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The mechanical behavior of the large intestine beyond the ultimate stress has never been investigated. Stretching beyond the ultimate stress may drastically impair the tissue microstructure, which consequently weakens its healthy state functions of absorption, temporary storage, and transportation for defecation. Due to closely similar microstructure and function with humans, biaxial tensile experiments on the porcine large intestine have been performed in this study. In this paper, we report hyperelastic characterization of the large intestine based on experiments in 102 specimens. We also report the theoretical analysis of the experimental results, including an exponential damage evolution function. The fracture energies and the threshold stresses are set as damage material parameters for the longitudinal muscular, the circumferential muscular and the submucosal collagenous layers. A biaxial tensile simulation of a linear brick element has been performed to validate the applicability of the estimated material parameters. The model successfully simulates the biomechanical response of the large intestine under physiological and non-physiological loads.
This dissertation uses in first stage a macroeconomic investigation to examine the dependence, influence and corruption of socio-economic development through effects of sustainability and resource management. The conducted research found that the state's dependence on its citizens decreases when the state's sources of revenue are largely detached and independent of the citizens' financial resources. In this case, financial resources are taxes and duties provided by the citizens. One possible consequence is the restriction of state investment in its citizens. Both the qualitative literature review and the quantitative data analysis revealed a negative correlation between socio-economic development and the resource economy's share of GDP for the period under study. The microeconomic investigation was primarily conducted through an intensive literature review. It was shown that the rebound effect as such is already very well researched. However, it also became clear that avoidance strategies for the rebound effect and links to sustainability initiatives are scarce or non-existent. The need for a redesign of the impact analysis with regard to technological innovations and their influence on resource consumption and resource management has become clear on the basis of the present study. Further, emerging and developing countries in particular, which will be confronted in the foreseeable future not only with the fundamental problems of resource abundance in the overall economic context, but also with the issues of their sustainable use, should be confronted with these problems as early as possible in order to find solutions in a timely manner.
Reliable methods for automatic readability assessment have the potential to impact a variety of fields, ranging from machine translation to self-informed learning. Recently, large language models for the German language (such as GBERT and GPT-2-Wechsel) have become available, allowing to develop Deep Learning based approaches that promise to further improve automatic readability assessment. In this contribution, we studied the ability of ensembles of fine-tuned GBERT and GPT-2-Wechsel models to reliably predict the readability of German sentences. We combined these models with linguistic features and investigated the dependence of prediction performance on ensemble size and composition. Mixed ensembles of GBERT and GPT-2-Wechsel performed better than ensembles of the same size consisting of only GBERT or GPT-2-Wechsel models. Our models were evaluated in the GermEval 2022 Shared Task on Text Complexity Assessment on data of German sentences. On out-of-sample data, our best ensemble achieved a root mean squared error of 0:435.
Using optimization to design a renewable energy system has become a computationally demanding task as the high temporal fluctuations of demand and supply arise within the considered time series. The aggregation of typical operation periods has become a popular method to reduce effort. These operation periods are modelled independently and cannot interact in most cases. Consequently, seasonal storage is not reproducible. This inability can lead to a significant error, especially for energy systems with a high share of fluctuating renewable energy. The previous paper, “Time series aggregation for energy system design: Modeling seasonal storage”, has developed a seasonal storage model to address this issue. Simultaneously, the paper “Optimal design of multi-energy systems with seasonal storage” has developed a different approach. This paper aims to review these models and extend the first model. The extension is a mathematical reformulation to decrease the number of variables and constraints. Furthermore, it aims to reduce the calculation time while achieving the same results.
Der Onlinehandel boomt und die Anzahl an Paketsendungen wächst stetig. Aktuelle Zustellmethoden sind jedoch nicht nachhaltig und stören den ohnehin schon überlasteten innerstädtischen Verkehr. Hier möchte „TRABIC“ Abhilfe schaffen. „TRABIC“ ist ein nachhaltiges und zukunftsfähiges Liefersystem für den urbanen Raum. Die Kombination von innerstädtischen Microhubs mit einem neuen Lieferfahrzeug schafft die Basis des Systems. Die den Lieferprozess begleitende KI ermöglicht einen effizient aufeinander abgestimmten Lieferprozess.
