introduce the contents and principles of the new guideline that allows a practical approach for designing spatially distributed pipeline systems with suitable computational models and design concepts for seismically induced ground movements. The contributions in this guideline cover wave types and wave propagation in soil that cause particle movements in the soil and subsequently forced deformations on buried pipelines. Building upon this, a multi-level verification concept with increasing accuracy is proposed for the load case seismic wave propagation. The study pays particular attention to the direction of seismic waves, installation depth, and other important considerations such as pipe bends, traffic infrastructure crossings, and culvert structures for crossing rivers. Finally, the application of the developed guideline is demonstrated on a typical pipeline configuration that showcases tangible evidence of its effectiveness in practice.