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Möglichkeiten und Grenzen der Anwendbarkeit statisch nichtlinearer Verfahren nach DIN EN 1998-1
(2011)
Objective: As high-field cardiac MRI (CMR) becomes more widespread the propensity of ECG to interference from electromagnetic fields (EMF) and to magneto-hydrodynamic (MHD) effects increases and with it the motivation for a CMR triggering alternative. This study explores the suitability of acoustic cardiac triggering (ACT) for left ventricular (LV) function assessment in healthy subjects (n=14). Methods: Quantitative analysis of 2D CINE steady-state free precession (SSFP) images was conducted to compare ACT’s performance with vector ECG (VCG). Endocardial border sharpness (EBS) was examined paralleled by quantitative LV function assessment. Results: Unlike VCG, ACT provided signal traces free of interference from EMF or MHD effects. In the case of correct Rwave recognition, VCG-triggered 2D CINE SSFP was immune to cardiac motion effects—even at 3.0 T. However, VCG-triggered 2D SSFP CINE imaging was prone to cardiac motion and EBS degradation if R-wave misregistration occurred. ACT-triggered acquisitions yielded LV parameters (end-diastolic volume (EDV), endsystolic volume (ESV), stroke volume (SV), ejection fraction (EF) and left ventricular mass (LVM)) comparable with those derived fromVCG-triggered acquisitions (1.5 T: ESVVCG=(56± 17) ml, EDVVCG=(151±32)ml, LVMVCG=(97±27) g, SVVCG=(94± 19)ml, EFVCG=(63±5)% cf. ESVACT= (56±18) ml, EDVACT=(147±36) ml, LVMACT=(102±29) g, SVACT=(91± 22) ml, EFACT=(62±6)%; 3.0 T: ESVVCG=(55±21) ml, EDVVCG=(151±32) ml, LVMVCG=(101±27) g, SVVCG=(96±15) ml, EFVCG=(65±7)% cf. ESVACT=(54±20) ml, EDVACT=(146±35) ml, LVMACT= (101±30) g, SVACT=(92±17) ml, EFACT=(64±6)%). Conclusions: ACT’s intrinsic insensitivity to interference from electromagnetic fields renders
Die Erdbebensicherheit von Gebäuden aus Kalksandsteinmauerwerk ist aktuell nach DIN 4149 mit linearen Verfahren nachzuweisen. Dies führt in der praktischen Anwendung zu großen Problemen, da selbst traditionell übliche Grundrisse teilweise nicht mehr ohne zusätzliche Maßnahmen nachweisbar sind. Zur Lösung dieser Problematik wurden von der deutschen Mauerwerksindustrie auf nationaler und europäischer Ebene Forschungsprojekte initiiert, deren Ergebnisse in Form von statisch nichtlinearen Verfahren Eingang in den Nationalen Anhang zur DIN EN 1998-1 [12] gefunden haben. Mit den Verfahren wird die Nachweissituation zukünftig grundlegend verbessert, da mit diesen die Tragwerksreserven wesentlich besser ausgenutzt werden können. Im Folgenden wird die Anwendung der Verfahren am Beispiel einer Reihenhauszeile aus Kalksandsteinmauerwerk demonstriert. Der Nachweis der Reihenhäuser wurde im Rahmen einer Zustimmung im Einzelfall, die vom Bundesverband Kalksandsteinindustrie eV in Hannover koordiniert wurde, durch unabhängige Gutachter und die Bauaufsicht eingehend geprüft und für richtig befunden. Die Durchführung des Nachweises erfolgte auf Grundlage eines an der RWTH Aachen entwickelten neuen Nachweiskonzeptes. Die baupraktische Anwendbarkeit und einfache Nachvollziehbarkeit dieses Konzepts ist durch eine softwaretechnische Umsetzung sichergestellt.
