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Impaired cerebral autoregulation and neurovascular coupling (NVC) contribute to delayed cerebral ischemia after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Retinal vessel analysis (RVA) allows non-invasive assessment of vessel dimension and NVC hereby demonstrating a predictive value in the context of various neurovascular diseases. Using RVA as a translational approach, we aimed to assess the retinal vessels in patients with SAH. RVA was performed prospectively in 24 patients with acute SAH (group A: day 5–14), in 11 patients 3 months after ictus (group B: day 90 ± 35), and in 35 age-matched healthy controls (group C). Data was acquired using a Retinal Vessel Analyzer (Imedos Systems UG, Jena) for examination of retinal vessel dimension and NVC using flicker-light excitation. Diameter of retinal vessels—central retinal arteriolar and venular equivalent—was significantly reduced in the acute phase (p < 0.001) with gradual improvement in group B (p < 0.05). Arterial NVC of group A was significantly impaired with diminished dilatation (p < 0.001) and reduced area under the curve (p < 0.01) when compared to group C. Group B showed persistent prolonged latency of arterial dilation (p < 0.05). Venous NVC was significantly delayed after SAH compared to group C (A p < 0.001; B p < 0.05). To our knowledge, this is the first clinical study to document retinal vasoconstriction and impairment of NVC in patients with SAH. Using non-invasive RVA as a translational approach, characteristic patterns of compromise were detected for the arterial and venous compartment of the neurovascular unit in a time-dependent fashion. Recruitment will continue to facilitate a correlation analysis with clinical course and outcome.
Fahrzeugreifen
(2018)
Die Erfindung betrifft einen Fahrzeugreifen mit zumindest einem radial außen befindlichen Gummilaufstreifen, Wulstbereichen für den Anschluss an eine Felge und mit auf einer Gummimischung basierenden Seitenwandbereichen zwischen Gummilaufstreifen und den Wulstbereichen. Ferner betrifft die Erfindung Verfahren zur Herstellung solcher Fahrzeugreifen. Um den Anteil der umweltschädlichen Substanzen, insbesondere im Innenstadtbereich, zu reduzieren weisen die Seitenwandbereiche auf der äußeren Oberfläche eine für den oxidativen Abbau von Molekülen photokatalytisch aktive Substanz auf.
The Kremer-Grest (KG) bead-spring model is a near standard in Molecular Dynamic simulations of generic polymer properties. It owes its popularity to its computational efficiency, rather than its ability to represent specific polymer species and conditions. Here we investigate how to adapt the model to match the universal properties of a wide range of chemical polymers species. For this purpose we vary a single parameter originally introduced by Faller and Müller-Plathe, the chain stiffness. Examples include polystyrene, polyethylene, polypropylene, cis-polyisoprene, polydimethylsiloxane, polyethyleneoxide and styrene-butadiene rubber. We do this by matching the number of Kuhn segments per chain and the number of Kuhn segments per cubic Kuhn volume for the polymer species and for the Kremer-Grest model. We also derive mapping relations for converting KG model units back to physical units, in particular we obtain the entanglement time for the KG model as function of stiffness allowing for a time mapping. To test these relations, we generate large equilibrated well entangled polymer melts, and measure the entanglement moduli using a static primitive-path analysis of the entangled melt structure as well as by simulations of step-strain deformation of the model melts. The obtained moduli for our model polymer melts are in good agreement with the experimentally expected moduli.
Untersuchungen zur Tragfähigkeit und Steifigkeit eines neuartigen Wandelements in Holzbauweisen
(2018)
Manufacturing process simulation (MPS) has become more and more important for aviation and the automobile industry. A highly competitive market requires the use of high performance metals and composite materials in combination with reduced manufacturing cost and time as well as a minimization of the time to market for a new product. However, the use of such materials is expensive and requires sophisticated manufacturing processes. An experience based process and tooling design followed by a lengthy trial-and-error optimization is just not contemporary anymore. Instead, a tooling design process aided by simulation is used more often. This paper provides an overview of the capabilities of MPS in the fields of sheet metal forming and prepreg autoclave manufacturing of composite parts summarizing the resulting benefits for tooling design and manufacturing engineering. The simulation technology is explained briefly in order to show several simplification and optimization techniques for developing industrialized simulation approaches. Small case studies provide examples of an efficient application on an industrial scale.
