Refine
Author
- Staat, Manfred (166)
- Dachwald, Bernd (136)
- Digel, Ilya (118)
- Artmann, Gerhard (80)
- Temiz Artmann, Aysegül (70)
- Kotliar, Konstantin (67)
- Albracht, Kirsten (55)
- Seboldt, Wolfgang (38)
- Behbahani, Mehdi (36)
- Linder, Peter (34)
- Akimbekov, Nuraly S. (29)
- Tran, Thanh Ngoc (24)
- Frotscher, Ralf (22)
- Wegmann, Kilian (19)
- Jung, Alexander (18)
- Grundmann, Jan Thimo (17)
- Seefeldt, Patric (17)
- Kayser, Peter (16)
- Behr, M. (15)
- Lange, Caroline (15)
- Bhattarai, Aroj (14)
- Brüggemann, Gert-Peter (13)
- Ceriotti, Matteo (13)
- Duong, Minh Tuan (13)
- Grimm, Christian D. (13)
- Porst, Dariusz (13)
- Spietz, Peter (13)
- Biele, Jens (12)
- Hackl, Michael (12)
- Peloni, Alessandro (12)
- Vilser, Walthard (12)
- Bauer, Waldemar (11)
- Braunstein, Bjoern (11)
- Gossmann, Matthias (11)
- Kowalski, Julia (11)
- Quantius, Dominik (11)
- Spröwitz, Tom (11)
- Albanna, Walid (10)
- Dumont, Etienne (10)
- Hescheler, Jürgen (10)
- Lanzl, Ines M. (10)
- McInnes, Colin R. (10)
- Mottaghy, K. (10)
- Sasaki, Kaname (10)
- Schartner, Karl-Heinz (10)
- Tran, Ngoc Trinh (10)
- Trzewik, Jürgen (10)
- Zhubanova, Azhar A. (10)
- Clusmann, Hans (9)
- Feldmann, Marco (9)
- Ho, Tra-Mi (9)
- Kahmann, Stephanie Lucina (9)
- Lanzl, Ines (9)
- Macdonald, Malcolm (9)
- Ohndorf, Andreas (9)
- Pham, Phu Tinh (9)
- Rittweger, Jörn (9)
- Ruffer, Michael (9)
- Schmaderer, Christoph (9)
- Schubert, Gerrit Alexander (9)
- Stäudle, Benjamin (9)
- Ulamec, Stephan (9)
- Wejmo, Elisabet (9)
- Zerlin, Kay (9)
- Cordero, Federico (8)
- Hanssen, Henner (8)
- Jahnke, Rico (8)
- Leschinger, Tim (8)
- Lichtenheldt, Roy (8)
- Mikschl, Tobias (8)
- Montenegro, Sergio (8)
- Reershemius, Siebo (8)
- Renger, Thomas (8)
- Riemann, Johannes (8)
- Schmitz, Nicole (8)
- Stadler, Andreas M. (8)
- Sznajder, Maciej (8)
- Wie, Bong (8)
- Abel, Dirk (7)
- Arampatzis, Adamantios (7)
- Bassam, Rasha (7)
- Demirci, Taylan (7)
- Heemann, Uwe (7)
- Mengali, Giovanni (7)
- Mikulz, Eugen (7)
- Müller, Lars P. (7)
- Müller, Wolfram (7)
- Pelivan, Ivanka (7)
- Sponagel, Stefan (7)
- Tran, L. (7)
- Ziach, Christian (7)
- Baroud, Gamal (6)
- Boden, Ralf (6)
- Büldt, Georg (6)
- Goßmann, Matthias (6)
- Grimmer, Timo (6)
- Heitzer, M. (6)
- Horbach, Andreas (6)
- Krause, Christian (6)
- Kurulgan Demirci, Eylem (6)
- Müller, Lars Peter (6)
- Nguyen, Nhu Huynh (6)
- Nojima, H. (6)
- Plescher, Engelbert (6)
- Savitskaya, Irina (6)
- Toth, Norbert (6)
- Waluga, C. (6)
- Wolff, Friederike (6)
- Abel, Thomas (5)
- Baumann, Marcus (5)
- Embs, Jan P. (5)
- Espe, Clemens (5)
- Green, David A. (5)
- Göll, Fabian (5)
- Halle, Martin (5)
- Kreißig, R. (5)
- Maggakis-Kelemen, Christina (5)
- Mai, A. (5)
- Maier, Mathias (5)
- Maiwald, Volker (5)
- Müller, Lars-Peter (5)
- Neumaier, Felix (5)
- Probst, M. (5)
- Raatschen, Hans-Jürgen (5)
- Richter, Charlotte (5)
- Sanno, Maximilian (5)
- Schmidt-Trucksäss, Arno (5)
- Strüder, Heiko K. (5)
- Tóth, Norbert (5)
- Vonderstein, K. (5)
- Werkhausen, Amelie (5)
- Attias, Julia (4)
- Baader, Fabian (4)
- Bayer, Robin (4)
- Conzen, Catharina (4)
- Demirci, T. (4)
- Feucht, Nikolaus (4)
- Francke, Gero (4)
- Funke, O. (4)
- Förstner, R. (4)
- Gatzweiler, Karl-Heinz (4)
- Goldmann, Jan-Peter (4)
- Günthner, Roman (4)
- Hauser, Christine (4)
- Heiligers, Jeannette (4)
- Herčík, David (4)
- Kahle, Ralph (4)
- Ketelhut, Maike (4)
- Kistaubayeva, Aida (4)
- Kofman, Wlodek (4)
- Kolditz, Melanie (4)
- Koncz, Alexander (4)
- Konstantinidis, K. (4)
- Mansurov, Zulkhair (4)
- Mansurov, Zulkhair A. (4)
- McInnes, Colin (4)
- Moore, Iain (4)
- Nagel, Edgar (4)
- Ohndorf, A. (4)
- Ortner, Marion (4)
- Pasquali, M. (4)
- Quittmann, Oliver J. (4)
- Savitskaya, Irina S. (4)
- Schneider, Toni (4)
- Seifarth, Volker (4)
- Sherelkhan, Dinara K. (4)
- Svetlova, O. V. (4)
- Tardivel, Simon (4)
- Viavattene, Giulia (4)
- Vu, Duc Khoi (4)
- Weber, Tobias (4)
- Weiss, Miriam (4)
- Xu, Changsheng (4)
- Zaccai, Guiseppe (4)
- Zaseeva, M. V. (4)
- Zhubanova, Azhar Achmet (4)
- Albin, Thivaharan (3)
- Anding, Ralf (3)
- Arinkin, Vladimir (3)
- Arora, D. (3)
- Azat, Seitkhan (3)
- Baturkin, Volodymyr (3)
- Behr, Marek (3)
- Bergmann, B. (3)
- Birgel, Stefan (3)
- Blome, Hans-Joachim (3)
- Boden, Ralf Christian (3)
- Bojsen-Møller, Jens (3)
- Carnelli, I. (3)
- Creutz, Till (3)
- Cronin, Neil J. (3)
- Diehl-Schmid, Janine (3)
- Fasse, Alessandro (3)
- Freyler, Kathrin (3)
- Fuest, Matthias (3)
- Gollhofer, Albert (3)
- Grimm, Christian (3)
- Görlich, Marianne (3)
- Hapfelmeier, Alexander (3)
- Heinen, Dirk (3)
- Heinke, Lars N. (3)
