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»Unerwünscht« widmet sich einer Art von architektonischer Gestaltung, die auf tückische Weise als »defensive Architektur« bezeichnet wird. In Form einer Zeitung bietet sie einen umfassenden Einblick in das Thema und gewährt einen vielseitigen Blick in eine Thematik, die im Interesse der Verantwortlichen lieber im Verborgenen geblieben wäre. Defensive Architektur bezeichnet strategische Baumaßnahmen in der Stadt- und Bauplanung, die darauf abzielen, unerwünschte Personengruppen durch unpraktisches oder unbequemes Design von bestimmten Orten fernzuhalten. Diese Maßnahmen richten sich beispielsweise gegen obdachlose Menschen, Jugendliche oder Skateboarder*innen. Die überwiegende Mehrheit der Bevölkerung ist sich weder der Existenz von solchen architektonischen Maßnahmen noch ihrer Auswirkungen auf das Leben der Betroffenen bewusst. »Unerwünscht« zielt darauf ab, diese Lücke in der öffentlichen Wahrnehmung zu schließen.
As one class of molecular imprinted polymers (MIPs), surface imprinted polymer (SIP)-based biosensors show great potential in direct whole-bacteria detection. Micro-contact imprinting, that involves stamping the template bacteria immobilized on a substrate into a pre-polymerized polymer matrix, is the most straightforward and prominent method to obtain SIP-based biosensors. However, the major drawbacks of the method arise from the requirement for fresh template bacteria and often non-reproducible bacteria distribution on the stamp substrate. Herein, we developed a positive master stamp containing photolithographic mimics of the template bacteria (E. coli) enabling reproducible fabrication of biomimetic SIP-based biosensors without the need for the “real” bacteria cells. By using atomic force and scanning electron microscopy imaging techniques, respectively, the E. coli-capturing ability of the SIP samples was tested, and compared with non-imprinted polymer (NIP)-based samples and control SIP samples, in which the cavity geometry does not match with E. coli cells. It was revealed that the presence of the biomimetic E. coli imprints with a specifically designed geometry increases the sensor E. coli-capturing ability by an “imprinting factor” of about 3. These findings show the importance of geometry-guided physical recognition in bacterial detection using SIP-based biosensors. In addition, this imprinting strategy was employed to interdigitated electrodes and QCM (quartz crystal microbalance) chips. E. coli detection performance of the sensors was demonstrated with electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and QCM measurements with dissipation monitoring technique (QCM-D).
The growing body of political texts opens up new opportunities for rich insights into political dynamics and ideologies but also increases the workload for manual analysis. Automated speaker attribution, which detects who said what to whom in a speech event and is closely related to semantic role labeling, is an important processing step for computational text analysis. We study the potential of the large language model family Llama 2 to automate speaker attribution in German parliamentary debates from 2017-2021. We fine-tune Llama 2 with QLoRA, an efficient training strategy, and observe our approach to achieve competitive performance in the GermEval 2023 Shared Task On Speaker Attribution in German News Articles and Parliamentary Debates. Our results shed light on the capabilities of large language models in automating speaker attribution, revealing a promising avenue for computational analysis of political discourse and the development of semantic role labeling systems.
N-Acyl-amino acids can act as mild biobased surfactants, which are used, e.g., in baby shampoos. However, their chemical synthesis needs acyl chlorides and does not meet sustainability criteria. Thus, the identification of biocatalysts to develop greener synthesis routes is desirable. We describe a novel aminoacylase from Paraburkholderia monticola DSM 100849 (PmAcy) which was identified, cloned, and evaluated for its N-acyl-amino acid synthesis potential. Soluble protein was obtained by expression in lactose autoinduction medium and co-expression of molecular chaperones GroEL/S. Strep-tag affinity purification enriched the enzyme 16-fold and yielded 15 mg pure enzyme from 100 mL of culture. Biochemical characterization revealed that PmAcy possesses beneficial traits for industrial application like high temperature and pH-stability. A heat activation of PmAcy was observed upon incubation at temperatures up to 80 °C. Hydrolytic activity of PmAcy was detected with several N-acyl-amino acids as substrates and exhibited the highest conversion rate of 773 U/mg with N-lauroyl-L-alanine at 75 °C. The enzyme preferred long-chain acyl-amino-acids and displayed hardly any activity with acetyl-amino acids. PmAcy was also capable of N-acyl-amino acid synthesis with good conversion rates. The best synthesis results were obtained with the cationic L-amino acids L-arginine and L-lysine as well as with L-leucine and L-phenylalanine. Exemplarily, L-phenylalanine was acylated with fatty acids of chain lengths from C8 to C18 with conversion rates of up to 75%. N-lauroyl-L-phenylalanine was purified by precipitation, and the structure of the reaction product was verified by LC–MS and NMR.
Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) have become popular worldwide with the market growing exponentially in some countries. The absence of product standards and safety regulations requires urgent development of analytical methodologies for the holistic control of the growing diversity of such products. An approach based on low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (LF-NMR) at 80 MHz is presented for the simultaneous determination of key parameters: carrier solvents (vegetable glycerine (VG), propylene glycol (PG) and water), total nicotine as well as free-base nicotine fraction. Moreover, qualitative and quantitative determination of fourteen weak organic acids deliberately added to enhance sensory characteristics of e-cigarettes was possible. In most cases these parameters can be rapidly and conveniently determined without using any sample manipulation such as dilution, extraction or derivatization steps. The method was applied for 37 authentic e-cigarettes samples. In particular, eight different organic acids with the content up to 56 mg/mL were detected. Due to its simplicity, the method can be used in routine regulatory control as well as to study release behaviour of nicotine and other e-cigarettes constituents in different products.
Lehrmaterial für den Tiroler Skilehrerverband: Konzeption für eine crossmediale
Neugestaltung
(2024)
Der Tiroler Skilehrerverband bereitet angehende Skilehrer:innen auf die verschiedenen Schneesportlehrer-Prüfungen vor. Skilehrer:innen spielen eine entscheidende Rolle im Erfolg des Wintertourismus, was ihre gesellschaftliche und wirtschaftliche Relevanz unterstreicht. Die zeitgemäße Neugestaltung des Lehrmaterials soll eine effektive Vermittlung von Lerninhalten ermöglichen. Durch die Kombination von Informationsdesign, Corporate Design und Editorial Design wird die Verständlichkeit und Attraktivität des Materials gesteigert. Die Integration einer Lernapp ermöglicht eine interaktive und multimediale Lernerfahrung sowie mehr Flexibilität für die Lernenden. Die crossmediale Neugestaltung wirkt den Problemen veralteter Darstellungsformen entgegen. Es wird deutlich, dass gut gestaltetes Lehrmaterial bei gleichbleibenden Inhalten zu einer besseren Lernerfahrung führt.
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) constantly gain in versatility. However, more reliable path planning algorithms are required until full autonomous UAV operation is possible. This work investigates the algorithm 3DVFH* and analyses its dependency on its cost function weights in 2400 environments. The analysis shows that the 3DVFH* can find a suitable path in every environment. However, a particular type of environment requires a specific choice of cost function weights. For minimal failure, probability interdependencies between the weights of the cost function have to be considered. This dependency reduces the number of control parameters and simplifies the usage of the 3DVFH*. Weights for costs associated with vertical evasion (pitch cost) and vicinity to obstacles (obstacle cost) have the highest influence on the failure probability of the local path planner. Environments with mainly very tall buildings (like large American city centres) require a preference for horizontal avoidance manoeuvres (achieved with high pitch cost weights). In contrast, environments with medium-to-low buildings (like European city centres) benefit from vertical avoidance manoeuvres (achieved with low pitch cost weights). The cost of the vicinity to obstacles also plays an essential role and must be chosen adequately for the environment. Choosing these two weights ideal is sufficient to reduce the failure probability below 10%.