Das Lieferfahrzeug bildet das Herz des Konzeptes und wurde auf der Basis eines Lastenrads entwickelt. Um eine effiziente Zustellung zu gewährleisten, wurde es an die Bedürfnisse des Lieferprozesses und der Paketzusteller/innen angepasst. Damit ermöglicht „TRABIC“ die Nutzung alternativer Verkehrswege, ist emissionsfrei und bietet somit eine attraktive Alternative zu verrufenen Zustellmethoden.
A method for the integrated extraction and separation of fatty acids from algae using supercritical CO2 is presented. Desmodesmus obliquus and Chlorella sorokiniana were used as algae. First, a method for chromatographic separation of fatty acids of different degrees of saturation was established and optimized. Then, an integrated method for supercritical extraction was developed for both algal species. It was also verified whether prior cell disruption was beneficial for extraction. In developing the method for chromatographic separation, statistical experimental design was used to determine the optimal parameter settings. The methanol content in the mobile phase proved to be the most important parameter for successful separation of the three unsaturated fatty acids oleic acid, linoleic acid, and linolenic acid. Supercritical extraction with dried algae showed that about four times more fatty acids can be extracted from C. sorokiniana relative to the dry mass used.
Mobilität stellt oftmals ein Problem in Städten dar. Es sind Staus, Abgase, Platzmangel, die sich negativ auf die urbane Lebensqualität auswirken. Dies sind externe Auswirkungen der von Autos dominierten Mobilität.
Ziel von „Faces“ war es, eine effiziente und vor allem attraktive Alternative zum Automobil zu bieten. Dafür denkt das Projekt die Straßenbahn neu. Durch kompaktes Design und die Verwendung autonomer Systeme wird eine höhere Taktung ermöglicht. Zudem werden die Bahnen flexibler und können den Einsatz am Mobilitätsbedarf anpassen.
Um den Bedürfnissen der Fahrgäste gerecht zu werden, lässt sich das modulare Interior an die Reisedistanz anpassen.
Hier wird ein Mobilitätskonzept gezeichnet, das einem mit einem hoffnungsvollen Blick auf das Leben in den Städten der Zukunft zurücklässt.
Next Generation Manufacturing promises significant improvements in performance, productivity, and value creation. In addition to the desired and projected improvements regarding the planning, production, and usage cycles of products, this digital transformation will have a huge impact on work, workers, and workplace design. Given the high uncertainty in the likelihood of occurrence and the technical, economic, and societal impacts of these changes, we conducted a technology foresight study, in the form of a real-time Delphi analysis, to derive reliable future scenarios featuring the next generation of manufacturing systems. This chapter presents the organization dimension and describes each projection in detail, offering current case study examples and discussing related research, as well as implications for policy makers and firms. Specifically, we highlight seven areas in which the digital transformation of production will change how we work, how we organize the work within a company, how we evaluate these changes, and how employment and labor rights will be affected across company boundaries. The experts are unsure whether the use of collaborative robots in factories will replace traditional robots by 2030. They believe that the use of hybrid intelligence will supplement human decision-making processes in production environments. Furthermore, they predict that artificial intelligence will lead to changes in management processes, leadership, and the elimination of hierarchies. However, to ensure that social and normative aspects are incorporated into the AI algorithms, restricting measurement of individual performance will be necessary. Additionally, AI-based decision support can significantly contribute toward new, socially accepted modes of leadership. Finally, the experts believe that there will be a reduction in the workforce by the year 2030.