- Heitzer, Michael (3)
- Helm, Michael (3)
- Hercik, David (3)
- Horváth, András (3)
- Ignatova, Ludmila (3)
- Karamanidis, Kiros (3)
- Knicker, Axel J. (3)
- Koshitz, I. N. (3)
- Kozhalakova, A. A. (3)
- Leipold, Manfred (3)
- Loeb, H. W. (3)
- Loeb, Horst W. (3)
- Lura, Franz (3)
- Lüke, Jan Niklas (3)
- Meß, Jan-Gerd (3)
- Mikucki, Jill A. (3)
- Monti, Elena (3)
- Muggenthaler, Claudia (3)
- Narici, Marco (3)
- Neiss, Wolfram F. (3)
- Nishikawa, K. (3)
- Noomen, Ron (3)
- Plettemeier, Dirk (3)
- Pogorelova, Natalia (3)
- Pogrebnjak, Alexander (3)
- Raman, Aravind Hariharan (3)
- Razzaque, Mohammed S. (3)
- Reinhard, Ruedeger (3)
- Rios-Reyes, Leonel (3)
- Rittweger, Joern (3)
- Ritzmann, Ramona (3)
- Rogachev, Evgeniy (3)
- Rogez, Yves (3)
- Savitskaya, I.S. (3)
- Scaal, Martin (3)
- Schmitz-Rode, Thomas (3)
- Seidova, Seid-Fatima (3)
- Seynnes, Olivier (3)
- Seynnes, Olivier R. (3)
- Smith, Wayne (3)
- Stavroulakis, G. E. (3)
- Steinseifer, U. (3)
- Steinseifer, Ulrich (3)
- Stoelzle-Feix, Sonja (3)
- Suess, Alexander (3)
- Tastambek, K.T. (3)
- Tastambek, Kuanysh T. (3)
- Tolba, R. (3)
- Tolba, R. H. (3)
- Tulaczyk, S. (3)
- Unruh, Tobias (3)
- Vasile, M. (3)
- Vu, Duc-Khoi (3)
- Waldvogel, Janice (3)
- Zhantlessova, Sirina (3)
- Zhubanova, A. A. (3)
- Zhubanova, A.A. (3)
- Zhubanova, Azhar (3)
- Abdieva, Gulzhamal (2)
- Abel, Alexander (2)
- Ali, Mohammad (2)
- Angermann, Susanne (2)
- Balakirski, Galina (2)
- Bauer, Svetlana (2)
- Becker, C. (2)
- Biselli, Manfred (2)
- Blottner, Dieter (2)
- Borchers, Kai (2)
- Bottinelli, Roberto (2)
- Braunstein, Björn (2)
- Brocca, Lorenza (2)
- Buess, Eduard (2)
- Burg, Simon (2)
- Capri, Miriam (2)
- Cehreli, Ruksan (2)
- Cerretelli, Paolo (2)
- Chand, Suditi (2)
- Coronado, O. (2)
- Coverstone, Victoria L. (2)
- Crookshank, M. (2)
- Czupalla, Markus (2)
- Dao, Ngoc Tien (2)
- Defosse, Jerome (2)
- Dinh, Thuy Ha (2)
- Dittus, H. (2)
- Dragicevic, Elena (2)
- Dursun, Gözde (2)
- Eberhardt, Karla (2)
- Erni, Daniel (2)
- Espe, C. (2)
- Eubanks, T. Marshall (2)
- Falk, R. (2)
- Fertig, Niels (2)
- Fichtner, H. (2)
- Flück, Martin (2)
- Foitschik, Tina (2)
- Fournier, Yvan (2)
- Franceschi, Claudio (2)
- Fries, Dan (2)
- Fuest, Sandra (2)
- Förstner, Roger (2)
- Ganse, Bergita (2)
- Garbe, Gregory P. (2)
- Gelfi, Cecilia (2)
- Geppert, Ulrich R. M. E. (2)
- Giap, Van Tan (2)
- Gosau, Martin (2)
- Grottke, O. (2)
- Gunga, Hans-Christian (2)
- Halle, M. (2)
- Hastermann, Maria (2)
- Hausinger, Renate (2)
- Hein, Andreas M. (2)
- Heinrich, Kai (2)
- Heinze, Nicolai (2)
- Hercik, D. (2)
- Herique, A. (2)
- Herique, Alain (2)
- Hibberd, Adam (2)
- Hima, Flutura (2)
- Hormes, M. (2)
- Hormes, Marcus (2)
- Huisman, Hugo W. (2)
- Jabbari, Medisa (2)
- Johnson, Les (2)
- Kammerlohr, Sandra (2)
- Kennedy, Robert (2)
- Kerimkulova, Almagul R. (2)
- Kervella, Pierre (2)
- Kirschner-Hermanns, Ruth (2)
- Kistaubaeva, Aida (2)
- Kistaubayeva, A. S. (2)
- Kistaubayeva, Aida S. (2)
- Kleinschmidt, Joris (2)
- Klinge, U. (2)
- Klinge, Uwe (2)
- Koch, Aaron (2)
- Koch, Jan-Peter (2)
- Kopp, Alexander (2)
- Kowalczyk, Wojciech (2)
- Koy, Timmo (2)
- Kriechbaumer, Andreas (2)
- Kuerten, David (2)
- Lammertyn, Leandi (2)
- Lang, H. (2)
- Lange, Michael (2)
- Laps, Guido (2)
- Lehmann, Raphael (2)
- Leimena, W. (2)
- Leipold, M. (2)
- Lindauer, Ute (2)
- Lingam, Manasvi (2)
- Loeb, Horst Wolfgang (2)
- Lohmann, Philipp (2)
- Longa, Emanuela (2)
- Loop, Torsten (2)
- Lyons, W. Berry (2)
- Makarov, F. N. (2)
- Mandekar, Swati (2)
- Mansurov, Z. (2)
- Mansurov, Z. A. (2)
- Mansurov, Z.A. (2)
- Matthies, Hermann G. (2)
- Mayer, Katharina (2)
- Melnykowycz, Mark (2)
- Meskemper, Joshua (2)
- Mileva, Katya N. (2)
- Moriggi, Manuela (2)
- Nacov, Julia (2)
- Nam, J. (2)
- Neuhaus, Valentin (2)
- Nicolai, M. (2)
- Nicolai, Mike (2)
- Novacek, V. (2)
- Oedekoven, B. (2)
- Oflaz, Hakan (2)
- Pape, Hans-Christoph (2)
- Paulsen, Gøran (2)
- Perakis, Nikolaos (2)
- Pirovano, Laura (2)
- Plange, Niklas (2)
- Plettenmeier, Dirk (2)
- Preiß, C. (2)
- Quatra, Alessandro A. (2)
- Ramoshaba, Nthai E. (2)
- Rausch, Valentin (2)
- Resmi, Halil (2)
- Richter, L. (2)
- Richter, Lutz (2)
- Ruoss, Severin (2)
- Rutkowski, Rico (2)
- Salanova, Michele (2)
- Scheeres, Daniel J. (2)
- Schieren, Mark (2)
- Schmidt-Trucksäss, A. (2)
- Schmutz, Axel (2)
- Schneider, Jean (2)
- Schoenrock, Britt (2)
- Schoutetens, Frederic (2)
- Schutte, Aletta E. (2)
- Schwarz, Sonja (2)
- Shang, Peng (2)
- Shokatayeva, D. H. (2)
- Shokatayeva, Dina (2)
- Sohl, Frank (2)
- Sorg, Christian (2)
- Spillner, Jan (2)
- Stavroulakis, Georgios Eleftherios (2)