In this paper, a coupled multiphase model considering both non-linearities of water retention curves and solid state modeling is proposed. The solid displacements and the pressures of both water and air phases are unknowns of the proposed model. The finite element method is used to solve the governing differential equations. The proposed method is demonstrated through simulation of seepage test and partially consolidation problem. Then, implementation of the model is done by using hypoplasticity for the solid phase and analyzing the fully saturated triaxial experiments. In integration of the constitutive law error controlling is improved and comparisons done accordingly. In this work, the advantages and limitations of the numerical model are discussed.
Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) are used as therapeutic and diagnostic agents for local delivery of heat and image contrast enhancement in diseased tissue. Besides magnetization, the most important parameter that determines their performance for these applications is their magnetic relaxation, which can be affected when MNPs immobilize and agglomerate inside tissues. In this letter, we investigate different MNP agglomeration states for their magnetic relaxation properties under excitation in alternating fields and relate this to their heating efficiency and imaging properties. With focus on magnetic fluid hyperthermia, two different trends in MNP heating efficiency are measured: an increase by up to 23% for agglomerated MNP in suspension and a decrease by up to 28% for mixed states of agglomerated and immobilized MNP, which indicates that immobilization is the dominant effect. The same comparatively moderate effects are obtained for the signal amplitude in magnetic particle spectroscopy.
Many efforts are made worldwide to establish magnetic fluid hyperthermia (MFH) as a treatment for organ-confined tumors. However, translation to clinical application hardly succeeds as it still lacks of understanding the mechanisms determining MFH cytotoxic effects. Here, we investigate the intracellular MFH efficacy with respect to different parameters and assess the intracellular cytotoxic effects in detail. For this, MiaPaCa-2 human pancreatic tumor cells and L929 murine fibroblasts were loaded with iron-oxide magnetic nanoparticles (MNP) and exposed to MFH for either 30 min or 90 min. The resulting cytotoxic effects were assessed via clonogenic assay. Our results demonstrate that cell damage depends not only on the obvious parameters bulk temperature and duration of treatment, but most importantly on cell type and thermal energy deposited per cell during MFH treatment. Tumor cell death of 95% was achieved by depositing an intracellular total thermal energy with about 50% margin to damage of healthy cells. This is attributed to combined intracellular nanoheating and extracellular bulk heating. Tumor cell damage of up to 86% was observed for MFH treatment without perceptible bulk temperature rise. Effective heating decreased by up to 65% after MNP were internalized inside cells.
Suspension depletion approach for exemption of infected Solanum jasminoides cells from pospiviroids
(2018)
Despite numerous studies, viroid elimination from infected plants remains a very challenging task. This study introduces for the first time a novel ‘suspension depletion’ approach for exemption of Solanum jasminoides plants from viroids. The proposed method implies initial establishment of suspension cultures of the infected plant cells. The suspended cells were then physically treated (mild thermotherapy, 33 °C), which presumably delayed the replication of the viroid. The viroid concentration in the treated biomass was monitored weekly using pospiviroid-specific PCR. After 10–12 weeks of continuous treatment, a sufficient decrease in viroid concentration was observed such that the infection became undetectable by PCR. The treated single cells then gave rise to microcolonies on a solid culture medium and the obtained viroid-negative clones were further promoted to regenerate into viroid-free plants. Three years of accumulated experimental data suggests feasibility, broad applicability, and good efficacy of the proposed approach.
In energy economy forecasts of different time series are rudimentary. In this study, a prediction for the German day-ahead spot market is created with Apache Spark and R. It is just an example for many different applications in virtual power plant environments. Other examples of use as intraday price processes, load processes of machines or electric vehicles, real time energy loads of photovoltaic systems and many more time series need to be analysed and predicted.
This work gives a short introduction into the project where this study is settled. It describes the time series methods that are used in energy industry for forecasts shortly. As programming technique Apache Spark, which is a strong cluster computing technology, is utilised. Today, single time series can be predicted. The focus of this work is on developing a method to parallel forecasting, to process multiple time series simultaneously with R and Apache Spark.