Garderobe- ist ein Möbelstück, dessen Nutzungsbedingungen alleine von den Jahreszeiten und dem Wetter bestimmt werden. Mit dem Wechsel der Saison verändert sich auch unsere Garderobe. Garderobe ist auch erstes Erscheinungsbild eines Zuhauses, welches vieles über deren Bewohner verrät. Goodays ist eine erweiterungsfähige und nach dem Wetter/Zweck veränderbare Station. Es gibt Feuchtigkeit und Schmutz orientierte Flächen und lüftungsfähige Räume, um Gerüche zu vermeiden. Die Dimensionen sind flexibel, was nicht viel Platz und Lichtfang wegnimmt. Die Tiefe des Möbelstückes entspricht den notwendigen Kleidern und Schuhmaßen. Verschiede Bestandteile der Kollektion unterstützen bei der Forderung zur Ruhe und verringern den visuellen Lärm. Geschlossene Stauräume sorgen für mehr Ordnung und Neutralität. Die Station bietet Komfort in der Form von Sitzfläche und ausreichender Ablagefläche.
In Zeiten von Schnelllebigkeit ändern immer mehr Menschen bewusst ihren Umgang mit alltäglichen Dingen. Was dabei häufig in den Hintergrund rückt, ist das Thema "bewusste Kleidung". Beeinflusst durch sogenannte Fast-Fashion-Modeketten und Social Media leben wir in einer regelrechten Wegwerfgesellschaft. „Entschleunigen“ beschäftigt sich mit den Schattenseiten der Modeindustrie, zeigt aber ebenso (neue) Wege auf, die auf eine bessere Zukunft für uns und unsere Umwelt hoffen lassen. Aufgeteilt in zwei Kapitel gibt „Entschleunigen“ einen Einblick in den ökologischen und sozialen Fußabdruck der Modeindustrie und stellt zum anderen die Gegenseite vor, bei der Wert auf faire Produktion und Nachhaltigkeit gelegt wird. Das Buch „Entschleunigen“ soll über die Missstände in der Textilbranche informieren, jedoch im Umkehrschluss dazu motivieren, diese mit einfachen Mitteln zu verbessern.
Lignin is a promising renewable biopolymer being investigated worldwide as an environmentally benign substitute of fossil-based aromatic compounds, e.g. for the use as an excipient with antioxidant and antimicrobial properties in drug delivery or even as active compound. For its successful implementation into process streams, a quick, easy, and reliable method is needed for its molecular weight determination. Here we present a method using 1H spectra of benchtop as well as conventional NMR systems in combination with multivariate data analysis, to determine lignin’s molecular weight (Mw and Mn) and polydispersity index (PDI). A set of 36 organosolv lignin samples (from Miscanthus x giganteus, Paulownia tomentosa and Silphium perfoliatum) was used for the calibration and cross validation, and 17 samples were used as external validation set. Validation errors between 5.6% and 12.9% were achieved for all parameters on all NMR devices (43, 60, 500 and 600 MHz). Surprisingly, no significant difference in the performance of the benchtop and high-field devices was found. This facilitates the application of this method for determining lignin’s molecular weight in an industrial environment because of the low maintenance expenditure, small footprint, ruggedness, and low cost of permanent magnet benchtop NMR systems.
Fields of asymmetric tensors play an important role in many applications such as medical imaging (diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging), physics, and civil engineering (for example Cauchy-Green-deformation tensor, strain tensor with local rotations, etc.). However, such asymmetric tensors are usually symmetrized and then further processed. Using this procedure results in a loss of information. A new method for the processing of asymmetric tensor fields is proposed restricting our attention to tensors of second-order given by a 2x2 array or matrix with real entries. This is achieved by a transformation resulting in Hermitian matrices that have an eigendecomposition similar to symmetric matrices. With this new idea numerical results for real-world data arising from a deformation of an object by external forces are given. It is shown that the asymmetric part indeed contains valuable information.