- Steffen, T. (2)
- Streese, Lukas (2)
- Svetlowa, O. V. (2)
- Tabaza, Ruth (2)
- Talipova, Aizhan (2)
- Teusch, Nicole (2)
- Thomas, Ulrich (2)
- Topçu, Murat (2)
- Trenz, Eva (2)
- Trinh, Tu Luc (2)
- Truong, Manh Khuyen (2)
- Trzewik, J. (2)
- Tulaczyk, Slawek (2)
- Turaliyeva, M. (2)
- Turquier, F. (2)
- Ualieva, Perizat (2)
- Ualyeva, P.S. (2)
- Uysal, Karya (2)
- Vasile, Massimiliano (2)
- Vera, Jean-Pierre de (2)
- Vergaaij, Merel (2)
- Vu, Khoi Duc (2)
- Walter, Peter (2)
- Wappler, Frank (2)
- Welch, Kathleen A. (2)
- Welch, Susan A. (2)
- Wiedemann, Carsten (2)
- Wiesmann, Martin (2)
- Willwacher, Steffen (2)
- Wirtz, K. (2)
- Wurm, P. (2)
- Yang, Peng-Fei (2)
- Yeshibaev, A. (2)
- Zaccai, G. (2)
- Zaccai, Joe (2)
- Zhubanova, A. (2)
- Zingsheim, Jonas (2)
- Abaihanovna, Zhusipova D. (1)
- Abildayeva, R. (1)
- Adekenov, Sergazy (1)
- Adorjan, Kristina (1)
- Aggeloussis, Nickos (1)
- Aimenova, Zh. E. (1)
- Akhisaroglu, M. (1)
- Akhunlar, Hülya (1)
- Aknazarov, S. K. (1)
- Akpinar, Hale (1)
- Akynova, L. (1)
- Al Hakim, Taher (1)
- Alexyuk, Madina (1)
- Alexyuk, Pavel (1)
- Alnemer, Momin Sami Mohammad (1)
- Alpdogan, Serdan (1)
- Alpdogan, Serdar (1)
- Altynbay, Nazym P. (1)
- Ameres, G. (1)
- Amin, Rashid (1)
- Amoabediny, Ghassem (1)
- Andermahr, J. (1)
- Apandi, Shah Eiman Amzar Shah (1)
- Appourchaux, T. (1)
- Arlt, S. (1)
- Arlt-Körfer, Sabine (1)
- Arndt, A. (1)
- Arndt, Patrick (1)
- Assali, Tarek (1)
- Atanasyan, A. (1)
- Ates, M. (1)
- Attar, Mandana Hossein Zadeh (1)
- Auweter-Kurtz (1)
- Aydin, Cansu (1)
- Aydin, Inci Cansu (1)
- Azar, Fouad (1)
- Ball, Andrew J. (1)
- Baltschun, Christoph (1)
- Baltzopoulos, Vasilios (1)
- Bandlitz, Stefan (1)
- Baque, Mickael (1)
- Barbeck, Mike (1)
- Baron, Jens M. (1)
- Baron, Jens Malte (1)
- Barraquer, Rafael I. (1)
- Barry, Steve (1)
- Barshtein, G. (1)
- Bartsch, M. (1)
- Bauer, S. M. (1)
- Bauer, Svetlana M. (1)
- Başkurt, Oǧuz Kerim (1)
- Becker, Nadine (1)
- Beckler, Matthias (1)
- Bek, Toke (1)
- Belavy, Daniel L. (1)
- Bellavista, Elena (1)
- Benkowski, R. (1)
- Benninghaus, Anne (1)
- Berdugo, J. (1)
- Berezin, Vladimir (1)
- Besch, Katharina (1)
- Bestmann, U. (1)
- Bestmann, Ulf (1)
- Bibring, Jean-Pierre (1)
- Bierbaum, Stefanie (1)
- Biisenbaev, M. (1)
- Biisenbaev, Makhmut (1)
- Billi, Daniela (1)
- Blandfort, D. (1)
- Bloch, Wilhelm (1)
- Block, Zenonas (1)
- Blum, Yannik (1)
- Blume, Christian (1)
- Blume, Katharina (1)
- Bocahut, A. (1)
- Boehm, Andreas G. (1)
- Boehnhardt, Herrmann (1)
- Bogoyavlenskiy, Andrey (1)
- Bohner, M (1)
- Bojsen-Moller, J. (1)
- Bondar, Oleksandr V. (1)
- Bonin, Dominik (1)
- Borella, Laura (1)
- Borggrafe, Andreas (1)
- Borggrefe, J. (1)
- Borggräfe, Andreas (1)
- Bork, M. (1)
- Borrmann, E. (1)
- Bothmer, Volker (1)
- Bourauel, Christoph (1)
- Bowitz, Pascal (1)
- Boxberg, Marc S. (1)
- Braukhane, Andy (1)
- Braunisch, Matthias C. (1)
- Braunschweig, T. (1)
- Bremer, I. (1)
- Bretz, T. (1)
- Brockhaus, Moritz K. (1)
- Brockmann, Marc Alexander (1)
- Broj, Ulrich (1)
- Bronson, D. G. (1)
- Bruecken, Anne (1)
- Bruggemann, Andrea (1)
- Brügge, G. M. (1)
- Buettner, R. (1)
- Bulat, Sergey (1)
- Burckhardt, Klaus (1)
- Burger, F. (1)
- Burkett, Brendan (1)
- Burkhardt, Klaus (1)
- Burkhart, Klau Josef (1)
- Burns, Laura (1)
- Böcker, Jonas (1)
- Böttger, Ute (1)
- Büldt, G. (1)
- Caliskan, S. (1)
- Caliskan, Sezer (1)
- Campen, R. (1)
- Canaves, Jaume M. (1)
- Canepari, Monica (1)
- Carbajo-Lozoya, Javier (1)
- Carnelli, Ian (1)
- Carzana, Livio (1)
- Catala, Maria Moreno (1)
- Cavdar, C. (1)
- Cazzola, Dario (1)
- Ceriotti, M. (1)
- Cerotti, Matteo (1)
- Chenchik, D. (1)
- Chernigova, Svetlana (1)
- Chloé, Radermacher (1)
- Chojetzki, R. (1)
- Christoph, Waldmann (1)
- Chua, Michelle (1)
- Ciobanu, Octavian (1)
- Circi, Christian (1)
- Ciritsis, Alexander (1)
- Ciritsis, Bernard (1)
- Ciritsis, Bernhard (1)
- Ciritsis, Bernhard D. (1)
- Clauser, Johanna C. (1)
- Clemens, J. (1)
- Clemens, Joachim (1)
- Coker, Canan (1)
- Colombo, Daniele (1)
- Colyer, Steffi (1)
- Comlekci, Abdurrahman (1)
- Conradi, Anna (1)
- Conte, Maria (1)
- Cook, M. (1)
- Cordero, Frederico (1)
- Cornelissen, Christian G. (1)
- Coverstone, Victoria (1)
- Cowburn, James (1)
- Craveiro, Rogerio Bastos (1)
- Cronin, N. J. (1)
- Cronin, Neil J (1)
- Crosetto, Paolo (1)
- D'Angelo, Olfa (1)
- Daab, Dominique Jonas (1)
- Dalitz, Christoph (1)
- Dashevsky, Alexey V. (1)
- Davidescu, Arjana (1)
- Davis, R. (1)
- De Cesare, Niccolò (1)
- Deiseroth, Arne (1)
- Demircian, A. (1)
- Demmel, Franz (1)
- Deserno, Thomas M. (1)