Schwellenreiten
(2018)
Purpose — to compare the chemical elemental composition of vitreous cavity content taken from cadaveric eyes compared to samples taken from the eyes with terminal stage refractory glaucoma with decompensated intraocular pressure (IOP). Material and methods. The vitreous contents of the eyes from 2 groups were studied. The 1st group included 15 cadaveric eyes; the 2nd group included 15 eyes with refractory glaucoma in the terminal stage of the disease with decompensated IOP in patients with hypertension pain. The vitreal content samples were taken in the course of antiglaucoma surgery aimed at preserving the eye as an organ and involving employment of drainage in the vitreous cavity. The study of virtual contents was carried out on energy dispersive spectrometer Oxford X-Max 50 integrated into scanning electron microscope Zeiss EVO LS10. Results. Increased concentrations of Kalium and Phosphorus were detected in the vitreous content of cadaveric eyes compared with the vitreal content from the eyes with terminal glaucoma with decompensated IOP taken in vivo (K — 0.172/0.093; P — 0.045/0.025 mmol/L). In the vitreous cavity in the eyes with end-stage glaucoma with decompensated IOP, the concentration of Nitrogen was higher in comparison with human cadaver eyes (2.030/1.424 mmol/L). Conclusion. The increased concentrations of Kalium and Phosphorus in the vitreous content of cadaveric eyes is associated with postmortem autolytic processes and with the release of intracellular content in the destruction of cell membranes. The increased Nitrogen concentration in the vitreal contents of the eyes with terminal stage glaucoma with decompensated IOP may be associated with the presence of osmotically active nitrogen-containing compounds in the eyes with increased IOP.
The Carologistics team participates in the RoboCup Logistics League for the seventh year. The RCLL requires precise vision,
manipulation and path planning, as well as complex high-level decision
making and multi-robot coordination. We outline our approach with an
emphasis on recent modifications to those components.
The team members in 2018 are David Bosen, Christoph Gollok, Mostafa
Gomaa, Daniel Habering, Till Hofmann, Nicolas Limpert, Sebastian Schönitz,
Morian Sonnet, Carsten Stoffels, and Tarik Viehmann.
This paper is based on the last year’s team description.
Extrem hohe Blitzströme
(2018)
Blitze sind nach wie vor eine enorme Schadensquelle für Personenschäden, Brände, mechanische Zerstörungen und insbesondere auch Überspannungen. Das zeigen nicht zuletzt aktuelle Statistiken der Schadensversicherer. Immer wieder gibt es Meldungen über extrem hohe Blitzströme, die natürlich auch zu großen Schäden und Zerstörungen führen können. Dabei werden Scheitelwerte von teilweise deutlich über 300 kA genannt. Dies wirft Fragen auf, da die „klassische“ Blitzstatistik (z. B. nach CIGRE und IEC [8][10]) bisher solche Werte nicht kennt. Diese extremen Blitzströme werden meist aus den Daten von Blitzortungssystemen ermittelt.
We present and discuss an exploration of the possibilities and properties of 3D printing with a printing space of 1 cubic meter, and how those can be integrated into architectural education through an experimental design and research course with students of architecture.We expand on issues presented at the eCAADe conference 2017 in Rome [Ref 6] by increasing the complexity and size of our prints, printing not a model to scale, but a full scale funtional prototype of a usable architectural object: A coffee bar.
To train end users how to interact with digital systems is indispensable to ensure a strong computer security. 'Competence Developing Game'-based approaches are particularly suitable for this purpose because of their motivation-and simulation-aspects. In this paper the Competence Developing Game 'GHOST' for cybersecurity awareness trainings and its underlying patterns are described. Accordingly, requirements for an 'Competence Developing Game' based training are discussed. Based on these requirements it is shown how a game can fulfill these requirements. A supplementary game interaction design and a corresponding evaluation study is shown. The combination of training requirements and interaction design is used to create a 'Competence Developing Game'-based training concept. A part of these concept is implemented into a playable prototype that serves around one hour of play respectively training time. This prototype is used to perform an evaluation of the game and training aspects of the awareness training. Thereby, the quality of the game aspect and the effectiveness of the training aspect are shown.
The quest for life on other planets is closely connected with the search for water in liquid state. Recent discoveries of deep oceans on icy moons like Europa and Enceladus have spurred an intensive discussion about how these waters can be accessed. The challenge of this endeavor lies in the unforeseeable requirements on instrumental characteristics both with respect to the scientific and technical methods. The TRIPLE/nanoAUV initiative is aiming at developing a mission concept for exploring exo-oceans and demonstrating the achievements in an earth-analogue context, exploring the ocean under the ice shield of Antarctica and lakes like Dome-C on the Antarctic continent.
