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Institute
Two of the main environmental problems of today’s society are the continuously increasing production of organic wastes
as well as the increase of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and the related green house effect. A way to solve these
problems is the production of biogas. Biogas is a combustible gas consisting of methane, carbon dioxide and small
amounts of other gases and trace elements. Production of biogas through anaerobic digestion of animal manure and
slurries as well as of a wide range of digestible organic wastes and agricultural residues, converts these substrates into
electricity and heat and offers a natural fertiliser for agriculture. The microbiological process of decomposition of
organic matter, in the absence of oxygen takes place in reactors, called digesters. Biogas can be used as a fuel in a gas
turbine or burner and can be used in a hybrid solar tower system offering a solution for waste treatment of agricultural
and animal residues. A solar tower system consists of a heliostat field, which concentrates direct solar irradiation on an
open volumetric central receiver. The receiver heats up ambient air to temperatures of around 700°C. The hot air’s heat
energy is transferred to a steam Rankine cycle in a heat recovery steam generator (HRSG). The steam drives a steam
turbine, which in turn drives a generator for producing electricity. In order to increase the operational hours of a solar
tower power plant, a heat storage system and/ or hybridization may be considered. The advantage of solar-fossil hybrid
power plants, compared to solar-only systems, lies in low additional investment costs due to an adaptable solar share and
reduced technical and economical risks. On sunny days the hybrid system operates in a solar-only mode with the central
receiver and on cloudy days and at night with the gas turbine only. As an alternative to methane gas, environmentally
neutral biogas can be used for operating the gas turbine. Hence, the hybrid system is operated to 100% from renewable
energy sources
Solar thermal concentrated power is an emerging technology that provides clean electricity for the growing energy market. To the solar thermal concentrated power plant systems belong the parabolic trough, the Fresnel collector, the solar dish, and the central receiver system.
For high-concentration solar collector systems, optical and thermal analysis is essential. There exist a number of measurement techniques and systems for the optical and thermal characterization of the efficiency of solar thermal concentrated systems.
For each system, structure, components, and specific characteristics types are described. The chapter presents additionally an outline for the calculation of system performance and operation and maintenance topics. One main focus is set to the models of components and their construction details as well as different types on the market. In the later part of this chapter, different criteria for the choice of technology are analyzed in detail.
Concentrating solar power
(2012)