- Di Giulio, Irene (1)
- Dibué-Adjei, Maxine (1)
- Diedrich, Ben (1)
- Diedrich, Benjamin (1)
- Dieen, Jaap H. van (1)
- Dietrich, Benjamin (1)
- Dikta, Gerhard (1)
- Doerr, Leo (1)
- Doetinchem, P. von (1)
- Donath, Lars (1)
- Doorschodt, B. M. (1)
- Dosybayeva, G. (1)
- Drexel, V. (1)
- Drira, Slah (1)
- Droszez, Anna (1)
- Duprat, J. (1)
- Durand, C. (1)
- Duranti, M. (1)
- Dykta, P. (1)
- Dykta, Paul (1)
- Eibl, Angi (1)
- Eiden, M. (1)
- Eijck, Lambert van (1)
- Eissfeller, B. (1)
- ElBashir, Rasha (1)
- Elgeti, S. (1)
- Elibayeva, G. (1)
- Eliseev, D. (1)
- Elsaesser, Andreas (1)
- Embs, Jan Peter (1)
- Emslander, I. (1)
- Engels, S. (1)
- Engrand, Cecile (1)
- Epple, Matthias (1)
- Epple, U. (1)
- Erbayraktar, Zubeyde (1)
- Esefeld, Katrin (1)
- Eshibaev, A. (1)
- Eshibaev, А. А. (1)
- Ewerhart, D. (1)
- Eynatten, Maxilian von (1)
- Eynatten, Maximilian von (1)
- Fabbri, Cristina (1)
- Falkenstein, Julia (1)
- Faude, Oliver (1)
- Fenten, Thomas (1)
- Fernandez-Gonzalo, Rodrigo (1)
- Fexer, Sebastian (1)
- Figiel-Lange, A. (1)
- Finni, T. (1)
- Finocchiaro, Thomas (1)
- Finsterle, W. (1)
- Firat, Ipek Seda (1)
- Firat, Ipek Serat (1)
- Flores Martinez, Claudio (1)
- Florquin, S. (1)
- Foerger, Frauke (1)
- Forstner, R. (1)
- Foucher, Frédéric (1)
- Francke, G. (1)
- Frick, Michael (1)
- Friedrich, M. (1)
- Friedrich, Reinhard E. (1)
- Frings-Meuthen, Petra (1)
- Funke, Oliver (1)
- Föckler, Nicole (1)
- Förstl, Hans (1)
- Fırat, Ipek Seda (1)
- Gaalen, Kerstin van (1)
- Garbe, Gregory (1)
- Gardener, Christopher B. (1)
- Garhofer, Gerhard (1)
- Garvey, Christopher J. (1)
- Garvey, G. J. (1)
- Gast, H. (1)
- Gdalewitsch, Georg (1)
- Geenen, Eva-Maria (1)
- Gehler, M. (1)
- Gehrt, Jan-Jöran (1)
- Gerber, Lukas (1)
- Gerlach, Darius A. (1)
- German, Laura (1)
- German, Laura A. (1)
- Gerressen, Marcus (1)
- Ghaderi, Aydin (1)
- Gherghel, Doina (1)
- Ghosh, D. (1)
- Giampieri, Enrico (1)
- Giannakou, Erasmia (1)
- Gierkowski, Jessica R. (1)
- Gierkowski, Jessica Ricarda (1)
- Gierse, Andreas (1)
- Gill, E. (1)
- Giulio, Irene Di (1)
- Gizon, L. (1)
- Goh, Kheng Lim (1)
- Gomez, Antonio Martelo (1)
- Graef, T. (1)
- Grijpma, Dirk W. (1)
- Groepper, P. (1)
- Gronloh, N. (1)
- Grosse, J. O. (1)
- Grosse, Joachim O. (1)
- Grossmann, Matthias (1)
- Grottke, Oliver (1)
- Grundmann, Jan-Thimo (1)
- Grundwald, Juan (1)
- Gugleta, Konstantin (1)
- Görög, Mark (1)
- Göttler, Jens (1)
- Güner, Gül (1)
- Gürzing, Stefanie (1)
- Hacker, Patricia (1)
- Hackl, M. (1)
- Haeren, Roel Hubert Louis (1)
- Hager, Alfred (1)
- Hahnen, Tobias (1)
- Haimi, Suvi P. (1)
- Haller, Berhard (1)
- Haller, Bernhard (1)
- Hallmann, Marcus (1)
- Hamer, Mark (1)
- Hamou, Hussam Aldin (1)
- Hanff, Hendrik (1)
- Hanssen, H. (1)
- Hansser, Henner (1)
- Harbrecht, Andreas (1)
- Hasan, Istabrak (1)
- Haugner, Werner (1)
- Heber, B. (1)
- Heidecker, Ansgar (1)
- Heieis, Jule (1)
- Heinen, D. (1)
- Heinke, Stefanie (1)
- Helbing, K. (1)
- Hellard, Hugo (1)
- Hendrikse, Jeffrey (1)
- Henningsen, Anders (1)
- Herbeck, L. (1)
- Herrmann, Volker (1)
- Herssens, Nolan (1)
- Hertel, G. (1)
- Heschel, I. (1)
- Hessel, Joana (1)
- Hiecker, S. (1)
- Hilchenbach, M. (1)
- Hildebrandt, Marc (1)
- Hildinger, Martin (1)
- Hilgers, Alan (1)
- Hille, Konrad (1)
- Hillebrandt, Martin (1)
- Hoellig, Anke (1)
- Hoffmann, R. (1)
- Holger, Poppert (1)
- Holland, Abigail (1)
- Hollstein, Muriel (1)
- Hoppe-Ludwig, Shenan (1)
- Hueck, Isgard S. (1)
- Hunker, Jan (1)
- Hänggi, Daniel (1)
- Häusler, Bernd (1)
- Hérique, Alain (1)
- Höllig, Anke (1)
- Ignatova, L.V. (1)
- Ikenberg, Benno (1)
- Infanger, Denis (1)
- Iomdina, Elena N. (1)
- Jahnke, Stephan Siegfried (1)
- Jakse, G. (1)
- Jan Thimo, Grundmann (1)
- Jandosov, J. (1)
- Jandosov, J. M. (1)
- Jandosov, Jakpar (1)
- Janke, Heinz Peter (1)
- Jansen, S. V. (1)
- Jansen, Sebastian (1)
- Jansen, Sebastian V. (1)
- Jayaraman, Arun (1)
- Jayaraman, Chandrasekaran (1)
- Jean-Pierre P., de Vera (1)
- Jentsch, Lina (1)
- Jeppesen, Peter (1)
- Jetzschmann, Michael (1)
- Jiminez German, Salvador (1)
- Jockenhövel, S. (1)
- Jovanovic, Nebojsa (1)
- Juang, J. C. (1)
- Jussupova, Dariya B. (1)
- Kaemmerer, Harald (1)
- Kahmann, Stephanie (1)
- Kaiyrmanova, Gulzhan K. (1)
- Kalverkamp, Sebastian (1)
- Kamp, Marcel A. (1)
- Karakulah, G. (1)
- Karpinski, W. (1)
- Kashefi, Ali (1)
- Kasischke, Nicole (1)
- Kaufmann, T. (1)
- Kaufmann, Tim (1)
- Kaul, D. K. (1)
- Kaur, Sandi (1)
- Kayatekin, B. M. (1)
- Kayatekin, Muammer B. (1)
- Keck, G. (1)
- Keil, Ludger (1)
- Keller, D. (1)
- Keller, Denis (1)
- Kemmner, Stephan (1)