Industrial facilities must be thoroughly designed to withstand seismic actions as they exhibit an increased loss potential due to the possibly wideranging damage consequences and the valuable process engineering equipment. Past earthquakes showed the social and political consequences of seismic damage to industrial facilities and sensitized the population and politicians worldwide for the possible hazard emanating from industrial facilities. However, a holistic approach for the seismic design of industrial facilities can presently neither be found in national nor in international standards. The introduction of EN 1998-4 of the new generation of Eurocode 8 will improve the normative situation with
specific seismic design rules for silos, tanks and pipelines and secondary process components. The article presents essential aspects of the seismic design of industrial facilities based on the new generation of Eurocode 8 using the example of tank structures and secondary process components. The interaction effects of the process components with the primary structure are illustrated by means of the experimental results of a shaking table test of a three story moment resisting steel frame with different process components. Finally, an integrated approach of
digital plant models based on building information modelling (BIM) and structural health monitoring (SHM) is presented, which provides not only a reliable decision-making basis for operation, maintenance and repair but also an excellent tool for rapid assessment of seismic damage.
Im Norden von Serbien erfolgt in Novi Sad der Neubau eines modernen Forschungsgebäudes für das BioSense-Institut mit finanzieller Unterstützung durch die Eu-ropäische Union. Der Gebäudeteil mit Laboren wird zum Schutz und zur Sicherstellung des reibungslosen Betriebs der sensiblen und kapitalintensiven technischen Einbauten mit ei-ner Erdbebenisolierung mit integrierter Körperschallisolation versehen. Zusätzlich wird der entkoppelte Laborteil des For-schungsgebäudes mit einem BIM-basierten Bauwerksmonito-ring versehen, um Änderungen des Gebäudezustands jederzeit abfragen und beurteilen zu können.
Sportvereine verlieren zunehmend Mitglieder. Grund dafür ist der wachsende Wunsch nach unabhängigen Trainingsmöglichkeiten. GYMLET bietet den Sportler:innen die Möglichkeit, ihre Fitness funktional, selbstorganisiert und unabhängig zu trainieren. Dabei kann durch den selbstbestimmten Trainingsort neben der körperlichen Fitness vor allem die Motivation zur sportlichen Aktivität und das Wohlbefinden gesteigert werden. Unterstützt wird das Trainingssystem durch eine App, welche den Sportler:innen neben Nutzungsmöglichkeiten als Coach und Trainingsplaner dient. Um diese Trainingsmöglichkeit an die Zielgruppe heranzutragen, ist eine Kampagnenstrategie aus zwei Phasen entstanden. In dieser sollen Postings und Clips über Instagram und Youtube veröffentlicht werden. Zusätzlich werden Zeitschriften und mögliche Kooperationen mit Therapeuten oder Freizeitunterkünften zur Veröffentlichung der Kampagne genutzt.
Messenger apps like WhatsApp or Telegram are an integral part of daily communication. Besides the various positive effects, those services extend the operating range of criminals. Open trading groups with many thousand participants emerged on Telegram. Law enforcement agencies monitor suspicious users in such chat rooms. This research shows that text analysis, based on natural language processing, facilitates this through a meaningful domain overview and detailed investigations. We crawled a corpus from such self-proclaimed black markets and annotated five attribute types products, money, payment methods, user names, and locations. Based on each message a user sends, we extract and group these attributes to build profiles. Then, we build features to cluster the profiles. Pretrained word vectors yield better unsupervised clustering results than current
state-of-the-art transformer models. The result is a semantically meaningful high-level overview of the user landscape of black market chatrooms. Additionally, the extracted structured information serves as a foundation for further data exploration, for example, the most active users or preferred payment methods.
