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Non-nuclear and non-fossil energy resources and their possibilities for future power generation
(1975)
It must be stressed that the assessment of the exploitation possibilities of the energy resources discussed in this paper requires further studies. With this proviso, the situation can be provisionally summarised as follows: The total potential of known geothermal steam sources is only 64 GW. Geothermal energy could therefore only make a significant contribution to covering the worldwide power needs if we succeed in exploiting dry geothermal reservoirs. Exploitation of tidal energy is limited to a few geographically favourable locations. The power generation potential at these locations is only about 64 GW. An important drawback of tidal power is discontinuous power generation. Large scale exploitation of wind, wave and glacier energy, and of ocean heat, requires solution of a number of technological problems. The environmental effects of exploitation of these energy resources are to some extent of a qualitatively different nature from those of operation of fossil-fuel-fired and of nuclear power plants. The scanty knowledge in this area often results in these effects being underestimated. In any case, however, it would be deliberately misleading to postulate that any form of power generation is possible without some detrimental effects on the environment. It may be stated in conclusion that, owing to their small potential or to the as yet insufficiently advanced technological development, none of the energy resources discussed in this paper can make a significant contribution to the solution of middle-term energy supply problems, i.e., to a rapid replacement of mineral oil and natural gas.
Surgical clip applicator
(1996)
The investigation of atomic resonance fluorescence has always been of special interest as a means for the determination of atomic parameters. In addition, information on the interaction mechanism between atoms and radiation can be obtained. In the standard fluorescence experiment the frequency distribution of the incident photons is larger than the natural width of the respective transition; as a consequence the correlation time in the photon-atom interaction is determined by the lifetime of the atoms in the excited state. With the development of lasers and especially of tunable dye lasers in recent years it became possible to study the case where the incident radiation has a spectral distribution which is narrower than the natural width. This corresponds to a correlation time of the incoming light wave which is much longer than the excited-state lifetime. In this chapter a survey of experiments on the resonance fluorescence of atoms in monochromatic laser fields will be given.
Cryopumps without liquid nitrogen shielding are used to provide a vacuum of 10−6 torr in the spectrometer. The vacuum system is subdivided in three sections that can be separated by valves.
The first section (scattering chamber) has a volume of 60 l, two rotation transmissions with 35 cm dia and a sliding seal that allows a rotation of 160° without deteriorating the vacuum. The second section includes the vacuum chambers inside the magnets with 6 × 80 cm cross-section and a length of 1200 cm. The third section (detector box) has a volume of 4300 l and contains a moveable detector system. The gas inside the detector with a pressure of 760 torr is separated from the vacuum by a 15 μm mylar foil with an area of 300 cm2. The detector box can be valved off by a valve with the dimension of 10 × 100 cm.
The layout of system is given. The instrumentation and the interlock system are described. First experiences with this system are presented.
BIG KARL and COSY
(1995)