- Kergoat, Hélène (1)
- Kern, Inna (1)
- Keschenau, P. (1)
- Kesseler, Lars (1)
- Kesseler, Veronika (1)
- Kezerashvili, Roman Ya (1)
- Kharoubi, A. (1)
- Kirn, T. (1)
- Kiseleva, Anna A. (1)
- Kistaubaeva, A. (1)
- Kistaubaeva, A. S. (1)
- Kistaubaeva, Aida S. (1)
- Kistaubayeva, A.S. (1)
- Kizildag, Sefa (1)
- Klein, Sarah (1)
- Klopfer, Matthias (1)
- Kluwe, Lan (1)
- Knott, Thomas C. (1)
- Knox, Ronald (1)
- Koch, Aaron D (1)
- Koch, Aaron D. (1)
- Koch, Aaron Dexter (1)
- Koch, Sabine (1)
- Kodomskoi, Leonid (1)
- Konstantinidis, Konstantinos (1)
- Korsitzky, Hartmut (1)
- Koshkaryev, A. (1)
- Koza, Michael Marek (1)
- Kozhahmetova, Marzhan (1)
- Kozlova, Tatiana V. (1)
- Kozyrovska, Natalia (1)
- Kraemer, Nils Andreas (1)
- Krings, Laura K. (1)
- Krohn, Sebastian (1)
- Krystek, M. (1)
- Krämer, Stefan (1)
- Kröger, Nadja (1)
- Krüger, Hans (1)
- Kuchler, Timon (1)
- Kuhl, Christiane K. (1)
- Kuhlen, Max (1)
- Kuhlen, Torsten (1)
- Kuhlen, Torsten W. (1)
- Kurulgan demirci, Eylem (1)
- Kurz, Alexander (1)
- Kurz, R. (1)
- Kushugulova, Almagul (1)
- Känel, Roland von (1)
- Kömle, Norbert (1)
- Köpf, Marius (1)
- Kühn, Raoul-Roman (1)
- Kührt, Ekkehard (1)
- Kürten, David (1)
- Laabs, Martin (1)
- Laack, Walter van (1)
- Lakhanova, K. (1)
- Lambert, Gavin W. (1)
- Langenhorst, Falko (1)
- Lanzl, I. (1)
- Lapitan, Denis G. (1)
- Larsen, Askild V. (1)
- Lascar, S. (1)
- Laumen, M. (1)
- Laumen, Marco (1)
- Lauts, Lisa (1)
- Law, Yuen (1)
- Lazarovici, Philip (1)
- Lech, Maciej (1)
- Lelkes, Peter I. (1)
- Lenz, Maximilian (1)
- Leschinger, T. (1)
- Levers, A. (1)
- Ley, Wilfried (1)
- Leßmann, Marc (1)
- Li, Jianbo (1)
- Li, Quanqui (1)
- Liang, Yunpei (1)
- Liewer, P. C. (1)
- Linde, T. (1)
- Liphardt, Anna-Maria (1)
- Loesch, Alexandra (1)
- Lohmann, Chris (1)
- Lohmann, Chris Patrick (1)
- Lorang, D. (1)
- Lorenz, Georg (1)
- Lorenz, Ralph D. (1)
- Lovasik, John V. (1)
- Luchinat, Claudio (1)
- Ludyga, Sebastian (1)
- Lueke, Jan Niklas (1)
- Lutfor, Afzalunnessa B. (1)
- Lutton, Anthony (1)
- Lutz, Jens (1)
- Lutz, Kai (1)
- Luzhnov, Petr V. (1)
- Lyons, W. B. (1)
- Lyons, W.B. (1)
- Lämmerzahl, W. (1)
- Läufer, Andreas (1)
- Löb, Horst (1)
- Lübelsmeyer, K. (1)
- Lüsing, N. (1)
- MacDonald, Malcolm (1)
- MacGregor, Robert (1)
- Macht, S. (1)
- Macht, Sabine (1)
- Madabhushi, Gopal S. P. (1)
- Madabhushi, Gopal S.P. (1)
- Madabhushi, Gopal Santana Phani (1)
- Mademli, Lida (1)
- Maffiuletti, Nicola A. (1)
- Maggakis-Kelemen, C. (1)
- Magliani, Mirko (1)
- Magnusson, Martin (1)
- Magnusson, S. P. (1)
- Malan, Leone (1)
- Malan, Nico T. (1)
- Malinowski, Daniel (1)
- Malyaran, Hanna (1)
- Marat, Adel K. (1)
- Markert, Bernd (1)
- Marrocchesi, P.S. (1)
- Martin, David (1)
- Martin-Gonzalez, Anabel (1)
- Martinez, C. F. (1)
- Martucci, Morena (1)
- Massonett, Didier (1)
- Matschkal, Julia (1)
- Matthies, H. G. (1)
- Matthies, M. G. (1)
- May, Charlotte Anabell (1)
- Maña, C. (1)
- McDonald, Malcolm (1)
- McGrath, C. (1)
- McInnes, Colin R (1)
- Meckel, Sebastian (1)
- Meier, Rahel (1)
- Mellon, Stephen (1)
- Mengali, G. (1)
- Merk, Hans F. (1)
- Mertsch, P. (1)
- Meruvu, Haritha (1)
- Meusemann, Hans (1)
- Meyer, Andreas (1)
- Meyer, Carolin (1)
- Miau, J. J. (1)
- Michael, Hackl (1)
- Michael, Ralph (1)
- Micili, Serap C. (1)
- Miesse, A. M. (1)
- Miettinen, Susanna (1)
- Mikielewicz, Marek (1)
- Mikucki, J. (1)
- Mikucki, J.A. (1)
- Mikucki, Jill (1)
- Mikucki, Jill Ann (1)
- Mileva, Katja N. (1)
- Mimasu, Yuya (1)
- Minetti, Alberto E. (1)
- Mittag, Uwe (1)
- Mittermayer, C. [u.a.] (1)
- Moeller, Ralf (1)
- Mogilevskiĭ, A. Ia. (1)
- Mojsen-Moeller, Jens (1)
- Moldakhanov, Yergali (1)
- Moll-Slodowy, Silke (1)
- Morat, Mareike (1)
- Morsiani, Cristina (1)
- Moser, Michaela (1)
- Moskalenko, I.V. (1)
- Mottaghy, Khosrow (1)
- Mottola, Stefano (1)
- Moulinec, Charles (1)
- Muanghong, Danita (1)
- Muckelt, Paul (1)
- Muckelt, Paul E. (1)
- Mueller, Marguerite (1)
- Mummidisetty, Chaitanya Krishna (1)
- Muris, Farina (1)
- Myburgh, Carlien E. (1)
- Möller, Georg H. (1)
- Mücke, Bruno (1)
- Müller, Brigitte (1)
- Müller, L. P. (1)
- Müller, Lars-P. (1)
- Nakhoul, Makram (1)
- Nardin, Dmitry (1)
- Narici, Marco V. (1)
- Narici, Marco Vincenzo (1)
- Natali, F. (1)
- Naumann, U. (1)
- Navab, Nassir (1)
- Negele, Johanna (1)
- Neuss, Sabine (1)
- Nguyen, N. H. (1)
- Nguyen, N.-H. (1)
- Nguyen, Nhu Hunyh (1)
- Nguyen, Thanh Ngoc (1)
- Nickel, T. (1)
- Niedermeier, H. (1)
- Niedermeyer, Angela (1)
- Niederstadt, T. (1)
- Nix, Yvonne (1)
- O'Heras, Carlos (1)
- O\'Heras, Carlos (1)
- Ober-Blöbaum, S. (1)
- Okada, Tatsuaki (1)
