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Heat production in the windings of the stators of electric machines under stationary condition
(2014)
In electric machines due to high currents and resistive losses (joule heating) heat is produced. To avoid damages by overheating the design of effective cooling systems is required. Therefore the knowledge of heat sources and heat transfer processes is necessary. The purpose of this paper is to illustrate a good and effective calculation method for the temperature analysis based on homogenization techniques. These methods have been applied for the stator windings in a slot of an electric machine consisting of copper wires and resin. The key quantity here is an effective thermal conductivity, which characterizes the heterogeneous wire resin-arrangement inside the stator slot. To illustrate the applicability of the method, the analysis of a simplified, homogenized model is compared with the detailed analysis of temperature behavior inside a slot of an electric machine according to the heat generation. We considered here only the stationary situation. The achieved numerical results are accurate and show that the applied homogenization technique works in practice. Finally the results of simulations for the two cases, the original model of the slot and the homogenized model chosen for the slot (unit cell), are compared to experimental results.
Solarthermische Kraftwerke stellen eine bedeutende Technologieoption für einen nachhaltigen Energiemix der Zukunft dar. Sie konzentrieren die Strahlung der Sonne, erzeugen Wärme und wandeln diese mit konventioneller Kraftwerkstechnik in Strom um. Die Wärme kann auch gespeichert werden, so dass der Betrieb während des Durchzugs von Wolken möglich ist und bis in die Abendstunden hinein verlängert werden kann. Zu den solarthermischen Kraftwerken gehören neben der Parabolrinne und dem Solarturm der Fresnel-Kollektor und die Dish-Stirling-Systeme. Im Zuge einer späteren Vergrößerung des Solarfeldes von Solarkraftwerken kann mithilfe von thermischen Energiespeichern die solare Energieerzeugung bei gleichbleibender Kraftwerksleistung sukzessiv bis um den Faktor 3 erweitert werden. Es besteht so die Möglichkeit einer massiven Substitution von fossilen Brennstoffen.Bei den ersten solarthermischen Speichern für die SEGS-Parabolrinnekraftwerke wurde Öl als Speichermedium eingesetzt. Ein weiteres Speichermedium ist Salzschmelze, die im Andasol-1-Projekt in Spanien sowie bei Solarturmkraftwerken eingesetzt wird. Beton ist ein weiteres mögliches Speichermaterial für Parabolrinnensysteme. Eine weitere Alternative bei einem Solarturmkraftwerk mit Luft als Wärmeträgermedium ist die Verwendung von keramischen Feuerfestmaterialien in Form von Schüttungen oder stapelbaren, porösen Elementen. In Jülich wurde das weltweit erste solarthermische Turmkraftwerk mit einer Leistung von 1,5 MWe, das Luft als Wärmeträgermedium einsetzt und einen solchen Speicher verwendet, gebaut.
Since the 80s power production with solar thermal power plants has been a way to substitute fossil fuels. By concentrating direct solar radiation from heliostats very high temperatures of a thermal fluid can be reached. The resulting heat is converted to mechanical energy in a steam cycle which generates electricity.
High efficiencies and fast start-up are reached by using air as a heat medium, as well as using porous ceramic materials as solar receiver of the concentrated sunlight.
In Germany the construction of a 1.5 MWe solar tower power plant began in 2008. It is operational since December 2008 and started production of electricity in the spring of 2009.
In Greece and Cyprus, countries with high solar potential, the development of this competitive solar thermal technology is imperative, since it has already been implemented in other Mediterranean countries.