Visionsbild eines BMW AG internen Tools : Optimierung einer datenzentrierten Plattform der BMW AG
(2022)
Die BMW AG verfolgt mehrere Ansätze eine optimierte Effizienzsteigerung durch eigens entwickelte Softwaretools zu erreichen. Der Fokus hierbei liegt in der Ermöglichung einer datenzentrierten, nutzerorientierten und hochautomatisierten Fahrzeugentwicklung. Das eigen von der BMW AG entwickelte Software-Tool „Parts List“ dient als digitale Bauteilliste für Entwicklungsteams. Das Tool bündelt mehrere Datenbanken und stellt diese in Echtzeit zur Verfügung. Somit kann der manuelle Pflegeaufwand erheblich reduziert und eine Durchgängigkeit einer Vielzahl von Daten ermöglicht werden. Der Fokus der Abschlussarbeit liegt in der konzeptionellen und gestalterischen Optimierung des Tools. Dabei wird insbesondere der User Centered Design Prozess betrachtet, bei dem die Nutzer bzw. die Entwicklungsteams im Zentrum stehen.
The development of protype applications with sensors and actuators in the automation industry requires tools that are independent of manufacturer, and are flexible enough to be modified or extended for any specific requirements. Currently, developing prototypes with industrial sensors and actuators is not straightforward. First of all, the exchange of information depends on the industrial protocol that these devices have. Second, a specific configuration and installation is done based on the hardware that is used, such as automation controllers or industrial gateways. This means that the development for a specific industrial protocol, highly depends on the hardware and the software that vendors provide. In this work we propose a rapid-prototyping framework based on Arduino to solve this problem. For this project we have focused to work with the IO-Link protocol. The framework consists of an Arduino shield that acts as the physical layer, and a software that implements the IO-Link Master protocol. The main advantage of such framework is that an application with industrial devices can be rapid-prototyped with ease as its vendor independent, open-source and can be ported easily to other Arduino compatible boards. In comparison, a typical approach requires proprietary hardware, is not easy to port to another system and is closed-source.
The recent amendment to the Ethernet physical layer known as the IEEE 802.3cg specification, allows to connect devices up to a distance of one kilometer and delivers a maximum of 60 watts of power over a twisted pair of wires. This new standard, also known as 10BASE-TIL, promises to overcome the limits of current physical layers used for field devices and bring them a step closer to Ethernet-based applications. The main advantage of 10BASE- TIL is that it can deliver power and data over the same line over a long distance, where traditional solutions (e.g., CAN, IO-Link, HART) fall short and cannot match its 10 Mbps bandwidth. Due to its recentness, IOBASE- TIL is still not integrated into field devices and it has been less than two years since silicon manufacturers released the first Ethernet-PHY chips. In this paper, we present a design proposal on how field devices could be integrated into a IOBASE-TIL smart switch that allows plug-and-play connectivity for sensors and actuators and is compliant with the Industry 4.0 vision. Instead of presenting a new field-level protocol for this work, we have decided to adopt the IO-Link specification which already includes a plug-and-play approach with features such as diagnosis and device configuration. The main objective of this work is to explore how field devices could be integrated into 10BASE-TIL Ethernet, its adaption with a well-known protocol, and its integration with Industry 4.0 technologies.
The Solar-Institut Jülich (SIJ) and the companies Hilger GmbH and Heliokon GmbH from Germany have developed a small-scale cost-effective heliostat, called “micro heliostat”. Micro heliostats can be deployed in small-scale concentrated solar power (CSP) plants to concentrate the sun's radiation for electricity generation, space or domestic water heating or industrial process heat. In contrast to conventional heliostats, the special feature of a micro heliostat is that it consists of dozens of parallel-moving, interconnected, rotatable mirror facets. The mirror facets array is fixed inside a box-shaped module and is protected from weathering and wind forces by a transparent glass cover. The choice of the building materials for the box, tracking mechanism and mirrors is largely dependent on the selected production process and the intended application of the micro heliostat. Special attention was paid to the material of the tracking mechanism as this has a direct influence on the accuracy of the micro heliostat. The choice of materials for the mirror support structure and the tracking mechanism is made in favor of plastic molded parts. A qualification assessment method has been developed by the SIJ in which a 3D laser scanner is used in combination with a coordinate measuring machine (CMM). For the validation of this assessment method, a single mirror facet was scanned and the slope deviation was computed.