- Olsson-Francis, Karen (1)
- Onofri, Silvano (1)
- Orgul, Selim (1)
- Orlikowsky, Thorsten (1)
- Ozogul, Candan (1)
- O´Heras, C. (1)
- O’Heras, C. (1)
- Pack, O. (1)
- Pan, Chengrui (1)
- Panchekha, A. P. (1)
- Parkhomov, S. D. (1)
- Pauly, Karolin J. (1)
- Pavan, Piero (1)
- Pavei, Gaspare (1)
- Peglow, Sarah (1)
- Peloni, A. (1)
- Pennig, Lenhard (1)
- Peper, Andreas (1)
- Perez-Viana, Daniel (1)
- Persheyev, Sydulla K. (1)
- Pettit, E. (1)
- Pettit, Erin C. (1)
- Pfützenreuter, Lysan (1)
- Philippen, B. (1)
- Plange, Johann (1)
- Plotnikov, Sergey V. (1)
- Pohle-Fröhlich, Regina (1)
- Pookhalil, Ali (1)
- Postberg, Frank (1)
- Prescher, A. (1)
- Prescher, Andreas (1)
- Pressler, A. (1)
- Pressler, Axel (1)
- Price, Michael E. (1)
- Priller, Josef (1)
- Probst, Markus (1)
- Pufe, Thomas (1)
- Purcell, Alicia (1)
- Pérez-Viana, Daniel (1)
- Qiao, Xiaohui (1)
- Quarta, Alessandrao A. (1)
- Quarta, Alessandro (1)
- Quarta, Alessandro A (1)
- Quarta, Alessandro A. (1)
- Rahimi, Alireza (1)
- Rapp, L. (1)
- Reddemann, Manuel A. (1)
- Reggiani, Carlo (1)
- Reineking, T. (1)
- Reiners, H. (1)
- Reiswich, M. (1)
- Reiswich, Martin (1)
- Resmi, H. (1)
- Rettberg, Petra (1)
- Ribeiro, Andrea (1)
- Rible, Sebastian (1)
- Ries, Christian (1)
- Rios-Martinez, Jorge (1)
- Rittweger, Andreas (1)
- Ritzdorf, Wolfgang (1)
- Robitzki, A. (1)
- Rogatkin, Dmitrii A. (1)
- Romagnoli, Daniele (1)
- Rossaint, R. (1)
- Rossaint, Rolf (1)
- Rossiter, Katharine (1)
- Rothermel, A. (1)
- Rudolph, Martin (1)
- Rundstedt, F. von (1)
- Röseler, Stefani (1)
- Rübben, Albert (1)
- Rüffer, M. (1)
- Sacquin-Mora, S. (1)
- Sadenova, M. (1)
- Sadykov, R. (1)
- Sadykov, Rustam (1)
- Sagliano, Marco (1)
- Sagol, Ozgul (1)
- Sakizli, M. (1)
- Sakizli, Meral (1)
- Saklamaz, Ali (1)
- Salvioli, Stefano (1)
- Santoro, Aurelia (1)
- Saparbekova, A. (1)
- Sartayeva, K. (1)
- Savii, George G. (1)
- Savistkaya, I. (1)
- Savistkaya, I. S. (1)
- Savitkaya, I.S. (1)
- Savitskaja, Irina S. (1)
- Savitskaya, I. S. (1)
- Schael, S. (1)
- Scheerers, Daniel J. (1)
- Schehl, D. (1)
- Scheidt, H. (1)
- Scherr, Johannes (1)
- Schervan, T. (1)
- Scheyerer, Max J. (1)
- Schieffer, Andre (1)
- Schill, K. (1)
- Schilling, Rudolf (1)
- Schlaich, Markus P. (1)
- Schlemmer, Katharina (1)
- Schlotterer, Markus (1)
- Schluse, M. (1)
- Schmeets, Ralf (1)
- Schmetterer, Leopold (1)
- Schmid-Schönbein, Geert W. (1)
- Schmidt, Tanja D. (1)
- Schmidt, Tobias Philip (1)
- Schmidt-Trucksäß, A. (1)
- Schmitt, Laurenz (1)
- Schmitz, Annika (1)
- Schmitz-Rode, T. (1)
- Schneider, G. J. (1)
- Schneider, Oliver (1)
- Schoberer, Mark (1)
- Scholz, A. (1)
- Scholz, Christina (1)
- Scholz, F. (1)
- Schopen, Kathrin (1)
- Schreinemachers, M. C. J. M. (1)
- Schröder, Andreas (1)
- Schröder, K.-U. (1)
- Schröder, Silvio (1)
- Schubert, F. (1)
- Schuler, C. G. (1)
- Schultz von Dratzig, A. (1)
- Schulze-Steinen, Henna (1)
- Schunck, Laura (1)
- Schuster, T. (1)
- Schwartz, M. (1)
- Schönau, Eckhard (1)
- Schönbach, Etienne Michael (1)
- Schöngarth, Sarah (1)
- Schülke, Peter (1)
- Schüller, K. (1)
- Seiz, Marcel (1)
- Sekii, T. (1)
- Senatore, C. (1)
- Sercan, Z. (1)
- Seyam, Osama (1)
- Seyfried, Katharina (1)
- Seynnes, O. R. (1)
- Seynnes, Olivier R (1)
- Shaimardanov, Z. K. (1)
- Shaimardanova, B. H. (1)
- Shao, M. [u.a.] (1)
- Shilo, A. V. (1)
- Sickinger, C. (1)
- Sielemann, Stefanie (1)
- Simmen, Hans-Peter (1)
- Sinyavsky, Yuriy (1)
- Sippel, Martin (1)
- Sisic, Z. (1)
- Sitnikova, Diana (1)
- Sjapic, Sergej (1)
- Sjapic, Volha (1)
- Skoczylas, Thomas (1)
- Smeets, Ralf (1)
- Sofronia, Raluca E. (1)
- Solanki, S. K. (1)
- Sollinger, Daniel (1)
- Sommer, Stefan (1)
- Sora, M.-C. (1)
- Sourjikov, A. V. (1)
- Spies, L. (1)
- Spurmann, J. (1)
- Spurmann, Jörn (1)
- Stadler, A. M. (1)
- Stadler, Alexander Maximilian (1)
- Stadler, David (1)
- Stadtler, Andreas Maximilian (1)
- Staeudle, Benjamin (1)
- Stegaev, V. A. (1)
- Steiger, Hans-Jakob (1)
- Stelter, Felix (1)
- Steubl, Dominik (1)
- Steyn, Hendrik S. (1)
- Stock, S. (1)
- Stokes, Maria (1)
- Stokes, Maria J. (1)
- Strasdeit, Henry (1)
- Straubel, Marco (1)
- Streppel, Joern (1)
- Stubbe, Hans Christian (1)
- Sukhodub, L. F. (1)
- Sukhodub, Liudmyla B. (1)
- Suryoputri, Nathania (1)
- Sydykova, A. (1)
- Szumski, A. (1)
- Süss, Alexander (1)
- Tabesh, Hadi (1)
- Tan, Sonny Kian (1)
- Tastambek, K. T. (1)
- Tastambek, Kuanysh (1)
- Tauanov, Zhandos (1)
- Tazhibayeva, S. (1)
- Tazhibayeva, S. M. (1)
- Tehei, M. (1)
- Temel, Yasin (1)
- Tenori, Leonardo (1)
- Theil, Stephan (1)
- Thiebes, Anja Lena (1)
- Thielen, Moritz (1)