Biomass from various types of organic waste was tested for possible use in hydrogen production. The composition consisted of lignified samples, green waste, and kitchen scraps such as fruit and vegetable peels and leftover food. For this purpose, the enzymatic pretreatment of organic waste with a combination of five different hydrolytic enzymes (cellulase, amylase, glucoamylase, pectinase and xylase) was investigated to determine its ability to produce hydrogen (H2) with the hydrolyzate produced here. In course, the anaerobic rod-shaped bacterium T. neapolitana was used for H2 production. First, the enzymes were investigated using different substrates in preliminary experiments. Subsequently, hydrolyses were carried out using different types of organic waste. In the hydrolysis carried out here for 48 h, an increase in glucose concentration of 481% was measured for waste loads containing starch, corresponding to a glucose concentration at the end of hydrolysis of 7.5 g·L−1. In the subsequent set fermentation in serum bottles, a H2 yield of 1.26 mmol H2 was obtained in the overhead space when Terrific Broth Medium with glucose and yeast extract (TBGY medium) was used. When hydrolyzed organic waste was used, even a H2 yield of 1.37 mmol could be achieved in the overhead space. In addition, a dedicated reactor system for the anaerobic fermentation of T. neapolitana to produce H2 was developed. The bioreactor developed here can ferment anaerobically with a very low loss of produced gas. Here, after 24 h, a hydrogen concentration of 83% could be measured in the overhead space.
Gamifizierte Online-Schulung zur IT-Sicherheit : Konzeption & Gestaltung verschiedener Ansätze
(2024)
Das Ziel der webbasierten, gamifizierten Schulung ist die Awareness der IT-Sicherheit für Studierende. Das Verhalten der Studierenden soll nachhaltig geändert werden, damit zukünftige Cyberangriffe weniger wirksam werden. Im Mittelpunkt steht ein spannendes und motivierendes Konzept auf den Grundlagen des Game Based Learnings, das z. B. mit Interactives arbeitet. Zur Stärkung des Risiko-Bewusstseins wurde eine Roadmap entwickelt, die wie ein Spielbrett Zusammenhänge, aber auch den Fortschritt der Schulung aufzeigt. So entstand zunächst in interdisziplinärer Zusammenarbeit mit einer Wirtschaftsinformatik-Studentin ein technischer Prototyp. Darauf aufbauend wurden weitere konzeptionelle und visuelle Ansätze entwickelt, die das breite Spektrum von Game Based Learning zeigen. Dieses realitätsnahe Projekt zeigt zukunftsweisende Lernumgebungen auf.
Die Energiewende wird häufig als „nachhaltig“ bezeichnet, das genaue Begriffsverständnis
bleibt jedoch vage. Diese Transformation von fossilen und nuklearen hin zu erneuerbaren
Energiequellen steht im Fokus der Treibhausgasneutralität. So soll dem fortschreitenden
Klimawandel entgegengetreten werden.
Das Thema der vorliegenden Arbeit ist die Definition eines möglichen Verständnisses von
„Nachhaltigkeit“ in der Energiewende des deutschen Stromsektors. Die leitenden
Forschungsfragen lauten: Was kann im Zusammenhang mit der Energiewende im
Stromsektor Deutschlands unter Nachhaltigkeit verstanden werden? Inwieweit unterscheidet
sich dieses Verständnis von der bisherigen Herangehensweise?
Die Datenbasis zur Beantwortung dieser liefern sechs leitfadengestützte
Expert:inneninterviews. Als Analysemethode dient die inhaltliche Strukturierung nach
Mayring (2015).
Die qualitative Studie hat gezeigt, dass eine nachhaltige Energiewende den Menschen und
die Natur zentralisiert. Weiter aufgeschlüsselt stehen die drei Nachhaltigkeitsdimensionen
und die Generationengerechtigkeit. Dabei dient die ökonomische Dimension der sozialen
und ökologischen. Wichtig sind die Inklusion und Beteiligung von Bevölkerung,
Unternehmen und Politik. Gleichzeitig ist sie Herausforderung und Chance für einen
positiven gesellschaftlichen Wandel. Technisch dienen Windenergie- und
Photovoltaikanlagen als Energielieferanten und Wasserstoffsysteme als Zwischenspeicher,
Stabilitätssicherung und zur Kopplung der Sektoren. Damit ist Nachhaltigkeit die Chance,
die Energiewende richtig zu gestalten und damit über Klimaneutralität hinauszugehen