Die urbane Mobilität ist im Wandel und insbesondere neue innovative Geschäftsmodelle werden einen wesentlichen Teil zur Lösung von künftigen Mobilitätsbedürfnissen beitragen. Die sogenannte „Shared Mobility“ gilt aktuell neben der Elektrifizierung des Antriebes und autonomem Fahrzeugtechnologien als einer der wichtigsten Trendthemen in der Automobilindustrie. Neue Mobilitätsdienstleistungen verlangen dabei verstärkt auch neue Fahrzeugkonzepte.
In this paper the results of a techno-economic analysis of improved and optimized molten salt solar tower plants (MSSTP plants) are presented. The potential improvements that were analyzed include different receiver designs, different designs of the HTF-system and plant control, increased molten salt temperatures (up to 640°C) and multi-tower systems. Detailed technological and economic models of the solar field, solar receiver and high temperature fluid system (HTF-system) were developed and used to find potential improvements compared to a reference plant based on Solar Two technology and up-to-date cost estimations. The annual yield model calculates the annual outputs and the LCOE of all variants. An improved external tubular receiver and improved HTF-system achieves a significant decrease of LCOE compared to the reference. This is caused by lower receiver cost as well as improvements of the HTF-system and plant operation strategy, significantly reducing the plant own consumption. A novel star receiver shows potential for further cost decrease. The cavity receiver concepts result in higher LCOE due to their high investment cost, despite achieving higher efficiencies. Increased molten salt temperatures seem possible with an adapted, closed loop HTF-system and achieve comparable results to the original improved system (with 565°C) under the given boundary conditions. In this analysis all multi tower systems show lower economic viability compared to single tower systems, caused by high additional cost for piping connections and higher cost of the receivers.
REFERENCES
Impressum | Inhalt 03
Thomas Tünnemann | Unterwegs...am Wege 04
Projekte 06
Annelie Wirtz | Arrivato 08
Sebastian Rupp | Tracce Passate 18
Henri Boh | Terrazze sopra il lago 28
Hermann Stuzmann | L´Ammissione è Gratuita 32
Vivienne Scheidz | IL Potere dei Simboli 34
Felix Keller | Strada Infinita 38
Moran Dorner | Catturato nel Posto 42
Kevin Osterkamp | Vortice 46
Kristina Foidle | La Vespa e il Fico 52
Simon Rix | Sognare Sulla Strada 58
Jennifer Sikora | Strada Pietrosa 66
Sabrina Frömbgen | Bolla di Pensiero 72
Miriam Azzab | Il Momento 78
Georg Mörke | Sentiero stretto 84
Saskia Frömbgen | Nuova Prospetiva 90
Frank Drehsen | A grado a grado 96
Caronlin Grün | Le prospettive 100
Thomas Tünnemann | Flusso nella Foresta 104
Atmosphärisches
Auf die Küche | Kulinarisches 114
Carpe Diem | Fotografisches 116
Motivation-based Learning: Teaching Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering with an LED Spinning Top
(2018)
The pharmacokinetics and metabolism of diclofenac in chimeric humanized and murinized FRG mice
(2018)
The pharmacokinetics of diclofenac were investigated following single oral doses of 10 mg/kg to chimeric liver humanized and murinized FRG and C57BL/6 mice. In addition, the metabolism and excretion were investigated in chimeric liver humanized and murinized FRG mice. Diclofenac reached maximum blood concentrations of 2.43 ± 0.9 µg/mL (n = 3) at 0.25 h post-dose with an AUCinf of 3.67 µg h/mL and an effective half-life of 0.86 h (n = 2). In the murinized animals, maximum blood concentrations were determined as 3.86 ± 2.31 µg/mL at 0.25 h post-dose with an AUCinf of 4.94 ± 2.93 µg h/mL and a half-life of 0.52 ± 0.03 h (n = 3). In C57BL/6J mice, mean peak blood concentrations of 2.31 ± 0.53 µg/mL were seen 0.25 h post-dose with a mean AUCinf of 2.10 ± 0.49 µg h/mL and a half-life of 0.51 ± 0.49 h (n = 3). Analysis of blood indicated only trace quantities of drug-related material in chimeric humanized and murinized FRG mice. Metabolic profiling of urine, bile and faecal extracts revealed a complex pattern of metabolites for both humanized and murinized animals with, in addition to unchanged parent drug, a variety of hydroxylated and conjugated metabolites detected. The profiles in humanized mice were different to those of both murinized and wild-type animals, e.g., a higher proportion of the dose was detected in the form of acyl glucuronide metabolites and much reduced amounts as taurine conjugates. Comparison of the metabolic profiles obtained from the present study with previously published data from C57BL/6J mice and humans revealed a greater, though not complete, match between chimeric humanized mice and humans, such that the liver humanized FRG model may represent a model for assessing the biotransformation of such compounds in humans.