- Thomé, Claudius (1)
- Tiede, E. (1)
- Topcu, M. (1)
- Topcu, Murat (1)
- Tran, Ich Thinh (1)
- Tran, Linda (1)
- Tran, N. T. (1)
- Trucksaess, Arno (1)
- Tulaczyk, Slawek M. (1)
- Turalieva, M. (1)
- Turaliyeva, Moldir A. (1)
- Turlybekuly, Amanzhol (1)
- Turyshev, S. G. (1)
- Turyshev, Slava G. (1)
- Tuttle, M. J. (1)
- Ualieva, Perizat S. (1)
- Uglietti, D. (1)
- Ullrich, Sebastian (1)
- Uschok, Stephan (1)
- Uspabayeva, A. (1)
- Uysal, N. (1)
- Valter, Markus (1)
- Vant, Christianne (1)
- Veldeman, Michael (1)
- Velli, M. (1)
- Venditti, Flaviane c. F. (1)
- Vergroesen, Pieter-Paul A. (1)
- Vetter, Rudolf (1)
- Vico, Laurence (1)
- Vignoli, Alessia (1)
- Vilser, Walthatd (1)
- Virkki, Anne K. (1)
- Voigt, K. (1)
- Voigt, Konstantin (1)
- Voigtmann, Thomas (1)
- Voronkova, Eva B. (1)
- Vu, D. K. (1)
- Wagner, Dirk (1)
- Wagner, Tobias (1)
- Wahl, Gerhard (1)
- Wahle, Michael (1)
- Wakely, S.P. (1)
- Waldmann, Christoph (1)
- Wallang, C. (1)
- Waluga, Christian (1)
- Warner, Martin (1)
- Warner, Martin B. (1)
- Weber, Mareike (1)
- Weber, T. (1)
- Wegmann, K. (1)
- Wehlitz, V. (1)
- Weis, J. (1)
- Weis, M. (1)
- Weiss, Michael (1)
- Weiß, Christel (1)
- Welch, K. A. (1)
- Wendt, K. (1)
- Wentzel, Annemarie (1)
- Werfel, Stanislas (1)
- Westall, Frances (1)
- Whiffen, J. (1)
- Wi, Bong (1)
- Wiebusch, C. (1)
- Wimmer-Schweingruber, R. F. (1)
- Wlochal, M. (1)
- Wolf, Michael (1)
- Wu, J. (1)
- Wu, J.Z. (1)
- Wulfen, B. van (1)
- Wurm, Patrick (1)
- Wurpts, Gerda (1)
- Wyk, Roelof D. van (1)
- Wöhnl, Anna (1)
- Yalcin, Ozlem (1)
- Yedgar, S. (1)
- Yenicerioglu, Y. (1)
- Yilmaz, Osman (1)
- Zaccai, Giuseppe (1)
- Zacher, Jonas (1)
- Zamuraev, L. A. (1)
- Zander, Martin (1)
- Zander, Martin E. (1)
- Zange, Jochen (1)
- Zeller, Sebastian (1)
- Zetzsche, C. (1)
- Zhanadilovna, Abdieva G. (1)
- Zhen, Manghao (1)
- Zhou, Bei (1)
- Zhou-Stache, J. (1)
- Zhubanova, Azhar Ahmetovna (1)
- Zhylysbayeva, A. (1)
- Ziemssen, Tjalf (1)
- Zierke, S. (1)
- Zimmermann, J. (1)
- Zinser, Max (1)
- Zylka, Waldemar (1)
- Zäske, Charlotte (1)
- de Honde, Lukas (1)
- de la Torre, Rosa (1)
- van Riet, Roger (1)
Year of publication
Institute
- IfB - Institut für Bioengineering (604) (remove)
Language
- English (604) (remove)
Document Type
- Article (406)
- Conference Proceeding (146)
- Part of a Book (34)
- Book (7)
- Doctoral Thesis (3)
- Other (3)
- Lecture (2)
- Conference: Meeting Abstract (1)
- Patent (1)
- Talk (1)
Keywords
- Finite-Elemente-Methode (7)
- Limit analysis (6)
- Clusterion (5)
- Shakedown analysis (5)
- solar sail (5)
- Air purification (4)
- Einspielen <Werkstoff> (4)
- Hämoglobin (4)
- Lipopolysaccharide (4)
- Luftreiniger (4)
The purpose of the current study in combination with our previous published data (Arampatzis et al., 2007) was to examine the effects of a controlled modulation of strain magnitude and strain frequency applied to the Achilles tendon on the plasticity of tendon mechanical and morphological properties. Eleven male adults (23.9±2.2 yr) participated in the study. The participants exercised one leg at low magnitude tendon strain (2.97±0.47%), and the other leg at high tendon strain magnitude (4.72±1.08%) of similar frequency (0.5 Hz, 1 s loading, 1 s relaxation) and exercise volume (integral of the plantar flexion moment over time) for 14 weeks, 4 days per week, 5 sets per session. The exercise volume was similar to the intervention of our earlier study (0.17 Hz frequency; 3 s loading, 3 s relaxation) allowing a direct comparison of the results. Before and after the intervention ankle joint moment has been measured by a dynamometer, tendon–aponeurosis elongation by ultrasound and cross-sectional area of the Achilles tendon by magnet resonance images (MRI). We found a decrease in strain at a given tendon force, an increase in tendon–aponeurosis stiffness and tendon elastic modulus of the Achilles tendon only in the leg exercised at high strain magnitude. The cross-sectional area (CSA) of the Achilles tendon did not show any statistically significant (P>0.05) differences to the pre-exercise values in both legs. The results indicate a superior improvement in tendon properties (stiffness, elastic modulus and CSA) at the low frequency (0.17 Hz) compared to the high strain frequency (0.5 Hz) protocol. These findings provide evidence that the strain magnitude applied to the Achilles tendon should exceed the value, which occurs during habitual activities to trigger adaptational effects and that higher tendon strain duration per contraction leads to superior tendon adaptational responses.