Moderne Bauwerke müssen heute eine hohe energetische Leistungsfähigkeit aufweisen und gleichzeitig alle einwirkenden Lasten sicher abtragen. Dies stellt insbesondere in Erdbebengebieten hohe Anforderungen an die verwendeten Baustoffe. Am baupraktischen Beispiel einer Doppelhaushälfte wird demonstriert, dass die Symbiose aus energieeffizientem und gleichzeitig erdbebensicherem Bauen in der höchsten deutschen Erdbebenzone mit monolithischem Ziegelmauerwerk gut realisierbar ist. Als Ziegelmauerwerk werden für die Außenwände wärmetechnisch optimierte Hochlochziegel verwendet, die sowohl die Anforderungen der Energieeinsparverordnung 2009 als auch die Anforderungen an Mauerwerkbaustoffe nach den aktuellen Erdbebennormen erfüllen. Der Erdbebennachweis der Doppelhaushälfte erfolgt mit einem nichtlinearen Nachweisverfahren, das für eine einfache praktische Anwendung programmtechnisch umgesetzt wurde. Für den Nachweis wurden aus zyklischen Schubwandversuchen ermittelte Last-Verformungskurven verwendet. Das gesamte in Deutschland noch nicht normativ geregelte Nachweiskonzept wurde im Rahmen einer Zustimmung im Einzelfall geprüft und genehmigt.
High Spatial Resolution 3D MRI of the Larynx Using a Dedicated TX/RX Phased Array Coil at 7.0T
(2010)
MRI holds great potential for elucidating laryngeal and vocal fold anatomy together with the assessment of physiological processes associated in human phonation. However, MRI of human phonation remains very challenging due to the small size of the targeted structures, interfering signal from fat, air between the vocal folds and surrounding muscles and physiological motion. These anatomical/physiological constraints translate into stringent technical requirements in balancing, scan time, image contrast, immunity to physiological motion, temporal resolution and spatial resolution. Motivated by these challenges and limitations this study is aiming at translating the sensitivity gain at ultra-high magnetic fields for enhanced high spatial resolution 3D imaging of the larynx and vocal tract. To approach this goal a dedicated two channel TX/RX larynx coil is being proposed.
In order for traditional masonry to stay a competitive building material in seismically active regions there is an urgent demand for modern, deformation-based verification procedures which exploit the nonlinear load bearing reserves. The Capacity Spectrum Method (CSM) is a widely accepted design approach in the field of reinforced concrete and steel construction. It compares the seismic action with the load-bearing capacity of the building considering nonlinear material behavior with its post-peak capacity. The bearing capacity of the building is calculated iteratively using single wall capacity curves. This paper presents a new approach for the bilinear approximation of single wall capacity curves in the style of EC6/EC8 respectively FEMA 306/FEMA 356 based on recent shear wall test results of the European Collective-Research Project “ESECMaSE”. The application of the CSM to masonry structures by using bilinear approximations of capacity curves as input is demonstrated on the example of a typical German residential home.
The sandfish (Scincus scincus) is a lizard having the remarkable ability to move through desert sand for significant distances. It is well adapted to living in loose sand by virtue of a combination of morphological and behavioural specializations. We investigated the bodyform of the sandfish using 3D-laserscanning and explored its locomotion in loose desert sand using fast nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) imaging. The sandfish exhibits an in-plane meandering motion with a frequency of about 3 Hz and an amplitude of about half its body length accompanied by swimming-like (or trotting) movements of its limbs. No torsion of the body was observed, a movement required for a digging-behaviour. Simple calculations based on the Janssen model for granular material related to our findings on bodyform and locomotor behaviour render a local decompaction of the sand surrounding the moving sandfish very likely. Thus the sand locally behaves as a viscous fluid and not as a solid material. In this fluidised sand the sandfish is able to “swim” using its limbs.
Pseudo-dynamische Versuche an Reihenmittelhäusern – Vergleich mit aktuellen Berechnungsansätzen
(2008)
Since fluid-structure interaction within the finite-element method is state of the art in many engineering fields, this method is used in voice analysis. A quasi two-dimensional model of the vocal folds including the ventricular folds is presented. First results of self-sustained vocal fold oscillation are presented and possibilities as well as limitations are discussed.