Recent analysis of scientific data from Cassini and earth-based observations gave evidence for a global ocean under a surrounding solid ice shell on Saturn's moon Enceladus. Images of Enceladus' South Pole showed several fissures in the ice shell with plumes constantly exhausting frozen water particles, building up the E-Ring, one of the outer rings of Saturn. In this southern region of Enceladus, the ice shell is considered to be as thin as 2 km, about an order of magnitude thinner than on the rest of the moon. Under the ice shell, there is a global ocean consisting of liquid water. Scientists are discussing different approaches the possibilities of taking samples of water, i.e. by melting through the ice using a melting probe. FH Aachen UAS developed a prototype of maneuverable melting probe which can navigate through the ice that has already been tested successfully in a terrestrial environment. This means no atmosphere and or ambient pressure, low ice temperatures of around 100 to 150K (near the South Pole) and a very low gravity of 0,114 m/s^2 or 1100 μg. Two of these influencing measures are about to be investigated at FH Aachen UAS in 2017, low ice temperature and low ambient pressure below the triple point of water. Low gravity cannot be easily simulated inside a large experiment chamber, though. Numerical simulations of the melting process at RWTH Aachen however are showing a gravity dependence of melting behavior. Considering this aspect, VIPER provides a link between large-scale experimental simulations at FH Aachen UAS and numerical simulations at RWTH Aachen. To analyze the melting process, about 90 seconds of experiment time in reduced gravity and low ambient pressure is provided by the REXUS rocket. In this time frame, the melting speed and contact force between ice and probes are measured, as well as heating power and a two-dimensional array of ice temperatures. Additionally, visual and infrared cameras are used to observe the melting process.
Slot die coating is applied to deposit thin and homogenous films in roll-to-roll and sheet-to-sheet applications. The critical step in operation is to choose suitable process parameters within the process window. In this work, we investigate an upper limit for stripe coatings. This maximum film thickness is characterized by stripe merging which needs to be avoided in a stable process. It is shown that the upper limit reduces the process window for stripe coatings to a major extent. As a result, stripe coatings at large coating gaps and low viscosities are only possible for relatively thick films. Explaining the upper limit, a theory of balancing the side pressure in the gap region in the cross-web direction has been developed.