The purpose of the current study was to examine the reproducibility of fascicle length and pennation angle of gastrocnemius medialis while human walking. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study of the reproducibility of fascicle length and pennation angle of gastrocnemius medialis in vivo during human gait. Twelve males performed 10 gait trials on a treadmill, in 2 separate days. B-mode ultrasonography, with the ultrasound probe firmly adjusted in the transverse and frontal planes using a special cast, was used to measure the fascicle length and the pennation angle of the gastrocnemius medialis (GM). A Vicon 624 system with three cameras operating at 120 Hz was also used to record the ankle and knee joint angles. The results showed that measurements of fascicle length and pennation angle showed high reproducibility during the gait cycle, both within the same day and between different days. Moreover, the root mean square differences between the repeated waveforms of both variables were very small, compared with their ranges (fascicle length: RMS = ∼3 mm, range: 38–63 mm; pennation angle: RMS = ∼1.5°, range: 22–32°). However, their reproducibility was lower compared to the joint angles. It was found that representative data have to be derived by a wide number of gait trials (fascicle length ∼six trials, pennation angle more than 10 trials), to assure the reliability of the fascicle length and pennation angle in human gait.
Quittmann, Oliver J. ; Meskemper, Joshua ; Albracht, Kirsten ; Abel, Thomas ; Foitschik, Tina ; Strüder, Heiko K.
Muscular activity in terms of surface electromyography (sEMG) is usually normalised to maximal voluntary isometric contractions (MVICs). This study aims to compare two different MVIC-modes in handcycling and examine the effect of moving average window-size. Twelve able-bodied male competitive triathletes performed ten MVICs against manual resistance and four sport-specific trials against fixed cranks. sEMG of ten muscles [M. trapezius (TD); M. pectoralis major (PM); M. deltoideus, Pars clavicularis (DA); M. deltoideus, Pars spinalis (DP); M. biceps brachii (BB); M. triceps brachii (TB); forearm flexors (FC); forearm extensors (EC); M. latissimus dorsi (LD) and M. rectus abdominis (RA)] was recorded and filtered using moving average window-sizes of 150, 200, 250 and 300 ms. Sport-specific MVICs were higher compared to manual resistance for TB, DA, DP and LD, whereas FC, TD, BB and RA demonstrated lower values. PM and EC demonstrated no significant difference between MVIC-modes. Moving average window-size had no effect on MVIC outcomes. MVIC-mode should be taken into account when normalised sEMG data are illustrated in handcycling. Sport-specific MVICs seem to be suitable for some muscles (TB, DA, DP and LD), but should be augmented by MVICs against manual/mechanical resistance for FC, TD, BB and RA.
BACKGROUND: Muscle stretch reflexes are widely considered to beneficially influence joint stability and power generation in the lower limbs. While in the upper limbs and especially in the muscles surrounding the shoulder joint such evidence is lacking. OBJECTIVE: To quantify the electromyographical response in the muscles crossing the shoulder of specifically trained overhead athletes to an anterior perturbation force. METHODS: Twenty healthy male participants performed six sets of different external shoulder rotation stretches on an isokinetic dynamometer over a range of amplitudes and muscle pre-activation moment levels. All stretches were applied with a dynamometer acceleration of 10,000∘/s2 and a velocity of 150∘/s. Electromyographical response was measured via sEMG. RESULTS: Consistent reflexes were not observed in all experimental conditions. The reflex latencies revealed a significant muscle main effect (F (2,228) = 99.31, p< 0.001; η2= 0.466; f= 0.934) and a pre-activation main effect (F (1,228) = 142.21, p< 0.001; η2= 0.384; f= 1.418). The stretch reflex amplitude yielded a significant pre-activation main effect (F (1,222) = 470.373, p< 0.001; η2= 0.679; f= 1.454). CONCLUSION: Short latency muscle reflexes showed a tendency to an anterior to posterior muscle recruitment whereby the main internal rotator muscles of the shoulder revealed the most consistent results.
Quittmann, Oliver J. ; Abel, Thomas ; Albracht, Kirsten ; Meskemper, Joshua ; Foitschik, Tina ; Strüder, Heiko K.
Purpose
This study aims to investigate the biomechanics of handcycling during a continuous load trial (CLT) to assess the mechanisms underlying fatigue in upper body exercise.
Methods
Twelve able-bodied triathletes performed a 30-min CLT at a power output corresponding to lactate threshold in a racing recumbent handcycle mounted on a stationary ergometer. During the CLT, ratings of perceived exertion (RPE), tangential crank kinetics, 3D joint kinematics, and muscular activity of ten muscles of the upper extremity and trunk were examined using motion capturing and surface electromyography.
Results
During the CLT, spontaneously chosen cadence and RPE increased, whereas crank torque decreased. Rotational work was higher during the pull phase. Peripheral RPE was higher compared to central RPE. Joint range of motion decreased for elbow-flexion and radial-duction. Integrated EMG (iEMG) increased in the forearm flexors, forearm extensors, and M. deltoideus (Pars spinalis). An earlier onset of activation was found for M. deltoideus (Pars clavicularis), M. pectoralis major, M. rectus abdominis, M. biceps brachii, and the forearm flexors.
Conclusion
Fatigue-related alterations seem to apply analogously in handcycling and cycling. The most distal muscles are responsible for force transmission on the cranks and might thus suffer most from neuromuscular fatigue. The findings indicate that peripheral fatigue (at similar lactate values) is higher in handcycling compared to leg cycling, at least for inexperienced participants. An increase in cadence might delay peripheral fatigue by a reduced vascular occlusion. We assume that the gap between peripheral and central fatigue can be reduced by sport-specific endurance training.
Pohle-Fröhlich, Regina ; Dalitz, Christoph ; Richter, Charlotte ; Hahnen, Tobias ; Stäudle, Benjamin ; Albracht, Kirsten
We compare four different algorithms for automatically estimating the muscle fascicle angle from ultrasonic images: the vesselness filter, the Radon transform, the projection profile method and the gray level cooccurence matrix (GLCM). The algorithm results are compared to ground truth data generated by three different experts on 425 image frames from two videos recorded during different types of motion. The best agreement with the ground truth data was achieved by a combination of pre-processing with a vesselness filter and measuring the angle with the projection profile method. The robustness of the estimation is increased by applying the algorithms to subregions with high gradients and performing a LOESS fit through these estimates.