Mit modernen nicht invasiven bildgebenden Verfahren lassen sich anhand der Fundusfotografie bzw. der optischen Verfilmung Aspekte der funktionellen und strukturellen retinalen Gefäßveränderungen objektiv untersuchen. Der Zustand und das Verhalten retinaler Gefäße beeinflussen im prä-, post- und kapillaren Bereich den Blutfluss und strömungsbedingte Stoffwechselverhältnisse passiv und aktiv über den Gefäßdurchmesser. Retinale Gefäße gleichen von Aufbau und Funktion den zerebralen Gefäßen und spiegeln den Zustand der Mikrozirkulation wider. Mithilfe von aus den Gefäßweiten berechneten Biomarkern soll eine Aussage über die Prognose von systemischen vaskulär bedingten Erkrankungen getroffen werden. Die statische retinale Gefäßanalyse befasst sich mit der Untersuchung des Zustandes der prä- und postkapillaren Gefäßdurchmesser der retinalen Mikrozirkulation anhand einer optischen Fundusaufnahme. Bei der dynamischen retinalen Gefäßanalyse wird der Längsschnitt eines retinalen Gefäßes nicht invasiv funktionell und strukturell über einen Zeitraum vor, während und nach einer spezifischen vaskulären Stimulation untersucht. Die genaue Methodologie der Auswertung und die Bezeichnung der Parameter variieren bei unterschiedlichen Ansätzen. Mittels retinaler Gefäßanalyse wurden bislang mehrere klinische Querschnitts- und Interventionsstudien in der Augenheilkunde und anderen Fachgebieten, inkl. Kardiologie, Neurologie, Neurochirurgie, Nephrologie, Gynäkologie, Sportmedizin, Diabetologie, Hypertensiologie usw. durchgeführt. Mit der statischen retinalen Gefäßanalyse steht eine kostengünstige, reproduzierbare, nicht invasive Screeningtechnik zur Verfügung, um eine prognostische Aussage über die Gefäßgesundheit eines individuellen Patienten zu treffen. Die dynamische retinale Gefäßanalyse besitzt ein weiteres diagnostisches Anwendungsspektrum als die statische, da sie das Verhalten retinaler Gefäße zeitkontinuierlich untersucht. Die Evaluation vaskulärer Erkrankungen sowie zerebro- bzw. kardiovaskulärer Morbidität und Mortalität mittels mehrerer methodologischer Modalitäten retinaler Gefäßanalyse mit ihren jeweiligen quantitativen Biomarkern bietet eine zukunftsträchtige diagnostische Perspektive. Die interdisziplinäre klinische Anwendung dieser vaskulären Biomarker gewinnt zunehmend an Bedeutung, sowohl in der Augenheilkunde als auch in anderen Fachgebieten.
BACKGROUND: Muscle stretch reflexes are widely considered to beneficially influence joint stability and power generation in the lower limbs. While in the upper limbs and especially in the muscles surrounding the shoulder joint such evidence is lacking. OBJECTIVE: To quantify the electromyographical response in the muscles crossing the shoulder of specifically trained overhead athletes to an anterior perturbation force. METHODS: Twenty healthy male participants performed six sets of different external shoulder rotation stretches on an isokinetic dynamometer over a range of amplitudes and muscle pre-activation moment levels. All stretches were applied with a dynamometer acceleration of 10,000∘/s2 and a velocity of 150∘/s. Electromyographical response was measured via sEMG. RESULTS: Consistent reflexes were not observed in all experimental conditions. The reflex latencies revealed a significant muscle main effect (F (2,228) = 99.31, p< 0.001; η2= 0.466; f= 0.934) and a pre-activation main effect (F (1,228) = 142.21, p< 0.001; η2= 0.384; f= 1.418). The stretch reflex amplitude yielded a significant pre-activation main effect (F (1,222) = 470.373, p< 0.001; η2= 0.679; f= 1.454). CONCLUSION: Short latency muscle reflexes showed a tendency to an anterior to posterior muscle recruitment whereby the main internal rotator muscles of the shoulder revealed the most consistent results.
After a liver tumor intervention the medical doctor has to compare both pre and postoperative CT acquisitions to ensure that all carcinogenic cells are destroyed. A correct assessment of the intervention is of vital importance, since it will reduce the probability of tumor recurrence. Some methods have been proposed to support the medical doctors during the assessment process, however, all of them focus on secondary tumors. In this paper a tool is presented that enables the outcome validation for both primary and secondary tumors. Therefore, a multiphase registration (preoperative arterial and portal phases) followed by a registration between the pre and postoperative CT images is carried out. The first registration is in charge of the primary tumors that are only visible in the arterial phase. The secondary tumors will be incorporated in the second registration step. Finally, the part of the tumor that was not covered by the necrosis is quantified and visualized. The method has been tested in 9 patients, with an average registration error of 1.41 mm.
Die Batterie ist eine der absolut zentralen Komponenten des Elektrofahrzeugs. Die serielle Entwicklung und Produktion dieser Batterien und die Verbesserung der Leistungen wird entscheidend für den Erfolg der Elektromobilität sein. Die Batterie ist jedoch nicht das einzige elektrofahrzeugspezifische System, das neu entwickelt, umkonzipiert oder verbessert werden muss. So sind ebenso die Entwicklung der neuen Fahrzeugstruktur sowie des elektrifizierten Antriebsstranges Teil dieses Kapitels. Weiterhin wird ein Blick auf das bedeutende Thema des Thermomanagements geworfen.